手性光子学通过纳米结构的非纳米图案打开新的途径,以操纵灯具相互作用,并根据纳米结构的非纳米结构来定制元表面和材料的光学响应。物质的手感,例如分子和光的光,在最简单的情况下是通过圆极化的用法给出的,吸引了在化学,纳米光电学和光学信息处理中的应用中的许多关注。我们用两种机器学习方法,进化算法和神经网络方法报告手性光子结构的设计,用于快速有效地优化电介质元件。在过渡 - 金属二甲基化物激子共振范围内获得的设计配方在反射光的圆极化程度中显示出频率依赖性修改,其由左右圆偏振强度之间的差异表示。我们的研究结果表明,光学纳米透明型反射器的便携式制造和表征,用于采用钨二硫化物作为可能的活性材料,与谷霍尔效应和光学谷连贯性等特征的活性材料。
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从对量子网络和传感器的基本力量的超敏感探测器,机械谐振器能够在室温环境中实现下一代技术。目前,氮化硅纳米腔作为这些进步中的领先微芯片平台,允许机械谐振器从环境热噪声显着隔离的机械谐振器。然而,迄今为止,人类直觉仍然是设计过程背后的驱动力。这里,由自然启发和通过机器学习引导,开发了一种蜘蛛网纳米机械谐振器,其显示通过数据驱动优化算法发现的新颖“扭转软夹紧”机构从环境热环境中分离的振动模式。然后制造该生物启发的谐振器;通过在室温环境中通过高于10亿以上的机械师进行实验证实了新的范式。与其他最先进的谐振器相比,这种里程碑是通过紧凑的设计实现的,该设计不需要亚微米光刻特征或复声胶凝带,使得在大尺度上制造显着更容易和更便宜。在这里,我们展示了机器学习与人类直觉一起工作的能力,以增加创造性的可能性,并在计算和纳米技术中发现新的策略。
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Lensless cameras are a class of imaging devices that shrink the physical dimensions to the very close vicinity of the image sensor by replacing conventional compound lenses with integrated flat optics and computational algorithms. Here we report a diffractive lensless camera with spatially-coded Voronoi-Fresnel phase to achieve superior image quality. We propose a design principle of maximizing the acquired information in optics to facilitate the computational reconstruction. By introducing an easy-to-optimize Fourier domain metric, Modulation Transfer Function volume (MTFv), which is related to the Strehl ratio, we devise an optimization framework to guide the optimization of the diffractive optical element. The resulting Voronoi-Fresnel phase features an irregular array of quasi-Centroidal Voronoi cells containing a base first-order Fresnel phase function. We demonstrate and verify the imaging performance for photography applications with a prototype Voronoi-Fresnel lensless camera on a 1.6-megapixel image sensor in various illumination conditions. Results show that the proposed design outperforms existing lensless cameras, and could benefit the development of compact imaging systems that work in extreme physical conditions.
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Graphene quantum dots provide a platform for manipulating electron behaviors in two-dimensional (2D) Dirac materials. Most previous works were of the "forward" type in that the objective was to solve various confinement, transport and scattering problems with given structures that can be generated by, e.g., applying an external electrical field. There are applications such as cloaking or superscattering where the challenging problem of inverse design needs to be solved: finding a quantum-dot structure according to certain desired functional characteristics. A brute-force search of the system configuration based directly on the solutions of the Dirac equation is computational infeasible. We articulate a machine-learning approach to addressing the inverse-design problem where artificial neural networks subject to physical constraints are exploited to replace the rigorous Dirac equation solver. In particular, we focus on the problem of designing a quantum dot structure to generate both cloaking and superscattering in terms of the scattering efficiency as a function of the energy. We construct a physical loss function that enables accurate prediction of the scattering characteristics. We demonstrate that, in the regime of Klein tunneling, the scattering efficiency can be designed to vary over two orders of magnitudes, allowing any scattering curve to be generated from a proper combination of the gate potentials. Our physics-based machine-learning approach can be a powerful design tool for 2D Dirac material-based electronics.
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讨论了与科学,工程,建筑和人为因素相关的月球表面上的运输设施问题。未来十年制造的后勤决策可能对财务成功至关重要。除了概述一些问题及其与数学和计算的关系外,本文还为决策者,科学家和工程师提供了有用的资源。
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快速生产具有纳米分辨率的大面积模式对于已建立的半导体行业和实现下一代量子设备的工业规模生产至关重要。具有二进制全息掩模的亚稳定原子光刻被认为是当前最新水平的较高分辨率/低成本替代方法:极端紫外线(EUV)光刻。然而,最近表明,亚稳定原子与掩模材料(SIN)的相互作用导致波前的强烈扰动,而不是基于经典标量波。这意味着即使在1D中也无法在分析上解决逆问题(基于所需模式创建掩码)。在这里,我们提出了一种机器学习方法,以掩盖产生的目标是亚稳定性原子。我们的算法结合了遗传优化和深度学习来获得面具。一种新型的深神经结构经过训练,可以产生面膜的初始近似。然后,该近似值用于生成可以收敛到任意精度的遗传优化算法的初始种群。我们证明了Fraunhofer近似极限内系统维度的任意1D模式的产生。
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在过去十年中,发光二极管(LED)几乎在每个应用中都取代了常见的灯泡,从智能手机中的手电筒到汽车前灯。照亮夜间街道需要LED发出光谱,被人眼被人眼被视为纯白色。与这种白光谱相关的电力不仅分布在贡献波长上,而且在视觉角度上分布。对于许多应用,可用的光线需要在向前的方向上退出LED,即在小角度到垂直。在这项工作中,我们证明了白色LED顶部的专门设计的多层薄膜增加了向前发射的纯白光的功率。因此,推导的多目标优化问题是通过实质物理引导的目标函数重新重新制定,该函数代表了我们工程问题的层次结构。采用贝叶斯优化的变体基于射线跟踪模拟来最大化这种非确定性目标函数。最终,对合适的多层薄膜的光学性质的研究允许识别白光方向性的增加的机制:角度和波长选择性过滤导致多层薄膜与光线的乒乓球发挥作用。
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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计算光学成像(COI)系统利用其设置中的光学编码元素(CE)在单个或多个快照中编码高维场景,并使用计算算法对其进行解码。 COI系统的性能很大程度上取决于其主要组件的设计:CE模式和用于执行给定任务的计算方法。常规方法依赖于随机模式或分析设计来设置CE的分布。但是,深神经网络(DNNS)的可用数据和算法功能已在CE数据驱动的设计中开辟了新的地平线,该设计共同考虑了光学编码器和计算解码器。具体而言,通过通过完全可区分的图像形成模型对COI测量进行建模,该模型考虑了基于物理的光及其与CES的相互作用,可以在端到端优化定义CE和计算解码器的参数和计算解码器(e2e)方式。此外,通过在同一框架中仅优化CE,可以从纯光学器件中执行推理任务。这项工作调查了CE数据驱动设计的最新进展,并提供了有关如何参数化不同光学元素以将其包括在E2E框架中的指南。由于E2E框架可以通过更改损耗功能和DNN来处理不同的推理应用程序,因此我们提出低级任务,例如光谱成像重建或高级任务,例如使用基于任务的光学光学体系结构来增强隐私的姿势估计,以维护姿势估算。最后,我们说明了使用全镜DNN以光速执行的分类和3D对象识别应用程序。
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虽然在各种应用中广泛使用刚性机器人,但它们在他们可以执行的任务中受到限制,并且在密切的人机交互中可以保持不安全。另一方面,软机器鞋面超越了刚性机器人的能力,例如与工作环境,自由度,自由度,制造成本和与环境安全互动的兼容性。本文研究了纤维增强弹性机壳(释放)作为一种特定类型的软气动致动器的行为,可用于软装饰器。创建动态集参数模型以在各种操作条件下模拟单一免费的运动,并通知控制器的设计。所提出的PID控制器使用旋转角度来控制多项式函数之后的自由到限定的步进输入或轨迹的响应来控制末端执行器的方向。另外,采用有限元分析方法,包括释放的固有非线性材料特性,精确地评估释放的各种参数和配置。该工具还用于确定模块中多个释放的工作空间,这基本上是软机械臂的构建块。
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信号处理是几乎任何传感器系统的基本组件,具有不同科学学科的广泛应用。时间序列数据,图像和视频序列包括可以增强和分析信息提取和量化的代表性形式的信号。人工智能和机器学习的最近进步正在转向智能,数据驱动,信号处理的研究。该路线图呈现了最先进的方法和应用程序的关键概述,旨在突出未来的挑战和对下一代测量系统的研究机会。它涵盖了广泛的主题,从基础到工业研究,以简明的主题部分组织,反映了每个研究领域的当前和未来发展的趋势和影响。此外,它为研究人员和资助机构提供了识别新前景的指导。
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热界面材料(TIM)广泛用于电子包装中。增加功率密度和有限的组装空间对热管理提出了很高的需求。大型冷却表面需要有效覆盖。加入散热器时,先前分配的蒂姆(Tim)在冷却表面上扩散。关于分配模式的建议仅针对简单的表面几何形状,例如矩形。对于更复杂的几何形状,将计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟与手动实验结合使用。尽管CFD模拟具有很高的精度,但它们涉及模拟专家,并且设置相当昂贵。我们提出了一种轻巧的启发式,以模拟蒂姆的传播行为。我们通过对该模型的数据训练人工神经网络(ANN)进一步加快计算。这提供了快速的计算时间,并提供了进一步提供梯度信息。该ANN不仅可以用来帮助TIM的手动模式设计,而且还可以实现自动模式优化。我们将这种方法与最先进的方法进行比较,并使用实际产品样本进行验证。
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在2015年和2019年之间,地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”,研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用,并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人,仍然在测试阶段,承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,在研究和开发的那些中,最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。
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FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.
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Profile extrusion is a continuous production process for manufacturing plastic profiles from molten polymer. Especially interesting is the design of the die, through which the melt is pressed to attain the desired shape. However, due to an inhomogeneous velocity distribution at the die exit or residual stresses inside the extrudate, the final shape of the manufactured part often deviates from the desired one. To avoid these deviations, the shape of the die can be computationally optimized, which has already been investigated in the literature using classical optimization approaches. A new approach in the field of shape optimization is the utilization of Reinforcement Learning (RL) as a learning-based optimization algorithm. RL is based on trial-and-error interactions of an agent with an environment. For each action, the agent is rewarded and informed about the subsequent state of the environment. While not necessarily superior to classical, e.g., gradient-based or evolutionary, optimization algorithms for one single problem, RL techniques are expected to perform especially well when similar optimization tasks are repeated since the agent learns a more general strategy for generating optimal shapes instead of concentrating on just one single problem. In this work, we investigate this approach by applying it to two 2D test cases. The flow-channel geometry can be modified by the RL agent using so-called Free-Form Deformation, a method where the computational mesh is embedded into a transformation spline, which is then manipulated based on the control-point positions. In particular, we investigate the impact of utilizing different agents on the training progress and the potential of wall time saving by utilizing multiple environments during training.
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Control of light through a microscope objective with a high numerical aperture is a common requirement in applications such as optogenetics, adaptive optics, or laser processing. Light propagation, including polarization effects, can be described under these conditions using the Debye-Wolf diffraction integral. Here, we take advantage of differentiable optimization and machine learning for efficiently optimizing the Debye-Wolf integral for such applications. For light shaping we show that this optimization approach is suitable for engineering arbitrary three-dimensional point spread functions in a two-photon microscope. For differentiable model-based adaptive optics (DAO), the developed method can find aberration corrections with intrinsic image features, for example neurons labeled with genetically encoded calcium indicators, without requiring guide stars. Using computational modeling we further discuss the range of spatial frequencies and magnitudes of aberrations which can be corrected with this approach.
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提出了一个理想化的1:2比例示范器和数值参数优化算法,以密切地再现变形形状,因此使用四个集中载荷的真实空气动力学装载的民动飞机扰流板的空间应变方向。需要对越来越复杂性的证明者的经济高效的实验研究是从优惠券转移到全规模结构的知识,并为新颖的结构健康监测(SHM)技术积累信心。特别是对于测试依赖于或受机械菌株影响的新型传感器系统,例如基于应变的SHM方法,所考虑的实验室结构结构必须反映在操作负载条件下的实际结构的应变状态。对具有详细模型进行有限元模拟,用于静态强度分析,并与实验测量相比。理想示威者的模拟和测量变形和空间应变方向与真正的飞机扰流板的数值结果很好。因此,使用开发的理想化演示器,基于应变的SHM系统可以在反映操作空气动力学压力负荷的条件下进行测试,而测试努力和成本显着降低。此外,所呈现的加载优化算法可以容易地适于模拟板状结构中的其他压力载荷以再现特定的结构条件。
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随着Terahertz(THZ)信号产生和辐射方法的最新进展,关节通信和传感应用正在塑造无线系统的未来。为此,预计将在用户设备设备上携带THZ光谱,以识别感兴趣的材料和气态组件。 THZ特异性的信号处理技术应补充这种对THZ感应的重新兴趣,以有效利用THZ频带。在本文中,我们介绍了这些技术的概述,重点是信号预处理(标准的正常差异归一化,最小值 - 最大归一化和Savitzky-Golay滤波),功能提取(主成分分析,部分最小二乘,t,T,T部分,t部分,t部分正方形,T - 分布的随机邻居嵌入和非负矩阵分解)和分类技术(支持向量机器,k-nearest邻居,判别分析和天真的贝叶斯)。我们还通过探索他们在THZ频段的有希望的传感能力来解决深度学习技术的有效性。最后,我们研究了在联合通信和传感的背景下,研究方法的性能和复杂性权衡;我们激励相应的用例,并在该领域提供未来的研究方向。
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Ever since the first microscope by Zacharias Janssen in the late 16th century, scientists have been inventing new types of microscopes for various tasks. Inventing a novel architecture demands years, if not decades, worth of scientific experience and creativity. In this work, we introduce Differentiable Microscopy ($\partial\mu$), a deep learning-based design paradigm, to aid scientists design new interpretable microscope architectures. Differentiable microscopy first models a common physics-based optical system however with trainable optical elements at key locations on the optical path. Using pre-acquired data, we then train the model end-to-end for a task of interest. The learnt design proposal can then be simplified by interpreting the learnt optical elements. As a first demonstration, based on the optical 4-$f$ system, we present an all-optical quantitative phase microscope (QPM) design that requires no computational post-reconstruction. A follow-up literature survey suggested that the learnt architecture is similar to the generalized phase contrast method developed two decades ago. Our extensive experiments on multiple datasets that include biological samples show that our learnt all-optical QPM designs consistently outperform existing methods. We experimentally verify the functionality of the optical 4-$f$ system based QPM design using a spatial light modulator. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that similar results can be achieved by an uninterpretable learning based method, namely diffractive deep neural networks (D2NN). The proposed differentiable microscopy framework supplements the creative process of designing new optical systems and would perhaps lead to unconventional but better optical designs.
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近年来,机器学习的巨大进步已经开始对许多科学和技术的许多领域产生重大影响。在本文的文章中,我们探讨了量子技术如何从这项革命中受益。我们在说明性示例中展示了过去几年的科学家如何开始使用机器学习和更广泛的人工智能方法来分析量子测量,估计量子设备的参数,发现新的量子实验设置,协议和反馈策略,以及反馈策略,以及通常改善量子计算,量子通信和量子模拟的各个方面。我们重点介绍了公开挑战和未来的可能性,并在未来十年的一些投机愿景下得出结论。
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