电池储能系统（BES）可以有效地减轻可变生成的不确定性。降解是不可预防的，难以建模，并且可以预测诸如最受欢迎的锂离子电池（LIB）等电池。在本文中，我们提出了一种数据驱动的方法，以预测给定的预定电池操作专业文件的蝙蝠降解。特别是，提出了基于神经网络的电池降解（NNBD）模型，以用主要电池降解因子的输入来量化电池降解。当将拟议的NNBD模型限制为微电网日期调度（MDS）时，我们可以建立基于电池降解的MDS（BDMDS）模型，该模型可以考虑在拟议的基于循环的电池用途（CBUP）（CBUP）（CBUP）（CBUP）的情况下准确地考虑等效的电池降解成本NNBD模型的方法。由于所提出的NNBD模型是高度非线性的，因此BDMD很难解决。为了解决这个问题，本文提出了一个神经网络和优化解耦启发式（NNODH）算法，以有效解决此神经网络嵌入式优化问题。仿真结果表明，所提出的NNODH算法能够以最低的总成本（包括正常运行成本和电池降解成本）遵守最佳解决方案。

电价是影响所有市场参与者决策的关键因素。准确的电价预测非常重要，并且由于各种因素，电价高度挥发性，电价也非常具有挑战性。本文提出了一项综合的长期经常性卷积网络（ILRCN）模型，以预测考虑到市场价格的大多数贡献属性的电力价格。所提出的ILRCN模型将卷积神经网络和长短期记忆（LSTM）算法的功能与所提出的新颖的条件纠错项相结合。组合的ILRCN模型可以识别输入数据内的线性和非线性行为。我们使用鄂尔顿批发市场价格数据以及负载型材，温度和其他因素来说明所提出的模型。使用平均绝对误差和准确性等性能/评估度量来验证所提出的ILRCN电价预测模型的性能。案例研究表明，与支持向量机（SVM）模型，完全连接的神经网络模型，LSTM模型和LRCN模型，所提出的ILRCN模型在电价预测中是准确和有效的电力价格预测。

Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.

近年来，在运输电气化方面取得了重大进展。作为主要的储能设备，锂离子电池（LIB）已受到广泛关注。准确地预测健康状况（SOH）不仅可以缓解用户对电池寿命的焦虑，而且还可以为电池管理提供重要信息。本文提出了一种基于视觉变压器（VIT）模型的SOH的预测方法。首先，预定义电压范围的离散充电数据用作输入数据矩阵。然后，电池的循环特征是由VIT捕获的，可以获得可以获得全局特征，并且通过将循环特征与完整连接（FC）层相结合来获得SOH。同时，引入了转移学习（TL），并根据目标任务电池的早期周期数据进一步微调基于源任务电池训练的预测模型，以提供准确的预测。实验表明，与现有的深度学习方法相比，我们的方法可以获得更好的特征表达，从而可以实现更好的预测效果和传递效果。

预先完成的操作涉及一个复杂且计算密集的优化过程，以确定发电机的承诺时间表和调度。优化过程是一个混合企业线性程序（MILP），也称为安全受限的单位承诺（SCUC）。独立的系统操作员（ISO）每天运行SCUC，并需要最先进的算法来加快流程。可以利用历史信息中的现有模式来减少SCUC模型，这可以节省大量时间。在本文中，研究了基于机器学习（ML）的分类方法，即逻辑回归，神经网络，随机森林和K-Nearest邻居，以减少SCUC模型。然后，使用可行性层（FL）和后处理技术来帮助ML，以确保高质量的解决方案。提出的方法在多个测试系统上进行了验证，即IEEE 24总线系统，IEEE-73总线系统，IEEE 118总线系统，500个总线系统和波兰2383-BUS系统。此外，使用可再生生成的改良IEEE 24总线系统，证明了随机SCUC（SSCUC）的模型降低。仿真结果证明了高训练的准确性，以确定承诺时间表，而FL和后处理确保ML预测不会导致溶液质量损失最小的可行解决方案。

与液态燃料相比，电动汽车（EV）的广泛采用受到目前能量和功率密度低的电池的限制，并且会随着时间的推移而衰老和性能恶化。因此，在电动汽车生命周期内监视电池电量状态（SOC）和健康状况（SOH）是一个非常相关的问题。这项工作提出了一个电池数字双结构结构，旨在在运行时准确反映电池动力学。为了确保有关非线性现象的高度正确性，数字双胞胎依赖于在电池演化痕迹随时间训练的数据驱动模型中依靠：SOH模型，反复执行以估计最大电池容量的退化和SOC型号的降级，定期重新训练以反映衰老的影响。拟议的数字双结构将在公共数据集上举例说明，以激发其采用并证明其有效性，并具有很高的准确性和推理以及与车载执行兼容的时间。

Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.

As an efficient way to integrate multiple distributed energy resources and the user side, a microgrid is mainly faced with the problems of small-scale volatility, uncertainty, intermittency and demand-side uncertainty of DERs. The traditional microgrid has a single form and cannot meet the flexible energy dispatch between the complex demand side and the microgrid. In response to this problem, the overall environment of wind power, thermostatically controlled loads, energy storage systems, price-responsive loads and the main grid is proposed. Secondly, the centralized control of the microgrid operation is convenient for the control of the reactive power and voltage of the distributed power supply and the adjustment of the grid frequency. However, there is a problem in that the flexible loads aggregate and generate peaks during the electricity price valley. The existing research takes into account the power constraints of the microgrid and fails to ensure a sufficient supply of electric energy for a single flexible load. This paper considers the response priority of each unit component of TCLs and ESSs on the basis of the overall environment operation of the microgrid so as to ensure the power supply of the flexible load of the microgrid and save the power input cost to the greatest extent. Finally, the simulation optimization of the environment can be expressed as a Markov decision process process. It combines two stages of offline and online operations in the training process. The addition of multiple threads with the lack of historical data learning leads to low learning efficiency. The asynchronous advantage actor-critic with the experience replay pool memory library is added to solve the data correlation and nonstatic distribution problems during training.

电动汽车快速采用（EVS）要求广泛安装EV充电站。为了最大限度地提高充电站的盈利能力，提供充电和电网服务的智能控制器实际上很需要。然而，由于不确定的到达时间和EVS的充电需求，确定最佳充电时间表具有挑战性。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的集中分配和分散执行（CADE）强化学习（RL）框架，以最大限度地提高收费站的利润。在集中分配过程中，EVS被分配给等待或充电点。在分散的执行过程中，每个充电器都在学习来自共享重放内存的动作值函数的同时使其自己的充电/放电决定。该CADE框架显着提高了RL算法的可扩展性和采样效率。数值结果表明，所提出的CADE框架既有计算高效且可扩展，显着优于基线模型预测控制（MPC）。我们还提供了对学习的动作值的深入分析，以解释加强学习代理的内部工作。

就微电网的运行而言，最佳调度是必须考虑的至关重要问题。在这方面，本文提出了一个有效的框架，用于考虑储能设备，风力涡轮机，微型涡轮机的最佳计划可再生微电网。由于微电网操作问题的非线性和复杂性，使用准确且可靠的优化技术有效解决此问题至关重要。为此，在拟议的框架中，基于教师学习的优化可有效地解决系统中的调度问题。此外，提出了基于双向长期短期记忆的深度学习模型，以解决短期风能预测问题。使用IEEE 33-BUS测试系统检查了建议的框架的可行性和性能以及风力预测对操作效率的影响。此外，澳大利亚羊毛北风现场数据被用作现实世界数据集，以评估预测模型的性能。结果表明，在微电网的最佳计划中，提出的框架的有效性能有效。

For Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, many models have been established to characterize their degradation process. The existing empirical or physical models can reveal important information regarding the degradation dynamics. However, there is no general and flexible methods to fuse the information represented by those models. Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) is an efficient tool to fuse empirical or physical dynamic models with data-driven models. To take full advantage of various information sources, we propose a model fusion scheme based on PINN. It is implemented by developing a semi-empirical semi-physical Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to model the degradation dynamics of Li-ion-batteries. When there is little prior knowledge about the dynamics, we leverage the data-driven Deep Hidden Physics Model (DeepHPM) to discover the underlying governing dynamic models. The uncovered dynamics information is then fused with that mined by the surrogate neural network in the PINN framework. Moreover, an uncertainty-based adaptive weighting method is employed to balance the multiple learning tasks when training the PINN. The proposed methods are verified on a public dataset of Li-ion Phosphate (LFP)/graphite batteries.

在这项研究中，我们提出了一个深入的学习优化框架，以解决动态的混合企业计划。具体而言，我们开发了双向长期内存（LSTM）框架，可以及时向前和向后处理信息，以学习最佳解决方案，以解决顺序决策问题。我们展示了我们在预测单项电容批号问题（CLSP）的最佳决策方面的方法，其中二进制变量表示是否在一个时期内产生。由于问题的动态性质，可以将CLSP视为序列标记任务，在该任务中，复发性神经网络可以捕获问题的时间动力学。计算结果表明，我们的LSTM优化（LSTM-OPT）框架大大减少了基准CLSP问题的解决方案时间，而没有太大的可行性和最佳性。例如，对于240,000多个测试实例，在85 \％级别的预测平均将CPLEX溶液的时间减少了9倍，最佳差距小于0.05 \％\％和0.4 \％\％\％\％\％的不可行性。此外，使用较短的计划范围训练的模型可以成功预测具有更长计划范围的实例的最佳解决方案。对于最困难的数据集，LSTM在25 \％级别的LSTM预测将70 CPU小时的溶液时间降低至小于2 CPU分钟，最佳差距为0.8 \％，而没有任何不可行。 LSTM-OPT框架在解决方案质量和精确方法方面，诸如Logistic回归和随机森林之类的经典ML算法（例如（$ \ ell $，s）和基于动态编程的不平等，解决方案时间的改进。我们的机器学习方法可能有益于解决类似于CLSP的顺序决策问题，CLSP需要重复，经常和快速地解决。

通过有效的监控和调整电池操作条件，促进了锂离子电池的寿命和安全性。因此，为电池管理系统上的健康状况（SOH）监测提供快速准确的算法至关重要。由于对电池劣化的复杂性和多种因素的复杂性和多种因素的复杂性，特别是因为不同的劣化过程发生在各种时间尺度，并且它们的相互作用发挥着重要作用。数据驱动方法通过用统计或机器学习模型近似复杂进程来绕过这个问题。本文提出了一种数据驱动方法，在电池劣化的背景下，尽管其简单性和易于计算：多变量分数多项式（MFP）回归。模型从一个耗尽的细胞的历史数据训练，并用于预测其他细胞的SOH。数据的特征在于模拟动态操作条件的载荷变化。考虑了两个假设情景：假设最近的容量测量是已知的，则另一个仅基于标称容量。结果表明，在考虑到电池寿命的电池结束时，通过其历史数据的历史数据受到它们的历史数据的影响，电池的降解行为受到其历史数据的影响。此外，我们提供了一种多因素视角，分析了每个不同因素的影响程度。最后，我们与长期内记忆神经网络和其他来自相同数据集的文献的其他作品进行比较。我们得出结论，MFP回归与当代作品有效和竞争，提供了几种额外的优点。在可解释性，恒定性和可实现性方面。

在带有电动车队的乘车系统中，充电是一个复杂的决策过程。大多数电动汽车（EV）出租车服务要求驾驶员做出利己主义决定，从而导致分散的临时充电策略。车辆之间通常缺乏或不共享移动性系统的当前状态，因此无法做出最佳的决定。大多数现有方法都不将时间，位置和持续时间结合到全面的控制算法中，也不适合实时操作。因此，我们提出了一种实时预测性充电方法，用于使用一个名为“闲置时间开发（ITX）”的单个操作员进行乘车服务，该方法预测了车辆闲置并利用这些时期来收获能量的时期。它依靠图形卷积网络和线性分配算法来设计最佳的车辆和充电站配对，以最大程度地提高利用的空闲时间。我们通过对纽约市现实世界数据集的广泛模拟研究评估了我们的方法。结果表明，就货币奖励功能而言，ITX的表现优于所有基线方法至少提高5％（相当于6,000个车辆操作的$ 70,000），该奖励奖励功能的建模旨在复制现实世界中乘车系统的盈利能力。此外，与基线方法相比，ITX可以将延迟至少减少4.68％，并且通常通过促进顾客在整个车队中更好地传播乘客的舒适度。我们的结果还表明，ITX使车辆能够在白天收获能量，稳定电池水平，并增加需求意外激增的弹性。最后，与表现最佳的基线策略相比，峰值负载减少了17.39％，这使网格操作员受益，并为更可持续的电网使用铺平了道路。

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

为了通过使用可再生能源来取代化石燃料，间歇性风能和光伏（PV）功率的资源不平衡是点对点（P2P）功率交易的关键问题。为了解决这个问题，本文介绍了增强学习（RL）技术。对于RL，图形卷积网络（GCN）和双向长期记忆（BI-LSTM）网络由基于合作游戏理论的纳米簇之间的P2P功率交易共同应用于P2P功率交易。柔性且可靠的DC纳米醇适合整合可再生能源以进行分配系统。每个局部纳米粒子群都采用了生产者的位置，同时着重于功率生产和消费。对于纳米级簇的电源管理，使用物联网（IoT）技术将多目标优化应用于每个本地纳米群集群。考虑到风和光伏发电的间歇性特征，进行电动汽车（EV）的充电/排放。 RL算法，例如深Q学习网络（DQN），深度复发Q学习网络（DRQN），BI-DRQN，近端策略优化（PPO），GCN-DQN，GCN-DQN，GCN-DRQN，GCN-DRQN，GCN-BI-DRQN和GCN-PPO用于模拟。因此，合作P2P电力交易系统利用使用时间（TOU）基于关税的电力成本和系统边际价格（SMP）最大化利润，并最大程度地减少电网功耗的量。用P2P电源交易的纳米簇簇的电源管理实时模拟了分配测试馈线，并提议的GCN-PPO技术将纳米糖簇的电量降低了36.7％。

探讨了使用深神经网络（DNN）模型作为线性和非线性结构动力系统的代理。目标是开发基于DNN的代理，以预测给定输入（谐波）激发的结构响应，即位移和加速度。特别是，重点是使用完全连接，稀疏连接和卷积网络层的有效网络架构的开发，以及相应的培训策略，可以在目标数据用品中的整体网络复杂性和预测准确性之间提供平衡。对于线性动力学，网络层中重量矩阵的稀疏模式用于构建具有稀疏层的卷积DNN。对于非线性动力学，显示网络层中的稀疏性丢失，并探讨了具有完全连接和卷积网络层的高效DNN架构。还介绍了转移学习策略以成功培训所提出的DNN，研究了影响网络架构的各种装载因素。结果表明，所提出的DNN可以用作在谐波载荷下预测线性和非线性动态响应的有效和准确的代理。

Multi-uncertainties from power sources and loads have brought significant challenges to the stable demand supply of various resources at islands. To address these challenges, a comprehensive scheduling framework is proposed by introducing a model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach based on modeling an island integrated energy system (IES). In response to the shortage of freshwater on islands, in addition to the introduction of seawater desalination systems, a transmission structure of "hydrothermal simultaneous transmission" (HST) is proposed. The essence of the IES scheduling problem is the optimal combination of each unit's output, which is a typical timing control problem and conforms to the Markov decision-making solution framework of deep reinforcement learning. Deep reinforcement learning adapts to various changes and timely adjusts strategies through the interaction of agents and the environment, avoiding complicated modeling and prediction of multi-uncertainties. The simulation results show that the proposed scheduling framework properly handles multi-uncertainties from power sources and loads, achieves a stable demand supply for various resources, and has better performance than other real-time scheduling methods, especially in terms of computational efficiency. In addition, the HST model constitutes an active exploration to improve the utilization efficiency of island freshwater.

智能能源网络提供了一种有效的手段，可容纳可变可再生能源（例如太阳能和风能）的高渗透率，这是能源生产深度脱碳的关键。但是，鉴于可再生能源以及能源需求的可变性，必须制定有效的控制和能源存储方案来管理可变的能源产生并实现所需的系统经济学和环境目标。在本文中，我们引入了由电池和氢能存储组成的混合储能系统，以处理与电价，可再生能源生产和消费有关的不确定性。我们旨在提高可再生能源利用率，并最大程度地减少能源成本和碳排放，同时确保网络内的能源可靠性和稳定性。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了一种多代理的深层确定性政策梯度方法，这是一种基于强化的基于强化学习的控制策略，可实时优化混合能源存储系统和能源需求的调度。提出的方法是无模型的，不需要明确的知识和智能能源网络环境的严格数学模型。基于现实世界数据的仿真结果表明：（i）混合储能系统和能源需求的集成和优化操作可将碳排放量减少78.69％，将成本节省的成本储蓄提高23.5％，可续订的能源利用率比13.2％以上。其他基线模型和（ii）所提出的算法优于最先进的自学习算法，例如Deep-Q网络。

Reinforcement learning-based (RL-based) energy management strategy (EMS) is considered a promising solution for the energy management of electric vehicles with multiple power sources. It has been shown to outperform conventional methods in energy management problems regarding energy-saving and real-time performance. However, previous studies have not systematically examined the essential elements of RL-based EMS. This paper presents an empirical analysis of RL-based EMS in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). The empirical analysis is developed in four aspects: algorithm, perception and decision granularity, hyperparameters, and reward function. The results show that the Off-policy algorithm effectively develops a more fuel-efficient solution within the complete driving cycle compared with other algorithms. Improving the perception and decision granularity does not produce a more desirable energy-saving solution but better balances battery power and fuel consumption. The equivalent energy optimization objective based on the instantaneous state of charge (SOC) variation is parameter sensitive and can help RL-EMSs to achieve more efficient energy-cost strategies.