无监督域自适应对象检测的自我训练是一项艰巨的任务,其性能在很大程度上取决于伪盒的质量。尽管结果有令人鼓舞,但先前的工作在很大程度上忽略了自训练期间伪箱的不确定性。在本文中,我们提出了一个简单而有效的框架,称为概率教师(PT),该框架旨在从逐渐发展的教师中捕获未标记的目标数据的不确定性,并以互惠互利的方式指导学生学习学生。具体而言,我们建议利用不确定性引导的一致性训练来促进分类适应和本地化适应,而不是通过精心设计的置信度阈值过滤伪盒。此外,我们与定位适应同时进行锚定适应性,因为锚被视为可学习的参数。与此框架一起,我们还提出了一种新颖的熵局灶性损失(EFL),以进一步促进不确定性引导的自我训练。配备了EFL,PT的表现优于所有以前的基线,并实现了新的最先进。
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我们解决对象检测中的域适应问题,其中在源(带有监控)和目标域(没有监督的域的域名)之间存在显着的域移位。作为广泛采用的域适应方法,自培训教师学生框架(学生模型从教师模型生成的伪标签学习)在目标域中产生了显着的精度增益。然而,由于其偏向源域,它仍然存在从教师产生的大量低质量伪标签(例如,误报)。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种叫做自适应无偏见教师(AUT)的自我训练框架,利用对抗的对抗学习和弱强的数据增强来解决域名。具体而言,我们在学生模型中使用特征级的对抗性培训,确保从源和目标域中提取的功能共享类似的统计数据。这使学生模型能够捕获域不变的功能。此外,我们在目标领域的教师模型和两个域上的学生模型之间应用了弱强的增强和相互学习。这使得教师模型能够从学生模型中逐渐受益,而不会遭受域移位。我们展示了AUT通过大边距显示所有现有方法甚至Oracle(完全监督)模型的优势。例如,我们在有雾的城市景观(Clipart1k)上实现了50.9%(49.3%)地图,分别比以前的最先进和甲骨文高9.2%(5.2%)和8.2%(11.0%)
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半监督的对象检测在平均教师驱动的自我训练的发展中取得了重大进展。尽管结果有令人鼓舞,但在先前的工作中尚未完全探索标签不匹配问题,从而导致自训练期间严重确认偏见。在本文中,我们从两个不同但互补的角度(即分布级别和实例级别)提出了一个简单而有效的标签框架。对于前者,根据Monte Carlo采样,可以合理地近似来自标记数据的未标记数据的类分布。在这种弱监督提示的指导下,我们引入了一个重新分配卑鄙的老师,该老师利用自适应标签 - 分布意识到的信心阈值来生成无偏见的伪标签来推动学生学习。对于后一个,存在着跨教师模型的被忽视的标签分配歧义问题。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新的标签分配机制,用于自我训练框架,即提案自我分配,该机制将学生的建议注入教师,并生成准确的伪标签,以相应地匹配学生模型中的每个建议。 MS-Coco和Pascal-VOC数据集的实验证明了我们提出的框架与其他最先进的框架相当优越。代码将在https://github.com/hikvision-research/ssod上找到。
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Domain adaptive object detection (DAOD) aims to alleviate transfer performance degradation caused by the cross-domain discrepancy. However, most existing DAOD methods are dominated by computationally intensive two-stage detectors, which are not the first choice for industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised domain adaptive YOLO (SSDA-YOLO) based method to improve cross-domain detection performance by integrating the compact one-stage detector YOLOv5 with domain adaptation. Specifically, we adapt the knowledge distillation framework with the Mean Teacher model to assist the student model in obtaining instance-level features of the unlabeled target domain. We also utilize the scene style transfer to cross-generate pseudo images in different domains for remedying image-level differences. In addition, an intuitive consistency loss is proposed to further align cross-domain predictions. We evaluate our proposed SSDA-YOLO on public benchmarks including PascalVOC, Clipart1k, Cityscapes, and Foggy Cityscapes. Moreover, to verify its generalization, we conduct experiments on yawning detection datasets collected from various classrooms. The results show considerable improvements of our method in these DAOD tasks. Our code is available on \url{https://github.com/hnuzhy/SSDA-YOLO}.
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微创手术中的手术工具检测是计算机辅助干预措施的重要组成部分。当前的方法主要是基于有监督的方法,这些方法需要大量的完全标记的数据来培训监督模型,并且由于阶级不平衡问题而患有伪标签偏见。但是,带有边界框注释的大图像数据集通常几乎无法使用。半监督学习(SSL)最近出现了仅使用适度的注释数据训练大型模型的一种手段。除了降低注释成本。 SSL还显示出希望产生更强大和可推广的模型。因此,在本文中,我们在手术工具检测范式中介绍了半监督学习(SSL)框架,该框架旨在通过知识蒸馏方法来减轻培训数据的稀缺和数据失衡。在拟议的工作中,我们培训了一个标有数据的模型,该模型启动了教师学生的联合学习,在该学习中,学生接受了来自未标记数据的教师生成的伪标签的培训。我们提出了一个多级距离,在检测器的利益区域头部具有基于保证金的分类损失函数,以有效地将前景类别与背景区域隔离。我们在M2CAI16-Tool-locations数据集上的结果表明,我们的方法在不同的监督数据设置(1%,2%,5%,注释数据的10%)上的优越性,其中我们的模型可实现8%,12%和27的总体改善在最先进的SSL方法和完全监督的基线上,MAP中的%(在1%标记的数据上)。该代码可在https://github.com/mansoor-at/semi-supervise-surgical-tool-det上获得
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Domain adaptive detection aims to improve the generalization of detectors on target domain. To reduce discrepancy in feature distributions between two domains, recent approaches achieve domain adaption through feature alignment in different granularities via adversarial learning. However, they neglect the relationship between multiple granularities and different features in alignment, degrading detection. Addressing this, we introduce a unified multi-granularity alignment (MGA)-based detection framework for domain-invariant feature learning. The key is to encode the dependencies across different granularities including pixel-, instance-, and category-levels simultaneously to align two domains. Specifically, based on pixel-level features, we first develop an omni-scale gated fusion (OSGF) module to aggregate discriminative representations of instances with scale-aware convolutions, leading to robust multi-scale detection. Besides, we introduce multi-granularity discriminators to identify where, either source or target domains, different granularities of samples come from. Note that, MGA not only leverages instance discriminability in different categories but also exploits category consistency between two domains for detection. Furthermore, we present an adaptive exponential moving average (AEMA) strategy that explores model assessments for model update to improve pseudo labels and alleviate local misalignment problem, boosting detection robustness. Extensive experiments on multiple domain adaption scenarios validate the superiority of MGA over other approaches on FCOS and Faster R-CNN detectors. Code will be released at https://github.com/tiankongzhang/MGA.
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域自适应对象检测(DAOD)旨在改善探测和测试数据来自不同域时的探测器的泛化能力。考虑到显着的域间隙,一些典型方法,例如基于Conscangan的方法,采用中间域来逐步地桥接源域和靶域。然而,基于Conscangan的中间域缺少对象检测的PIX或实例级监控,这导致语义差异。为了解决这个问题,在本文中,我们介绍了具有四种不同的低频滤波器操作的频谱增强一致性(FSAC)框架。通过这种方式,我们可以获得一系列增强数据作为中间域。具体地,我们提出了一种两级优化框架。在第一阶段,我们利用所有原始和增强的源数据来训练对象检测器。在第二阶段,采用增强源和目标数据,具有伪标签来执行预测一致性的自培训。使用均值优化的教师模型用于进一步修改伪标签。在实验中,我们分别评估了我们在单一和复合目标DAOD上的方法,这证明了我们方法的有效性。
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Domain adaptation aims to bridge the domain shifts between the source and the target domain. These shifts may span different dimensions such as fog, rainfall, etc. However, recent methods typically do not consider explicit prior knowledge about the domain shifts on a specific dimension, thus leading to less desired adaptation performance. In this paper, we study a practical setting called Specific Domain Adaptation (SDA) that aligns the source and target domains in a demanded-specific dimension. Within this setting, we observe the intra-domain gap induced by different domainness (i.e., numerical magnitudes of domain shifts in this dimension) is crucial when adapting to a specific domain. To address the problem, we propose a novel Self-Adversarial Disentangling (SAD) framework. In particular, given a specific dimension, we first enrich the source domain by introducing a domainness creator with providing additional supervisory signals. Guided by the created domainness, we design a self-adversarial regularizer and two loss functions to jointly disentangle the latent representations into domainness-specific and domainness-invariant features, thus mitigating the intra-domain gap. Our method can be easily taken as a plug-and-play framework and does not introduce any extra costs in the inference time. We achieve consistent improvements over state-of-the-art methods in both object detection and semantic segmentation.
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在本文中,我们在半监督对象检测(SSOD)中深入研究了两种关键技术,即伪标记和一致性训练。我们观察到,目前,这两种技术忽略了对象检测的一些重要特性,从而阻碍了对未标记数据的有效学习。具体而言,对于伪标记,现有作品仅关注分类得分,但不能保证伪框的本地化精度;为了保持一致性训练,广泛采用的随机训练只考虑了标签级的一致性,但错过了功能级别的训练,这在确保尺度不变性方面也起着重要作用。为了解决嘈杂的伪箱所产生的问题,我们设计了包括预测引导的标签分配(PLA)和正面验证一致性投票(PCV)的嘈杂伪盒学习(NPL)。 PLA依赖于模型预测来分配标签,并使甚至粗糙的伪框都具有鲁棒性。 PCV利用积极建议的回归一致性来反映伪盒的本地化质量。此外,在一致性训练中,我们提出了包括标签和特征水平一致性的机制的多视图尺度不变学习(MSL),其中通过将两个图像之间的移动特征金字塔对准具有相同内容但变化量表的变化来实现特征一致性。在可可基准测试上,我们的方法称为伪标签和一致性训练(PSECO),分别以2.0、1.8、2.0分的1%,5%和10%的标签比优于SOTA(软教师)。它还显着提高了SSOD的学习效率,例如,PSECO将SOTA方法的训练时间减半,但实现了更好的性能。代码可从https://github.com/ligang-cs/pseco获得。
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随着半监督对象检测(SS-OD)技术的最新开发,可以使用有限的标记数据和丰富的未标记数据来改进对象检测器。但是,仍然有两个挑战未解决:(1)在无锚点检测器上没有先前的SS-OD作品,并且(2)当伪标记的边界框回归时,先前的工作是无效的。在本文中,我们提出了无偏见的教师V2,其中显示了SS-OD方法对无锚定检测器的概括,并引入了无监督回归损失的侦听机制。具体而言,我们首先提出了一项研究,研究了现有的SS-OD方法在无锚固探测器上的有效性,并发现在半监督的设置下它们的性能改善要较低。我们还观察到,在无锚点检测器中使用的中心度和基于本地化的标签的盒子选择不能在半监视的设置下正常工作。另一方面,我们的聆听机制明确地阻止了在边界框回归训练中误导伪标记。我们特别开发了一种基于教师和学生的相对不确定性的新型伪标记的选择机制。这个想法有助于半监督环境中回归分支的有利改善。我们的方法适用于无锚固方法和基于锚的方法,它始终如一地对VOC,可可标准和可可添加的最新方法表现出色。
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Semi-supervised object detection (SSOD) aims to boost detection performance by leveraging extra unlabeled data. The teacher-student framework has been shown to be promising for SSOD, in which a teacher network generates pseudo-labels for unlabeled data to assist the training of a student network. Since the pseudo-labels are noisy, filtering the pseudo-labels is crucial to exploit the potential of such framework. Unlike existing suboptimal methods, we propose a two-step pseudo-label filtering for the classification and regression heads in a teacher-student framework. For the classification head, OCL (Object-wise Contrastive Learning) regularizes the object representation learning that utilizes unlabeled data to improve pseudo-label filtering by enhancing the discriminativeness of the classification score. This is designed to pull together objects in the same class and push away objects from different classes. For the regression head, we further propose RUPL (Regression-Uncertainty-guided Pseudo-Labeling) to learn the aleatoric uncertainty of object localization for label filtering. By jointly filtering the pseudo-labels for the classification and regression heads, the student network receives better guidance from the teacher network for object detection task. Experimental results on Pascal VOC and MS-COCO datasets demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method with competitive performance compared to existing methods.
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半监督对象检测(SSOD)的最新进展主要由基于一致性的伪标记方法驱动,用于图像分类任务,产生伪标签作为监控信号。然而,在使用伪标签时,缺乏考虑本地化精度和放大的类别不平衡,这两者都对于检测任务至关重要。在本文中,我们介绍了针对物体检测量身定制的确定性感知伪标签,可以有效地估计导出的伪标签的分类和定位质量。这是通过将传统定位转换为分类任务之后的传统定位来实现的。在分类和本地化质量分数上调节,我们动态调整用于为每个类别生成伪标签和重重损耗函数的阈值,以减轻类别不平衡问题。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法在Coco和Pascal VOC上的1-2%AP改善了最先进的SSOD性能,同时与大多数现有方法正交和互补。在有限的注释制度中,我们的方法可以通过从Coco标记的1-10%标记数据来改善监督基准。
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对象检测的域适应性(DAOD)最近由于其检测目标对象而没有任何注释而引起了很多关注。为了解决该问题,以前的作品着重于通过对抗训练在两阶段检测器中从部分级别(例如图像级,实例级,RPN级)提取的对齐功能。但是,对象检测管道中的个体级别相互密切相关,并且尚未考虑此层次之间的关系。为此,我们为DAOD介绍了一个新的框架,该框架具有三个提出的组件:多尺度意识不确定性注意力(MUA),可转移的区域建议网络(TRPN)和动态实例采样(DIS)。使用这些模块,我们试图在训练过程中减少负转移效应,同时最大化可传递性以及两个领域的可区分性。最后,我们的框架隐含地学习了域不变区域,以通过利用可转移信息并通过协作利用其域信息来增强不同检测级别之间的互补性。通过消融研究和实验,我们表明所提出的模块以协同方式有助于性能提高,以证明我们方法的有效性。此外,我们的模型在各种基准测试方面达到了新的最新性能。
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大多数现有的域自适应对象检测方法利用对抗特征对齐,以使模型适应新域。对抗性特征比对的最新进展旨在减少发生的负面影响或负转移的负面影响,因为特征的分布取决于对象类别。但是,通过分析无锚的一阶段检测器的特征,在本文中,我们发现可能发生负转移,因为特征分布取决于对边界框的回归值以及类别的回归值而变化。为了通过解决此问题来获得域的不变性,我们考虑了特征分布的模式,以偏移值为条件。通过一种非常简单有效的调节方法,我们提出了在各种实验环境中实现最新性能的OADA(偏置感知域自适应对象检测器)。此外,通过通过单数值分析分析,我们发现我们的模型可以增强可区分性和可传递性。
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在域移位下,跨域几个射击对象检测旨在通过一些注释的目标数据适应目标域中的对象检测器。存在两个重大挑战:(1)高度不足的目标域数据; (2)潜在的过度适应和误导性是由不当放大的目标样本而没有任何限制引起的。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种由两个部分组成的自适应方法。首先,我们提出了一种自适应优化策略,以选择类似于目标样本的增强数据,而不是盲目增加数量。具体而言,我们过滤了增强的候选者,这些候选者在一开始就显着偏离了目标特征分布。其次,为了进一步释放数据限制,我们提出了多级域感知数据增强,以增加增强数据的多样性和合理性,从而利用了跨图像前景 - 背景混合物。实验表明,所提出的方法在多个基准测试中实现了最先进的性能。
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Deep learning has emerged as an effective solution for solving the task of object detection in images but at the cost of requiring large labeled datasets. To mitigate this cost, semi-supervised object detection methods, which consist in leveraging abundant unlabeled data, have been proposed and have already shown impressive results. However, most of these methods require linking a pseudo-label to a ground-truth object by thresholding. In previous works, this threshold value is usually determined empirically, which is time consuming, and only done for a single data distribution. When the domain, and thus the data distribution, changes, a new and costly parameter search is necessary. In this work, we introduce our method Adaptive Self-Training for Object Detection (ASTOD), which is a simple yet effective teacher-student method. ASTOD determines without cost a threshold value based directly on the ground value of the score histogram. To improve the quality of the teacher predictions, we also propose a novel pseudo-labeling procedure. We use different views of the unlabeled images during the pseudo-labeling step to reduce the number of missed predictions and thus obtain better candidate labels. Our teacher and our student are trained separately, and our method can be used in an iterative fashion by replacing the teacher by the student. On the MS-COCO dataset, our method consistently performs favorably against state-of-the-art methods that do not require a threshold parameter, and shows competitive results with methods that require a parameter sweep search. Additional experiments with respect to a supervised baseline on the DIOR dataset containing satellite images lead to similar conclusions, and prove that it is possible to adapt the score threshold automatically in self-training, regardless of the data distribution.
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Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) is an effective approach to tackle the issue of domain shift. Specifically, UDA methods try to align the source and target representations to improve the generalization on the target domain. Further, UDA methods work under the assumption that the source data is accessible during the adaptation process. However, in real-world scenarios, the labelled source data is often restricted due to privacy regulations, data transmission constraints, or proprietary data concerns. The Source-Free Domain Adaptation (SFDA) setting aims to alleviate these concerns by adapting a source-trained model for the target domain without requiring access to the source data. In this paper, we explore the SFDA setting for the task of adaptive object detection. To this end, we propose a novel training strategy for adapting a source-trained object detector to the target domain without source data. More precisely, we design a novel contrastive loss to enhance the target representations by exploiting the objects relations for a given target domain input. These object instance relations are modelled using an Instance Relation Graph (IRG) network, which are then used to guide the contrastive representation learning. In addition, we utilize a student-teacher based knowledge distillation strategy to avoid overfitting to the noisy pseudo-labels generated by the source-trained model. Extensive experiments on multiple object detection benchmark datasets show that the proposed approach is able to efficiently adapt source-trained object detectors to the target domain, outperforming previous state-of-the-art domain adaptive detection methods. Code is available at https://github.com/Vibashan/irg-sfda.
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在这项研究中,我们深入研究了半监督对象检测〜(SSOD)所面临的独特挑战。我们观察到当前的探测器通常遭受3个不一致问题。 1)分配不一致,传统的分配策略对标记噪声很敏感。 2)子任务不一致,其中分类和回归预测在同一特征点未对准。 3)时间不一致,伪Bbox在不同的训练步骤中差异很大。这些问题导致学生网络的优化目标不一致,从而恶化了性能并减慢模型收敛性。因此,我们提出了一个系统的解决方案,称为一致的老师,以补救上述挑战。首先,自适应锚分配代替了基于静态的策略,该策略使学生网络能够抵抗嘈杂的psudo bbox。然后,我们通过设计功能比对模块来校准子任务预测。最后,我们采用高斯混合模型(GMM)来动态调整伪盒阈值。一致的老师在各种SSOD评估上提供了新的强大基线。只有10%的带注释的MS-Coco数据,它可以使用Resnet-50骨干实现40.0 MAP,该数据仅使用伪标签,超过了4个地图。当对完全注释的MS-Coco进行其他未标记的数据进行培训时,性能将进一步增加到49.1 MAP。我们的代码将很快开源。
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迄今为止,最强大的半监督对象检测器(SS-OD)基于伪盒,该盒子需要一系列带有微调超参数的后处理。在这项工作中,我们建议用稀疏的伪盒子以伪造的伪标签形式取代稀疏的伪盒。与伪盒相比,我们的密集伪标签(DPL)不涉及任何后处理方法,因此保留了更丰富的信息。我们还引入了一种区域选择技术,以突出关键信息,同时抑制密集标签所携带的噪声。我们将利用DPL作为密集老师的拟议的SS-OD算法命名。在可可和VOC上,密集的老师在各种环境下与基于伪盒的方法相比表现出卓越的表现。
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临床医生在手术室(OR)的细粒度定位是设计新一代或支持系统的关键组成部分。需要基于人像素的分段和身体视觉计算机的计算机视觉模型检测,以更好地了解OR的临床活动和空间布局。这是具有挑战性的,这不仅是因为或图像与传统视觉数据集有很大不同,还因为在隐私问题上很难收集和生成数据和注释。为了解决这些问题,我们首先研究了如何在低分辨率图像上进行姿势估计和实例分割,而下采样因子从1x到12倍进行下采样因子。其次,为了解决域的偏移和缺乏注释,我们提出了一种新型的无监督域适应方法,称为适配器,以使模型从野外标记的源域中适应统计上不同的未标记目标域。我们建议在未标记的目标域图像的不同增强上利用明确的几何约束,以生成准确的伪标签,并使用这些伪标签在自我训练框架中对高分辨率和低分辨率或图像进行训练。此外,我们提出了分离的特征归一化,以处理统计上不同的源和目标域数据。对两个或数据集MVOR+和TUM-或TUM-或测试的详细消融研究的广泛实验结果表明,我们方法对强构建的基线的有效性,尤其是在低分辨率的隐私性或图像上。最后,我们在大规模可可数据集上显示了我们作为半监督学习方法(SSL)方法的普遍性,在这里,我们获得了可比较的结果,而对经过100%标记的监督培训的模型的标签监督只有1%。 。
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