图像标题是自动生成句子的任务,以最好的方式生成描述输入图像。最近用于自动生成图像标题的最成功的技术最近使用了细心的深度学习模型。设计了深入学习模型的设计方式有变化。在本调查中,我们为图像标题的细心深度学习模型提供了相关的文献述评。而不是对深度图像标题模型的所有先前工作进行全面审查,我们解释了用于深度学习模型中的图像标题任务的各种类型的注意机制。用于图像标题的最成功的深度学习模型遵循编码器解码器架构,尽管这些模型采用注意机制的方式存在差异。通过分析图像标题的不同细节深层模型的性能结果,我们的目标是在图像标题中找到深度模型中最成功的注意机制。柔软的关注,自下而上的关注和多主题是一种广泛应用于图像标题的最先进的深度学习模型的关注机构的类型。在当前时,最佳结果是从多针关注的变体实现的,以自下而上的关注。
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最近,自我注意事项的使用已导致最先进的工作,从而实现了视觉任务,例如图像字幕以及自然语言理解和产生(NLU和NLG)任务以及计算机视觉任务,例如图像分类。这是因为自我注意力图绘制了输入源和目标序列元素之间的内部相互作用。尽管自我注意力成功地计算了注意值并绘制输入源和目标序列元素之间的关系,但没有控制注意力强度的机制。在现实世界中,当彼此面对面或声音交流时,我们倾向于以各种强度表达不同的视觉和语言背景。有些单词可能会带来(与之交谈)更多的压力和重量,表明在整个句子的上下文中,该词的重要性。基于此直觉,我们提出了区域之路注入注意计算(Zodiac),其中计算输入序列元素中注意值的强度是根据输入序列元素的上下文计算的。我们的实验结果表明,与变压器模型中的自我发场模块相比,采用黄道带导致更好的性能。最终目标是找出我们是否可以使用这种方法来修改变压器模型中的自我发场模块,该方法可能对其他模型可以扩展,从而利用自我发作的核心。我们的发现表明,这一特殊目标值得研究社区的进一步关注和调查。 www.github.com/zanyarz/zodiac可用。
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连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此,已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作,即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始,该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来,两种组件通过对象区域,属性,介绍多模态连接,完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是,无论令人印象深刻的结果,图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述,从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略,数据集和评估度量。在这方面,我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外,讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具,并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。
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自动在自然语言中自动生成图像的描述称为图像字幕。这是一个积极的研究主题,位于人工智能,计算机视觉和自然语言处理中两个主要领域的交集。图像字幕是图像理解中的重要挑战之一,因为它不仅需要识别图像中的显着对象,还需要其属性及其相互作用的方式。然后,系统必须生成句法和语义上正确的标题,该标题描述了自然语言的图像内容。鉴于深度学习模型的重大进展及其有效编码大量图像并生成正确句子的能力,最近已经提出了几种基于神经的字幕方法,每种方法都试图达到更好的准确性和标题质量。本文介绍了一个基于编码器的图像字幕系统,其中编码器使用以RESNET-101作为骨干为骨干来提取图像中每个区域的空间和全局特征。此阶段之后是一个精致的模型,该模型使用注意力进行注意的机制来提取目标图像对象的视觉特征,然后确定其相互作用。解码器由一个基于注意力的复发模块和一个反思性注意模块组成,该模块会协作地将注意力应用于视觉和文本特征,以增强解码器对长期顺序依赖性建模的能力。在两个基准数据集(MSCOCO和FLICKR30K)上进行的广泛实验显示了提出的方法和生成的字幕的高质量。
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自动音频字幕是一项跨模式翻译任务,旨在为给定的音频剪辑生成自然语言描述。近年来,随着免费可用数据集的发布,该任务受到了越来越多的关注。该问题主要通过深度学习技术解决。已经提出了许多方法,例如研究不同的神经网络架构,利用辅助信息,例如关键字或句子信息来指导字幕生成,并采用了不同的培训策略,这些策略极大地促进了该领域的发展。在本文中,我们对自动音频字幕的已发表贡献进行了全面综述,从各种现有方法到评估指标和数据集。我们还讨论了公开挑战,并设想可能的未来研究方向。
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图像字幕显示可以通过使用场景图来表示图像中对象的关系来实现更好的性能。当前字幕编码器通常使用图形卷积网(GCN)来表示关系信息,并通过串联或卷积将其与对象区域特征合并,以获取句子解码的最终输入。但是,由于两个原因,现有方法中基于GCN的编码器在字幕上的有效性较小。首先,使用图像字幕作为目标(即最大似然估计),而不是以关系为中心的损失无法完全探索编码器的潜力。其次,使用预训练的模型代替编码器本身提取关系不是灵活的,并且不能有助于模型的解释性。为了提高图像字幕的质量,我们提出了一个新颖的体系结构改革者 - 一种关系变压器,可以生成具有嵌入关系信息的功能,并明确表达图像中对象之间的成对关系。改革者将场景图的生成目标与使用一个修改后的变压器模型的图像字幕结合在一起。这种设计使改革者不仅可以通过提取强大的关系图像特征的利益生成更好的图像标题,还可以生成场景图,以明确描述配对关系。公开可用数据集的实验表明,我们的模型在图像字幕和场景图生成上的最先进方法明显优于最先进的方法
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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Attention mechanisms are widely used in current encoder/decoder frameworks of image captioning, where a weighted average on encoded vectors is generated at each time step to guide the caption decoding process. However, the decoder has little idea of whether or how well the attended vector and the given attention query are related, which could make the decoder give misled results. In this paper, we propose an "Attention on Attention" (AoA) module, which extends the conventional attention mechanisms to determine the relevance between attention results and queries. AoA first generates an "information vector" and an "attention gate" using the attention result and the current context, then adds another attention by applying element-wise multiplication to them and finally obtains the "attended information", the expected useful knowledge. We apply AoA to both the encoder and the decoder of our image captioning model, which we name as AoA Network (AoANet). Experiments show that AoANet outperforms all previously published methods and achieves a new state-ofthe-art performance of 129.8 CIDEr-D score on MS COCO "Karpathy" offline test split and 129.6 CIDEr-D (C40) score on the official online testing server. Code is available at https://github.com/husthuaan/AoANet.
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Transformer-based architectures represent the state of the art in sequence modeling tasks like machine translation and language understanding. Their applicability to multi-modal contexts like image captioning, however, is still largely under-explored. With the aim of filling this gap, we present M 2 -a Meshed Transformer with Memory for Image Captioning. The architecture improves both the image encoding and the language generation steps: it learns a multi-level representation of the relationships between image regions integrating learned a priori knowledge, and uses a mesh-like connectivity at decoding stage to exploit low-and high-level features. Experimentally, we investigate the performance of the M 2 Transformer and different fully-attentive models in comparison with recurrent ones. When tested on COCO, our proposal achieves a new state of the art in single-model and ensemble configurations on the "Karpathy" test split and on the online test server. We also assess its performances when describing objects unseen in the training set. Trained models and code for reproducing the experiments are publicly
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图像字幕模型旨在通过提供输入图像的自然语言描述来连接视觉和语言。在过去的几年中,通过学习参数模型并提出视觉特征提取的进步或建模更好的多模式连接来解决该任务。在本文中,我们研究了使用KNN记忆的图像字幕方法的开发,可以从外部语料库中检索知识以帮助生成过程。我们的架构结合了一个基于视觉相似性,可区分编码器和KNN-agn-agn-agement注意层的知识检索器,以根据过去的上下文和从外部内存检索的文本进行预测令牌。在可可数据集上进行的实验结果表明,采用明确的外部记忆可以帮助生成过程并提高标题质量。我们的工作开辟了新的途径,以更大规模改善图像字幕模型。
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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Automatically generating a natural language description of an image has attracted interests recently both because of its importance in practical applications and because it connects two major artificial intelligence fields: computer vision and natural language processing. Existing approaches are either top-down, which start from a gist of an image and convert it into words, or bottom-up, which come up with words describing various aspects of an image and then combine them. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that combines both approaches through a model of semantic attention. Our algorithm learns to selectively attend to semantic concept proposals and fuse them into hidden states and outputs of recurrent neural networks.The selection and fusion form a feedback connecting the top-down and bottom-up computation. We evaluate our algorithm on two public benchmarks: Microsoft COCO and Flickr30K. Experimental results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches consistently across different evaluation metrics.
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变压器架构已经带来了计算语言领域的根本变化,这已经由经常性神经网络主导多年。它的成功还意味着具有语言和愿景的跨模型任务的大幅度变化,许多研究人员已经解决了这个问题。在本文中,我们审查了该领域中的一些最关键的里程碑,以及变压器架构如何纳入Visuol语言跨模型任务的整体趋势。此外,我们讨论了当前的局限性,并推测了我们发现迫在眉睫的一些前景。
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观察一组图像及其相应的段落限制,一个具有挑战性的任务是学习如何生成语义连贯的段落来描述图像的视觉内容。受到将语义主题纳入此任务的最新成功的启发,本文开发了插件的层次结构引导图像段落生成框架,该框架将视觉提取器与深层主题模型相结合,以指导语言模型的学习。为了捕获图像和文本在多个抽象层面上的相关性并从图像中学习语义主题,我们设计了一个变异推理网络,以构建从图像功能到文本字幕的映射。为了指导段落的生成,学习的层次主题和视觉特征被整合到语言模型中,包括长期的短期记忆(LSTM)和变压器,并共同优化。公共数据集上的实验表明,在标准评估指标方面具有许多最先进的方法竞争的拟议模型可用于提炼可解释的多层语义主题并产生多样的和相干的标题。我们在https://github.com/dandanguo1993/vtcm aseal-image-image-paragraph-caption.git上发布代码
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It is always well believed that modeling relationships between objects would be helpful for representing and eventually describing an image. Nevertheless, there has not been evidence in support of the idea on image description generation. In this paper, we introduce a new design to explore the connections between objects for image captioning under the umbrella of attention-based encoder-decoder framework. Specifically, we present Graph Convolutional Networks plus Long Short-Term Memory (dubbed as GCN-LSTM) architecture that novelly integrates both semantic and spatial object relationships into image encoder. Technically, we build graphs over the detected objects in an image based on their spatial and semantic connections. The representations of each region proposed on objects are then refined by leveraging graph structure through GCN. With the learnt region-level features, our GCN-LSTM capitalizes on LSTM-based captioning framework with attention mechanism for sentence generation. Extensive experiments are conducted on COCO image captioning dataset, and superior results are reported when comparing to state-of-the-art approaches. More remarkably, GCN-LSTM increases CIDEr-D performance from 120.1% to 128.7% on COCO testing set.
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排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法,使用一组手工制作的功能。最近,研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束,以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务,因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型,每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件,以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中,我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型,以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中,我们分析了有前途的神经元件,并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比,其中排名的项目是结构化文档,答案,图像和视频。
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图像字幕是当前的研究任务,用于使用场景中的对象及其关系来描述图像内容。为了应对这项任务,使用了两个重要的研究领域,人为的视觉和自然语言处理。在图像字幕中,就像在任何计算智能任务中一样,性能指标对于知道方法的性能(或坏)至关重要。近年来,已经观察到,基于n-gram的经典指标不足以捕获语义和关键含义来描述图像中的内容。为了衡量或不进行最新指标的集合,在本手稿中,我们对使用众所周知的COCO数据集进行了对几种图像字幕指标的评估以及它们之间的比较。为此,我们设计了两种情况。 1)一组人工构建字幕,以及2)比较某些最先进的图像字幕方法的比较。我们试图回答问题:当前的指标是否有助于制作高质量的标题?实际指标如何相互比较?指标真正测量什么?
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Visual attention has been successfully applied in structural prediction tasks such as visual captioning and question answering. Existing visual attention models are generally spatial, i.e., the attention is modeled as spatial probabilities that re-weight the last conv-layer feature map of a CNN encoding an input image. However, we argue that such spatial attention does not necessarily conform to the attention mechanism -a dynamic feature extractor that combines contextual fixations over time, as CNN features are naturally spatial, channel-wise and multi-layer. In this paper, we introduce a novel convolutional neural network dubbed SCA-CNN that incorporates Spatial and Channelwise Attentions in a CNN. In the task of image captioning, SCA-CNN dynamically modulates the sentence generation context in multi-layer feature maps, encoding where (i.e., attentive spatial locations at multiple layers) and what (i.e., attentive channels) the visual attention is. We evaluate the proposed SCA-CNN architecture on three benchmark image captioning datasets: Flickr8K, Flickr30K, and MSCOCO. It is consistently observed that SCA-CNN significantly outperforms state-of-the-art visual attention-based image captioning methods.1 Each convolutional layer is optionally followed by a pooling, downsampling, normalization, or a fully connected layer.
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Top-down visual attention mechanisms have been used extensively in image captioning and visual question answering (VQA) to enable deeper image understanding through fine-grained analysis and even multiple steps of reasoning. In this work, we propose a combined bottom-up and topdown attention mechanism that enables attention to be calculated at the level of objects and other salient image regions. This is the natural basis for attention to be considered. Within our approach, the bottom-up mechanism (based on Faster R-CNN) proposes image regions, each with an associated feature vector, while the top-down mechanism determines feature weightings. Applying this approach to image captioning, our results on the MSCOCO test server establish a new state-of-the-art for the task, achieving CIDEr / SPICE / BLEU-4 scores of 117.9, 21.5 and 36.9, respectively. Demonstrating the broad applicability of the method, applying the same approach to VQA we obtain first place in the 2017 VQA Challenge.
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描述使用自然语言的图像被广泛称为图像标题,这是由于计算机视觉和自然语言生成技术的发展而达成了一致的进展。虽然传统的标题模型基于流行度量的高精度,即BLEU,苹果酒和香料,探索了标题与其他类似图像中的标题的能力。为了产生独特的标题,一些先驱采用对比学习或重新加权地面真理标题,其侧重于一个输入图像。然而,忽略了类似图像组中对象之间的关系(例如,相同专辑中的项目或属性或细粒度事件中的物品)。在本文中,我们使用基于组的独特标题模型(Gdiscap)来提高图像标题的独特性,其将每个图像与一个类似的组中的其他图像进行比较,并突出显示每个图像的唯一性。特别是,我们提出了一种基于组的内存注意力(GMA)模块,其存储在图像组中是唯一的对象特征(即,与其他图像中的对象的低相似性)。生成字幕时突出显示这些唯一的对象功能,从而产生更有独特的标题。此外,选择地面标题中的独特单词来监督语言解码器和GMA。最后,我们提出了一种新的评估度量,独特的单词率(Diswordrate)来测量标题的独特性。定量结果表明,该方法显着提高了几种基线模型的独特性,并实现了精度和独特性的最先进的性能。用户学习的结果与定量评估一致,并证明了新的公制Diswordrate的合理性。
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