深层神经网络(DNN)是通过依次执行线性和非线性过程产生的。使用线性和非线性程序的组合对于生成足够深的特征空间至关重要。大多数非线性运算符是激活函数或合并函数的推导。数学形态是数学的一个分支,为各种图像处理问题提供了非线性操作员。我们调查了将这些操作集成到本文端到端深度学习框架中的实用性。 DNN旨在获得特定工作的现实代表。形态运算符给出拓扑描述符,以传达有关图像中描述的物体形状的显着信息。我们提出了一种基于元学习的方法,将形态算子纳入DNN。博学的结构展示了我们的新型形态操作如何显着提高各种任务(包括图片分类和边缘检测)的DNN性能。
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深度学习技术在各种任务中都表现出了出色的有效性,并且深度学习具有推进多种应用程序(包括在边缘计算中)的潜力,其中将深层模型部署在边缘设备上,以实现即时的数据处理和响应。一个关键的挑战是,虽然深层模型的应用通常会产生大量的内存和计算成本,但Edge设备通常只提供非常有限的存储和计算功能,这些功能可能会在各个设备之间差异很大。这些特征使得难以构建深度学习解决方案,以释放边缘设备的潜力,同时遵守其约束。应对这一挑战的一种有希望的方法是自动化有效的深度学习模型的设计,这些模型轻巧,仅需少量存储,并且仅产生低计算开销。该调查提供了针对边缘计算的深度学习模型设计自动化技术的全面覆盖。它提供了关键指标的概述和比较,这些指标通常用于量化模型在有效性,轻度和计算成本方面的水平。然后,该调查涵盖了深层设计自动化技术的三类最新技术:自动化神经体系结构搜索,自动化模型压缩以及联合自动化设计和压缩。最后,调查涵盖了未来研究的开放问题和方向。
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最近,已经成功地应用于各种遥感图像(RSI)识别任务的大量基于深度学习的方法。然而,RSI字段中深度学习方法的大多数现有进步严重依赖于手动设计的骨干网络提取的特征,这严重阻碍了由于RSI的复杂性以及先前知识的限制而受到深度学习模型的潜力。在本文中,我们研究了RSI识别任务中的骨干架构的新设计范式,包括场景分类,陆地覆盖分类和对象检测。提出了一种基于权重共享策略和进化算法的一拍架构搜索框架,称为RSBNet,其中包括三个阶段:首先,在层面搜索空间中构造的超空网是在自组装的大型中预先磨削 - 基于集合单路径培训策略进行缩放RSI数据集。接下来,预先培训的SuperNet通过可切换识别模块配备不同的识别头,并分别在目标数据集上进行微调,以获取特定于任务特定的超网络。最后,我们根据没有任何网络训练的进化算法,搜索最佳骨干架构进行不同识别任务。对于不同识别任务的五个基准数据集进行了广泛的实验,结果显示了所提出的搜索范例的有效性,并证明搜索后的骨干能够灵活地调整不同的RSI识别任务并实现令人印象深刻的性能。
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Recently, Neural Architecture Search (NAS) has successfully identified neural network architectures that exceed human designed ones on large-scale image classification. In this paper, we study NAS for semantic image segmentation. Existing works often focus on searching the repeatable cell structure, while hand-designing the outer network structure that controls the spatial resolution changes. This choice simplifies the search space, but becomes increasingly problematic for dense image prediction which exhibits a lot more network level architectural variations. Therefore, we propose to search the network level structure in addition to the cell level structure, which forms a hierarchical architecture search space. We present a network level search space that includes many popular designs, and develop a formulation that allows efficient gradient-based architecture search (3 P100 GPU days on Cityscapes images). We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on the challenging Cityscapes, PASCAL VOC 2012, and ADE20K datasets. Auto-DeepLab, our architecture searched specifically for semantic image segmentation, attains state-of-the-art performance without any ImageNet pretraining. 1 * Work done while an intern at Google.
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Deep Learning has enabled remarkable progress over the last years on a variety of tasks, such as image recognition, speech recognition, and machine translation. One crucial aspect for this progress are novel neural architectures. Currently employed architectures have mostly been developed manually by human experts, which is a time-consuming and errorprone process. Because of this, there is growing interest in automated neural architecture search methods. We provide an overview of existing work in this field of research and categorize them according to three dimensions: search space, search strategy, and performance estimation strategy.
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接收场的大小和形状决定了网络如何聚集本地信息并极大地影响模型的整体性能。神经网络中的许多组件,例如内核大小和用于卷积和汇总操作的大步,都会影响接受场的配置。但是,它们仍然依靠超参数,现有模型的接受场导致了次优的形状和尺寸。因此,我们提出了一个简单而有效的动态优化的合并操作,称为Dynopool,该操作通过学习每一层中其接受场的理想大小和形状来优化特征地图的比例因子。深层神经网络中的任何调整模块都可以用Dynopool的操作取代,而成本最低。此外,Dynopool通过引入限制计算成本的附加损失项来控制模型的复杂性。我们的实验表明,配备了拟议的可学习调整模块的模型优于图像分类和语义分割中多个数据集上的基线网络。
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神经体系结构搜索(NAS)可以自动为深神经网络(DNN)设计架构,并已成为当前机器学习社区中最热门的研究主题之一。但是,NAS通常在计算上很昂贵,因为在搜索过程中需要培训大量DNN。绩效预测因素可以通过直接预测DNN的性能来大大减轻NAS的过失成本。但是,构建令人满意的性能预测能力很大程度上取决于足够的训练有素的DNN体系结构,在大多数情况下很难获得。为了解决这个关键问题,我们在本文中提出了一种名为Giaug的有效的DNN体系结构增强方法。具体而言,我们首先提出了一种基于图同构的机制,其优点是有效地生成$ \ boldsymbol n $(即$ \ boldsymbol n!$)的阶乘,对具有$ \ boldsymbol n $ n $ n $ n $ \ boldsymbol n $的单个体系结构进行了带注释的体系结构节点。此外,我们还设计了一种通用方法,将体系结构编码为适合大多数预测模型的形式。结果,可以通过各种基于性能预测因子的NAS算法灵活地利用Giaug。我们在中小型,中,大规模搜索空间上对CIFAR-10和Imagenet基准数据集进行了广泛的实验。实验表明,Giaug可以显着提高大多数最先进的同伴预测因子的性能。此外,与最先进的NAS算法相比,Giaug最多可以在ImageNet上节省三级计算成本。
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语义细分是计算机视觉中的一个流行研究主题,并且在其上做出了许多努力,结果令人印象深刻。在本文中,我们打算搜索可以实时运行此问题的最佳网络结构。为了实现这一目标,我们共同搜索深度,通道,扩张速率和特征空间分辨率,从而导致搜索空间约为2.78*10^324可能的选择。为了处理如此大的搜索空间,我们利用差异架构搜索方法。但是,需要离散地使用使用现有差异方法搜索的体系结构参数,这会导致差异方法找到的架构参数与其离散版本作为体系结构搜索的最终解决方案之间的离散差距。因此,我们从解决方案空间正则化的创新角度来缓解离散差距的问题。具体而言,首先提出了新型的解决方案空间正则化(SSR)损失,以有效鼓励超级网络收敛到其离散。然后,提出了一种新的分层和渐进式解决方案空间缩小方法,以进一步实现较高的搜索效率。此外,我们从理论上表明,SSR损失的优化等同于L_0-NORM正则化,这说明了改善的搜索评估差距。综合实验表明,提出的搜索方案可以有效地找到最佳的网络结构,该结构具有较小的模型大小(1 m)的分割非常快的速度(175 fps),同时保持可比较的精度。
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The automated machine learning (AutoML) field has become increasingly relevant in recent years. These algorithms can develop models without the need for expert knowledge, facilitating the application of machine learning techniques in the industry. Neural Architecture Search (NAS) exploits deep learning techniques to autonomously produce neural network architectures whose results rival the state-of-the-art models hand-crafted by AI experts. However, this approach requires significant computational resources and hardware investments, making it less appealing for real-usage applications. This article presents the third version of Pareto-Optimal Progressive Neural Architecture Search (POPNASv3), a new sequential model-based optimization NAS algorithm targeting different hardware environments and multiple classification tasks. Our method is able to find competitive architectures within large search spaces, while keeping a flexible structure and data processing pipeline to adapt to different tasks. The algorithm employs Pareto optimality to reduce the number of architectures sampled during the search, drastically improving the time efficiency without loss in accuracy. The experiments performed on images and time series classification datasets provide evidence that POPNASv3 can explore a large set of assorted operators and converge to optimal architectures suited for the type of data provided under different scenarios.
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语义分割是将类标签分配给图像中每个像素的问题,并且是自动车辆视觉堆栈的重要组成部分,可促进场景的理解和对象检测。但是,许多表现最高的语义分割模型非常复杂且笨拙,因此不适合在计算资源有限且低延迟操作的板载自动驾驶汽车平台上部署。在这项调查中,我们彻底研究了旨在通过更紧凑,更有效的模型来解决这种未对准的作品,该模型能够在低内存嵌入式系统上部署,同时满足实时推理的限制。我们讨论了该领域中最杰出的作品,根据其主要贡献将它们置于分类法中,最后我们评估了在一致的硬件和软件设置下,所讨论模型的推理速度,这些模型代表了具有高端的典型研究环境GPU和使用低内存嵌入式GPU硬件的现实部署方案。我们的实验结果表明,许多作品能够在资源受限的硬件上实时性能,同时说明延迟和准确性之间的一致权衡。
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深度学习已被广​​泛用于医学图像分割,并且录制了录制了该领域深度学习的成功的大量论文。在本文中,我们使用深层学习技术对医学图像分割的全面主题调查。本文进行了两个原创贡献。首先,与传统调查相比,直接将深度学习的文献分成医学图像分割的文学,并为每组详细介绍了文献,我们根据从粗略到精细的多级结构分类目前流行的文献。其次,本文侧重于监督和弱监督的学习方法,而不包括无监督的方法,因为它们在许多旧调查中引入而且他们目前不受欢迎。对于监督学习方法,我们分析了三个方面的文献:骨干网络的选择,网络块的设计,以及损耗功能的改进。对于虚弱的学习方法,我们根据数据增强,转移学习和交互式分割进行调查文献。与现有调查相比,本调查将文献分类为比例不同,更方便读者了解相关理由,并将引导他们基于深度学习方法思考医学图像分割的适当改进。
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自我关注架构被出现为最近提高视力任务表现的最新进步。手动确定自我关注网络的架构依赖于专家的经验,无法自动适应各种场景。同时,神经结构搜索(NAS)显着推出了神经架构的自动设计。因此,需要考虑使用NAS方法自动发现更好的自我关注架构。然而,由于基于细胞的搜索空间统一和缺乏长期内容依赖性,直接使用现有的NAS方法来搜索关注网络是具有挑战性的。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种基于全部关注的NAS方法。更具体地,构造阶段明智的搜索空间,其允许为网络的不同层采用各种关注操作。为了提取全局特征,提出了一种使用上下文自动回归来发现全部关注架构的自我监督的搜索算法。为了验证所提出的方法的功效,我们对各种学习任务进行了广泛的实验,包括图像分类,细粒度的图像识别和零拍摄图像检索。经验结果表明,我们的方法能够发现高性能,全面关注架构,同时保证所需的搜索效率。
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This paper addresses the scalability challenge of architecture search by formulating the task in a differentiable manner. Unlike conventional approaches of applying evolution or reinforcement learning over a discrete and non-differentiable search space, our method is based on the continuous relaxation of the architecture representation, allowing efficient search of the architecture using gradient descent. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, ImageNet, Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 show that our algorithm excels in discovering high-performance convolutional architectures for image classification and recurrent architectures for language modeling, while being orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art non-differentiable techniques. Our implementation has been made publicly available to facilitate further research on efficient architecture search algorithms.
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高光谱图像(HSI)分类一直是决定的热门话题,因为高光谱图像具有丰富的空间和光谱信息,并为区分不同的土地覆盖物体提供了有力的基础。从深度学习技术的发展中受益,基于深度学习的HSI分类方法已实现了有希望的表现。最近,已经提出了一些用于HSI分类的神经架构搜索(NAS)算法,这将HSI分类的准确性进一步提高到了新的水平。在本文中,NAS和变压器首次合并用于处理HSI分类任务。与以前的工作相比,提出的方法有两个主要差异。首先,我们重新访问了先前的HSI分类NAS方法中设计的搜索空间,并提出了一个新型的混合搜索空间,该搜索空间由空间主导的细胞和频谱主导的单元组成。与以前的工作中提出的搜索空间相比,所提出的混合搜索空间与HSI数据的特征更加一致,即HSIS具有相对较低的空间分辨率和非常高的光谱分辨率。其次,为了进一步提高分类准确性,我们尝试将新兴变压器模块移植到自动设计的卷积神经网络(CNN)上,以将全局信息添加到CNN学到的局部区域的特征中。三个公共HSI数据集的实验结果表明,所提出的方法的性能要比比较方法更好,包括手动设计的网络和基于NAS的HSI分类方法。特别是在最近被捕获的休斯顿大学数据集中,总体准确性提高了近6个百分点。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/cecilia-xue/hyt-nas。
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随着深度学习(DL)的出现,超分辨率(SR)也已成为一个蓬勃发展的研究领域。然而,尽管结果有希望,但该领域仍然面临需要进一步研究的挑战,例如,允许灵活地采样,更有效的损失功能和更好的评估指标。我们根据最近的进步来回顾SR的域,并检查最新模型,例如扩散(DDPM)和基于变压器的SR模型。我们对SR中使用的当代策略进行了批判性讨论,并确定了有前途但未开发的研究方向。我们通过纳入该领域的最新发展,例如不确定性驱动的损失,小波网络,神经体系结构搜索,新颖的归一化方法和最新评估技术来补充先前的调查。我们还为整章中的模型和方法提供了几种可视化,以促进对该领域趋势的全球理解。最终,这篇综述旨在帮助研究人员推动DL应用于SR的界限。
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深度学习领域的最新进展表明,非常大的神经网络在几种应用中的有效性。但是,随着这些深度神经网络的大小不断增长,配置其许多参数以获得良好的结果变得越来越困难。目前,分析师必须尝试许多不同的配置和参数设置,这些配置和参数设置是劳动密集型且耗时的。另一方面,没有人类专家的领域知识,用于神经网络架构搜索的完全自动化技术的能力受到限制。为了解决问题,我们根据单次体系结构搜索技术制定神经网络体系结构优化的任务作为图形空间探索。在这种方法中,对所有候选体系结构的超级绘制进行了一次训练,并将最佳神经网络确定为子图。在本文中,我们提出了一个框架,该框架允许分析师有效地构建解决方案子图形空间,并通过注入其域知识来指导网络搜索。从由基本神经网络组件组成的网络体系结构空间开始,分析师有权通过我们的单发搜索方案有效地选择最有希望的组件。以迭代方式应用此技术使分析师可以为给定应用程序收敛到最佳性能的神经网络体系结构。在探索过程中,分析师可以利用其域知识在搜索空间的散点图可视化中提供的线索来帮助编辑不同的组件,并指导搜索更快的融合。我们与几位深度学习研究人员合作设计了界面,并通过用户研究和两个案例研究来评估其最终有效性。
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We present the next generation of MobileNets based on a combination of complementary search techniques as well as a novel architecture design. MobileNetV3 is tuned to mobile phone CPUs through a combination of hardwareaware network architecture search (NAS) complemented by the NetAdapt algorithm and then subsequently improved through novel architecture advances. This paper starts the exploration of how automated search algorithms and network design can work together to harness complementary approaches improving the overall state of the art. Through this process we create two new MobileNet models for release: MobileNetV3-Large and MobileNetV3-Small which are targeted for high and low resource use cases. These models are then adapted and applied to the tasks of object detection and semantic segmentation. For the task of semantic segmentation (or any dense pixel prediction), we propose a new efficient segmentation decoder Lite Reduced Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (LR-ASPP). We achieve new state of the art results for mobile classification, detection and segmentation. MobileNetV3-Large is 3.2% more accurate on ImageNet classification while reducing latency by 20% compared to MobileNetV2. MobileNetV3-Small is 6.6% more accurate compared to a MobileNetV2 model with comparable latency. MobileNetV3-Large detection is over 25% faster at roughly the same accuracy as Mo-bileNetV2 on COCO detection. MobileNetV3-Large LR-ASPP is 34% faster than MobileNetV2 R-ASPP at similar accuracy for Cityscapes segmentation.
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Developing neural network image classification models often requires significant architecture engineering. In this paper, we study a method to learn the model architectures directly on the dataset of interest. As this approach is expensive when the dataset is large, we propose to search for an architectural building block on a small dataset and then transfer the block to a larger dataset. The key contribution of this work is the design of a new search space (which we call the "NASNet search space") which enables transferability. In our experiments, we search for the best convolutional layer (or "cell") on the CIFAR-10 dataset and then apply this cell to the ImageNet dataset by stacking together more copies of this cell, each with their own parameters to design a convolutional architecture, which we name a "NASNet architecture". We also introduce a new regularization technique called ScheduledDropPath that significantly improves generalization in the NASNet models. On CIFAR-10 itself, a NASNet found by our method achieves 2.4% error rate, which is state-of-the-art. Although the cell is not searched for directly on ImageNet, a NASNet constructed from the best cell achieves, among the published works, state-of-the-art accuracy of 82.7% top-1 and 96.2% top-5 on ImageNet. Our model is 1.2% better in top-1 accuracy than the best human-invented architectures while having 9 billion fewer FLOPS -a reduction of 28% in computational demand from the previous state-of-the-art model. When evaluated at different levels of computational cost, accuracies of NASNets exceed those of the state-of-the-art human-designed models. For instance, a small version of NASNet also achieves 74% top-1 accuracy, which is 3.1% better than equivalently-sized, state-of-the-art models for mobile platforms. Finally, the image features learned from image classification are generically useful and can be transferred to other computer vision problems. On the task of object detection, the learned features by NASNet used with the Faster-RCNN framework surpass state-of-the-art by 4.0% achieving 43.1% mAP on the COCO dataset.
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Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.
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在NAS领域中,可分构造的架构搜索是普遍存在的,因为它的简单性和效率,其中两个范例,多路径算法和单路径方法主导。多路径框架(例如,DARTS)是直观的,但遭受内存使用和培训崩溃。单路径方法(例如,e.g.gdas和proxylesnnas)减轻了内存问题并缩小了搜索和评估之间的差距,但牺牲了性能。在本文中,我们提出了一种概念上简单的且有效的方法来桥接这两个范式,称为相互意识的子图可差架构搜索(MSG-DAS)。我们框架的核心是一个可分辨动的Gumbel-Topk采样器,它产生多个互斥的单路径子图。为了缓解多个子图形设置所带来的Severer Skip-Connect问题,我们提出了一个Dropblock-Identity模块来稳定优化。为了充分利用可用的型号(超级网和子图),我们介绍了一种记忆高效的超净指导蒸馏,以改善培训。所提出的框架击中了灵活的内存使用和搜索质量之间的平衡。我们展示了我们在想象中和CIFAR10上的方法的有效性,其中搜索的模型显示了与最近的方法相当的性能。
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