Existing state-of-the-art method for audio-visual conditioned video prediction uses the latent codes of the audio-visual frames from a multimodal stochastic network and a frame encoder to predict the next visual frame. However, a direct inference of per-pixel intensity for the next visual frame from the latent codes is extremely challenging because of the high-dimensional image space. To this end, we propose to decouple the audio-visual conditioned video prediction into motion and appearance modeling. The first part is the multimodal motion estimation module that learns motion information as optical flow from the given audio-visual clip. The second part is the context-aware refinement module that uses the predicted optical flow to warp the current visual frame into the next visual frame and refines it base on the given audio-visual context. Experimental results show that our method achieves competitive results on existing benchmarks.
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视频预测是一个推断任务,可以预测给定过去帧的未来帧,而视频框架插值是一个插值任务,可以估算两个帧之间的中间帧。我们目睹了视频框架插值的巨大进步,但野外的一般视频预测仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。受视频框架插值的照片真实结果的启发,我们为视频框架插值提供了一个新的优化框架,用于视频预测,其中我们根据插值模型解决了推断问题。我们的视频预测框架是基于优化的,而无需训练数据集,而无需培训数据集,因此训练数据和测试数据之间没有域间隙问题。另外,我们的方法不需要任何其他信息,例如语义或实例地图,这使我们的框架适用于任何视频。关于CityScapes,Kitti,Davis,Middlebury和Vimeo90K数据集的广泛实验表明,在一般情况下,我们的视频预测结果非常强大,我们的方法优于其他需要大量培训数据或额外语义信息的视频预测方法。
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Given two consecutive frames, video interpolation aims at generating intermediate frame(s) to form both spatially and temporally coherent video sequences. While most existing methods focus on single-frame interpolation, we propose an end-to-end convolutional neural network for variable-length multi-frame video interpolation, where the motion interpretation and occlusion reasoning are jointly modeled. We start by computing bi-directional optical flow between the input images using a U-Net architecture. These flows are then linearly combined at each time step to approximate the intermediate bi-directional optical flows. These approximate flows, however, only work well in locally smooth regions and produce artifacts around motion boundaries. To address this shortcoming, we employ another U-Net to refine the approximated flow and also predict soft visibility maps. Finally, the two input images are warped and linearly fused to form each intermediate frame. By applying the visibility maps to the warped images before fusion, we exclude the contribution of occluded pixels to the interpolated intermediate frame to avoid artifacts. Since none of our learned network parameters are time-dependent, our approach is able to produce as many intermediate frames as needed. To train our network, we use 1,132 240-fps video clips, containing 300K individual video frames. Experimental results on several datasets, predicting different numbers of interpolated frames, demonstrate that our approach performs consistently better than existing methods.
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不确定性在未来预测中起关键作用。未来是不确定的。这意味着可能有很多可能的未来。未来的预测方法应涵盖坚固的全部可能性。在自动驾驶中,涵盖预测部分中的多种模式对于做出安全至关重要的决策至关重要。尽管近年来计算机视觉系统已大大提高,但如今的未来预测仍然很困难。几个示例是未来的不确定性,全面理解的要求以及嘈杂的输出空间。在本论文中,我们通过以随机方式明确地对运动进行建模并学习潜在空间中的时间动态,从而提出了解决这些挑战的解决方案。
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现有的视频框架插值方法只能在给定的中间时间步骤中插值框架,例如1/2。在本文中,我们旨在探索一种更广泛的视频框架插值,该视频框架在任意时步。为此,我们考虑在元学习的帮助下以统一的方式处理不同的时间阶段。具体而言,我们开发了一个双元学习的帧插值框架,以通过上下文信息和光流的指导以及将时间步长为附带信息,将中间框架合成中间框架。首先,构建了一个内容感知的元学习流程模块,以提高基于输入帧的下采样版本的光流估计的准确性。其次,以精致的光流和时间步长为输入,运动吸引的元学习框架插值模块为在粗翘曲版本的特征图上使用的每个像素生成卷积内核,以生成输入的特征图上的每个像素生成预测帧的帧。广泛的定性和定量评估以及消融研究表明,通过以如此精心设计的方式在我们的框架中引入元学习,我们的方法不仅可以实现优于先进的框架插值方法,还可以实现优越的性能还拥有在任意时间步长以支持插值的扩展能力。
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尽管事实证明,视听表征适用于许多下游任务,但舞蹈视频的表示,这是更具体的,并且总是伴随着具有复杂听觉内容的音乐,但仍然具有挑战性且没有评估。考虑到舞者和音乐节奏的节奏运动之间的内在结合,我们介绍了Mudar,这是一个新颖的音乐舞蹈表示学习框架,以明确和隐性的方式执行音乐和舞蹈节奏的同步。具体而言,我们根据音乐节奏分析启发的视觉外观和运动提示得出舞蹈节奏。然后,视觉节奏在时间上与音乐对应物对齐,这些音乐由声音强度的幅度提取。同时,我们利用对比度学习在音频和视觉流中隐含的节奏的隐式连贯性。该模型通过预测视听对之间的时间一致性来学习关节嵌入。音乐舞蹈表示以及检测音频和视觉节奏的能力,可以进一步应用于三个下游任务:(a)舞蹈分类,(b)音乐舞蹈检索,以及(c)音乐舞蹈重新定位。广泛的实验表明,我们提出的框架以大幅度优于其他自我监督方法。
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The remarkable success of deep learning in various domains relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets. However, obtaining annotations is expensive and requires great effort, which is especially challenging for videos. Moreover, the use of human-generated annotations leads to models with biased learning and poor domain generalization and robustness. As an alternative, self-supervised learning provides a way for representation learning which does not require annotations and has shown promise in both image and video domains. Different from the image domain, learning video representations are more challenging due to the temporal dimension, bringing in motion and other environmental dynamics. This also provides opportunities for video-exclusive ideas that advance self-supervised learning in the video and multimodal domain. In this survey, we provide a review of existing approaches on self-supervised learning focusing on the video domain. We summarize these methods into four different categories based on their learning objectives: 1) pretext tasks, 2) generative learning, 3) contrastive learning, and 4) cross-modal agreement. We further introduce the commonly used datasets, downstream evaluation tasks, insights into the limitations of existing works, and the potential future directions in this area.
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如何正确对视频序列中的框架间关系进行建模是视频恢复(VR)的重要挑战。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个无监督的流动对准​​序列模型(S2SVR)来解决此问题。一方面,在VR中首次探讨了在自然语言处理领域的序列到序列模型。优化的序列化建模显示了捕获帧之间远程依赖性的潜力。另一方面,我们为序列到序列模型配备了无监督的光流估计器,以最大程度地发挥其潜力。通过我们提出的无监督蒸馏损失对流量估计器进行了训练,这可以减轻数据差异和以前基于流动的方法的降解光流问题的不准确降解。通过可靠的光流,我们可以在多个帧之间建立准确的对应关系,从而缩小了1D语言和2D未对准框架之间的域差异,并提高了序列到序列模型的潜力。 S2SVR在多个VR任务中显示出卓越的性能,包括视频脱张,视频超分辨率和压缩视频质量增强。代码和模型可在https://github.com/linjing7/vr-baseline上公开获得
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我们建议探索一个称为视听分割(AVS)的新问题,其中的目标是输出在图像帧时产生声音的对象的像素级映射。为了促进这项研究,我们构建了第一个视频分割基准(AVSBENCH),为声音视频中的声音对象提供像素的注释。使用此基准测试了两个设置:1)具有单个声源的半监督音频分割和2)完全监督的音频段段,并带有多个声源。为了解决AVS问题,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法使用时间像素的视听相互作用模块注入音频语义作为视觉分割过程的指导。我们还设计正规化损失,以鼓励训练期间的视听映射。 AVSBench上的定量和定性实验将我们的方法与相关任务中的几种现有方法进行了比较,这表明所提出的方法有望在音频和像素视觉语义之间建立桥梁。代码可从https://github.com/opennlplab/avsbench获得。
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Stylegan最近的成功表明,预训练的Stylegan潜在空间对现实的视频生成很有用。但是,由于难以确定stylegan潜在空间的方向和幅度,因此视频中产生的运动通常在语义上没有意义。在本文中,我们提出了一个框架来通过利用多模式(声音图像文本)嵌入空间来生成现实视频。由于声音提供了场景的时间上下文,因此我们的框架学会了生成与声音一致的视频。首先,我们的声音反演模块将音频直接映射到Stylegan潜在空间中。然后,我们结合了基于夹子的多模式嵌入空间,以进一步提供视听关系。最后,提出的帧发电机学会在潜在空间中找到轨迹,该空间与相应的声音相干,并以层次结构方式生成视频。我们为声音引导的视频生成任务提供新的高分辨率景观视频数据集(视听对)。实验表明,我们的模型在视频质量方面优于最新方法。我们进一步显示了几种应用程序,包括图像和视频编辑,以验证我们方法的有效性。
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本文介绍了一个名为DTVNet的新型端到端动态时间流逝视频生成框架,以从归一化运动向量上的单个景观图像生成多样化的延期视频。所提出的DTVNET由两个子模块组成:\ EMPH {光学流编码器}(OFE)和\ EMPH {动态视频生成器}(DVG)。 OFE将一系列光学流程图映射到编码所生成视频的运动信息的\ Emph {归一化运动向量}。 DVG包含来自运动矢量和单个景观图像的运动和内容流。此外,它包含一个编码器,用于学习共享内容特征和解码器,以构造具有相应运动的视频帧。具体地,\ EMPH {运动流}介绍多个\ EMPH {自适应实例归一化}(Adain)层,以集成用于控制对象运动的多级运动信息。在测试阶段,基于仅一个输入图像,可以产生具有相同内容但具有相同运动信息但各种运动信息的视频。此外,我们提出了一个高分辨率的景区时间流逝视频数据集,命名为快速天空时间,以评估不同的方法,可以被视为高质量景观图像和视频生成任务的新基准。我们进一步对天空延时,海滩和快速天空数据集进行实验。结果证明了我们对最先进的方法产生高质量和各种动态视频的方法的优越性。
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Videos are multimodal in nature. Conventional video recognition pipelines typically fuse multimodal features for improved performance. However, this is not only computationally expensive but also neglects the fact that different videos rely on different modalities for predictions. This paper introduces Hierarchical and Conditional Modality Selection (HCMS), a simple yet efficient multimodal learning framework for efficient video recognition. HCMS operates on a low-cost modality, i.e., audio clues, by default, and dynamically decides on-the-fly whether to use computationally-expensive modalities, including appearance and motion clues, on a per-input basis. This is achieved by the collaboration of three LSTMs that are organized in a hierarchical manner. In particular, LSTMs that operate on high-cost modalities contain a gating module, which takes as inputs lower-level features and historical information to adaptively determine whether to activate its corresponding modality; otherwise it simply reuses historical information. We conduct extensive experiments on two large-scale video benchmarks, FCVID and ActivityNet, and the results demonstrate the proposed approach can effectively explore multimodal information for improved classification performance while requiring much less computation.
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Learning to localize the sound source in videos without explicit annotations is a novel area of audio-visual research. Existing work in this area focuses on creating attention maps to capture the correlation between the two modalities to localize the source of the sound. In a video, oftentimes, the objects exhibiting movement are the ones generating the sound. In this work, we capture this characteristic by modeling the optical flow in a video as a prior to better aid in localizing the sound source. We further demonstrate that the addition of flow-based attention substantially improves visual sound source localization. Finally, we benchmark our method on standard sound source localization datasets and achieve state-of-the-art performance on the Soundnet Flickr and VGG Sound Source datasets. Code: https://github.com/denfed/heartheflow.
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在视觉和声音内利用时间同步和关联是朝向探测物体的强大定位的重要一步。为此,我们提出了一个节省空间内存网络,用于探测视频中的对象本地化。它可以同时通过音频和视觉方式的单模和跨模型表示来同时学习时空关注。我们在定量和定性地展示和分析了在本地化视听物体中结合时空学习的有效性。我们展示了我们的方法通过各种复杂的视听场景概括,最近最先进的方法概括。
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视频对象细分(VOS)是视频理解的基础。基于变压器的方法在半监督VOS上显示出显着的性能改善。但是,现有的工作面临着挑战在彼此近距离接近视觉上类似对象的挑战。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的双边注意力变压器,以进行半监督VO的运动出现空间(蝙蝠侠)。它通过新型的光流校准模块在视频中捕获对象运动,该模块将分割面膜与光流估计融合在一起,以改善对象内光流平滑度并减少物体边界处的噪声。然后在我们的新型双边注意力中采用了这种校准的光流,该流动流在相邻双边空间中的查询和参考帧之间的对应关系考虑,考虑到运动和外观。广泛的实验通过在所有四个流行的VOS基准上胜过所有现有最新的实验:YouTube-VOS 2019(85.0%),YouTube-VOS 2018(85.3%),Davis 2017VAL/TESTDEV(86.2.2 %/82.2%)和戴维斯(Davis)2016(92.5%)。
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We address the problem of synthesizing new video frames in an existing video, either in-between existing frames (interpolation), or subsequent to them (extrapolation). This problem is challenging because video appearance and motion can be highly complex. Traditional optical-flow-based solutions often fail where flow estimation is challenging, while newer neural-network-based methods that hallucinate pixel values directly often produce blurry results. We combine the advantages of these two methods by training a deep network that learns to synthesize video frames by flowing pixel values from existing ones, which we call deep voxel flow. Our method requires no human supervision, and any video can be used as training data by dropping, and then learning to predict, existing frames. The technique is efficient, and can be applied at any video resolution. We demonstrate that our method produces results that both quantitatively and qualitatively improve upon the state-ofthe-art.
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可以通过定期预测未来的框架以增强虚拟现实应用程序中的用户体验,从而解决了低计算设备上图形渲染高帧速率视频的挑战。这是通过时间视图合成(TVS)的问题来研究的,该问题的目标是预测给定上一个帧的视频的下一个帧以及上一个和下一个帧的头部姿势。在这项工作中,我们考虑了用户和对象正在移动的动态场景的电视。我们设计了一个将运动解散到用户和对象运动中的框架,以在预测下一帧的同时有效地使用可用的用户运动。我们通过隔离和估计过去框架的3D对象运动,然后推断它来预测对象的运动。我们使用多平面图像(MPI)作为场景的3D表示,并将对象运动作为MPI表示中相应点之间的3D位移建模。为了在估计运动时处理MPI中的稀疏性,我们将部分卷积和掩盖的相关层纳入了相应的点。然后将预测的对象运动与给定的用户或相机运动集成在一起,以生成下一帧。使用不合格的填充模块,我们合成由于相机和对象运动而发现的区域。我们为动态场景的电视开发了一个新的合成数据集,该数据集由800个以全高清分辨率组成的视频组成。我们通过数据集和MPI Sintel数据集上的实验表明我们的模型优于文献中的所有竞争方法。
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Current audio-visual separation methods share a standard architecture design where an audio encoder-decoder network is fused with visual encoding features at the encoder bottleneck. This design confounds the learning of multi-modal feature encoding with robust sound decoding for audio separation. To generalize to a new instrument: one must finetune the entire visual and audio network for all musical instruments. We re-formulate visual-sound separation task and propose Instrument as Query (iQuery) with a flexible query expansion mechanism. Our approach ensures cross-modal consistency and cross-instrument disentanglement. We utilize "visually named" queries to initiate the learning of audio queries and use cross-modal attention to remove potential sound source interference at the estimated waveforms. To generalize to a new instrument or event class, drawing inspiration from the text-prompt design, we insert an additional query as an audio prompt while freezing the attention mechanism. Experimental results on three benchmarks demonstrate that our iQuery improves audio-visual sound source separation performance.
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主动演讲者的检测和语音增强已成为视听场景中越来越有吸引力的主题。根据它们各自的特征,独立设计的体系结构方案已被广泛用于与每个任务的对应。这可能导致模型特定于任务所学的表示形式,并且不可避免地会导致基于多模式建模的功能缺乏概括能力。最近的研究表明,建立听觉和视觉流之间的跨模式关系是针对视听多任务学习挑战的有前途的解决方案。因此,作为弥合视听任务中多模式关联的动机,提出了一个统一的框架,以通过在本研究中通过联合学习视听模型来实现目标扬声器的检测和语音增强。
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手语是人们表达自己的感受和情感的不同能力的窗口。但是,人们在短时间内学习手语仍然具有挑战性。为了应对这项现实世界中的挑战,在这项工作中,我们研究了运动传输系统,该系统可以将用户照片传输到特定单词的手语视频。特别是,输出视频的外观内容来自提供的用户图像,而视频的运动是从指定的教程视频中提取的。我们观察到采用最先进的运动转移方法来产生语言的两个主要局限性:(1)现有的运动转移工作忽略了人体的先前几何知识。 (2)先前的图像动画方法仅将图像对作为训练阶段的输入,这无法完全利用视频中的时间信息。为了解决上述局限性,我们提出了结构感知的时间一致性网络(STCNET),以共同优化人类的先前结构,并具有符号语言视频生成的时间一致性。本文有两个主要贡献。 (1)我们利用细粒骨骼检测器来提供人体关键点的先验知识。这样,我们确保关键点运动在有效范围内,并使模型变得更加可解释和强大。 (2)我们引入了两个周期矛盾损失,即短期周期损失和长期周期损失,这些损失是为了确保生成的视频的连续性。我们以端到端的方式优化了两个损失和关键点检测器网络。
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