Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been shown to be highly sensitive to the choice of aggregation function. While summing over a node's neighbours can approximate any permutation-invariant function over discrete inputs, Cohen-Karlik et al. [2020] proved there are set-aggregation problems for which summing cannot generalise to unbounded inputs, proposing recurrent neural networks regularised towards permutation-invariance as a more expressive aggregator. We show that these results carry over to the graph domain: GNNs equipped with recurrent aggregators are competitive with state-of-the-art permutation-invariant aggregators, on both synthetic benchmarks and real-world problems. However, despite the benefits of recurrent aggregators, their $O(V)$ depth makes them both difficult to parallelise and harder to train on large graphs. Inspired by the observation that a well-behaved aggregator for a GNN is a commutative monoid over its latent space, we propose a framework for constructing learnable, commutative, associative binary operators. And with this, we construct an aggregator of $O(\log V)$ depth, yielding exponential improvements for both parallelism and dependency length while achieving performance competitive with recurrent aggregators. Based on our empirical observations, our proposed learnable commutative monoid (LCM) aggregator represents a favourable tradeoff between efficient and expressive aggregators.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)的表现力量受到限制,具有远程交互的斗争,缺乏模拟高阶结构的原则性方法。这些问题可以归因于计算图表和输入图结构之间的强耦合。最近提出的消息通过单独的网络通过执行图形的Clique复合物的消息来自然地解耦这些元素。然而,这些模型可能受到单纯复合物(SCS)的刚性组合结构的严重限制。在这项工作中,我们将最近的基于常规细胞复合物的理论结果扩展到常规细胞复合物,灵活地满满SCS和图表的拓扑物体。我们表明,该概括提供了一组强大的图表“提升”转换,每个图形是导致唯一的分层消息传递过程。我们集体呼叫CW Networks(CWNS)的结果方法比WL测试更强大,而不是比3 WL测试更强大。特别是,当应用于分子图问题时,我们证明了一种基于环的一个这样的方案的有效性。所提出的架构从可提供的较大的表达效益于常用的GNN,高阶信号的原则建模以及压缩节点之间的距离。我们展示了我们的模型在各种分子数据集上实现了最先进的结果。
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Deploying graph neural networks (GNNs) on whole-graph classification or regression tasks is known to be challenging: it often requires computing node features that are mindful of both local interactions in their neighbourhood and the global context of the graph structure. GNN architectures that navigate this space need to avoid pathological behaviours, such as bottlenecks and oversquashing, while ideally having linear time and space complexity requirements. In this work, we propose an elegant approach based on propagating information over expander graphs. We leverage an efficient method for constructing expander graphs of a given size, and use this insight to propose the EGP model. We show that EGP is able to address all of the above concerns, while requiring minimal effort to set up, and provide evidence of its empirical utility on relevant graph classification datasets and baselines in the Open Graph Benchmark. Importantly, using expander graphs as a template for message passing necessarily gives rise to negative curvature. While this appears to be counterintuitive in light of recent related work on oversquashing, we theoretically demonstrate that negatively curved edges are likely to be required to obtain scalable message passing without bottlenecks. To the best of our knowledge, this is a previously unstudied result in the context of graph representation learning, and we believe our analysis paves the way to a novel class of scalable methods to counter oversquashing in GNNs.
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消息传递神经网络(MPNNS)是由于其简单性和可扩展性而大部分地进行图形结构数据的深度学习的领先架构。不幸的是,有人认为这些架构的表现力有限。本文提出了一种名为Comifariant Subgraph聚合网络(ESAN)的新颖框架来解决这个问题。我们的主要观察是,虽然两个图可能无法通过MPNN可区分,但它们通常包含可区分的子图。因此,我们建议将每个图形作为由某些预定义策略导出的一组子图,并使用合适的等分性架构来处理它。我们为图同构同构同构造的1立维Weisfeiler-Leman(1-WL)测试的新型变体,并在这些新的WL变体方面证明了ESAN的表达性下限。我们进一步证明,我们的方法增加了MPNNS和更具表现力的架构的表现力。此外,我们提供了理论结果,描述了设计选择诸如子图选择政策和等效性神经结构的设计方式如何影响我们的架构的表现力。要处理增加的计算成本,我们提出了一种子图采样方案,可以将其视为我们框架的随机版本。关于真实和合成数据集的一套全面的实验表明,我们的框架提高了流行的GNN架构的表现力和整体性能。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are an effective framework for representation learning of graphs. GNNs follow a neighborhood aggregation scheme, where the representation vector of a node is computed by recursively aggregating and transforming representation vectors of its neighboring nodes. Many GNN variants have been proposed and have achieved state-of-the-art results on both node and graph classification tasks. However, despite GNNs revolutionizing graph representation learning, there is limited understanding of their representational properties and limitations. Here, we present a theoretical framework for analyzing the expressive power of GNNs to capture different graph structures. Our results characterize the discriminative power of popular GNN variants, such as Graph Convolutional Networks and GraphSAGE, and show that they cannot learn to distinguish certain simple graph structures. We then develop a simple architecture that is provably the most expressive among the class of GNNs and is as powerful as the Weisfeiler-Lehman graph isomorphism test. We empirically validate our theoretical findings on a number of graph classification benchmarks, and demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance. * Equal contribution. † Work partially performed while in Tokyo, visiting Prof. Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi.
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通常通过将许多输入张量汇总为单个表示形式来处理神经网络中神经网络中的处理集或其他无序的,潜在的变化大小的输入。尽管从简单的汇总到多头关注已经存在许多聚合方法,但从理论和经验的角度来看,它们的代表力都受到限制。在搜索主要功能更强大的聚合策略时,我们提出了一种基于优化的方法,称为平衡聚​​集。我们表明,许多现有的聚合方法可以作为平衡聚集的特殊情况恢复,并且在某些重要情况下,它效率更高。在许多现有的架构和应用中,平衡聚集可以用作置换式替换。我们在三个不同的任务上验证其效率:中值估计,班级计数和分子性质预测。在所有实验中,平衡聚集的性能都比我们测试的其他聚合技术更高。
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本文研究了辍学图神经网络(DAVERGNNS),一种旨在克服标准GNN框架的局限性的新方法。在DAMPGNNS中,我们在输入图上执行多个GNN运行,其中一些节点随机且独立地在这些运行中丢弃。然后,我们将这些运行的结果结合起来获得最终结果。我们证明DAMPGNN可以区分无法通过GNN的消息分隔的各种图形邻域。我们导出了确保可靠分布辍学所需的运行数量的理论界限,我们证明了有关DACKGNNS的表现能力和限制的若干特性。我们在实验上验证了我们对表现力的理论结果。此外,我们表明DOWNNNS在已建立的GNN基准上表现得很竞争。
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图形神经网络(GNN)已成功用于许多涉及图形结构数据的问题,从而实现了最新的性能。 GNN通常采用消息通话方案,其中每个节点都使用置换不变的聚合函数从其邻居中汇总信息。标准良好的选择(例如平均值或总和函数)具有有限的功能,因为它们无法捕获邻居之间的相互作用。在这项工作中,我们使用信息理论框架正式化了这些交互,该框架特别包括协同信息。在此定义的驱动下,我们介绍了图排序注意(山羊)层,这是一种新型的GNN组件,可捕获邻域中的节点之间的相互作用。这是通过通过注意机制学习局部节点顺序并使用复发性神经网络聚合器来处理订购表示的来实现的。这种设计使我们能够利用置换敏感的聚合器,同时维持所提出的山羊层的排列量表。山羊模型展示了其在捕获复杂信息(例如中心中心性和节点的有效大小)中的建模图指标中提高的性能。在实用用例中,通过在几个现实世界节点分类基准中成功证实了其出色的建模能力。
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近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
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组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近,它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例,而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是,近年来,人们对使用机器学习,尤其是图形神经网络(GNN)的兴趣激增,作为组合任务的关键构件,直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入,因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾,旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。
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在过去十年中,图形内核引起了很多关注,并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中,该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核,每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中,从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是,我们概述了各种图形内核。此外,我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估,并提供了比较研究。最后,我们讨论图形内核的关键应用,并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。
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我们提出了一个新的图形神经网络,我们称为AgentNet,该网络专为图形级任务而设计。 AgentNet的灵感来自子宫性算法,具有独立于图形大小的计算复杂性。代理Net的体系结构从根本上与已知图神经网络的体系结构不同。在AgentNet中,一些受过训练的\ textit {神经代理}智能地行走图,然后共同决定输出。我们提供了对AgentNet的广泛理论分析:我们表明,代理可以学会系统地探索其邻居,并且AgentNet可以区分某些甚至3-WL无法区分的结构。此外,AgentNet能够将任何两个图形分开,这些图在子图方面完全不同。我们通过在难以辨认的图和现实图形分类任务上进行合成实验来确认这些理论结果。在这两种情况下,我们不仅与标准GNN相比,而且与计算更昂贵的GNN扩展相比。
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节点分类是关系学习中的一个核心任务,在两个密钥原理上具有当前最先进的静脉:(i)预测是节点邻居的排序的禁用 - 不变,并且(ii)预测是函数节点的$ r $ -hop邻域拓扑和属性,$ r \ geq 2 $。图形神经网络和集体推理方法(例如,信仰传播)依赖于最多$ r $-hops的信息。在这项工作中,我们研究了使用更强大的置换不变功能,有时可以避免对分类器的需求收集超过$ 1 $ -hop的信息。为此,我们介绍了一个新的架构,集旋转,概括了德·德斯集(Zaheer等,2017),一种简单而广泛使用的置换不变表示。设置捻线仪理论上提高了DeadSets的表现力,使其捕获更高阶依赖性,同时保持其简单性和低计算成本。经验上,我们看到了在若干任务中的Deplsets套装以及各种图形神经网络和集体推理方案的准确性改进,同时展示了其实现简单和计算效率。
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即使机器学习算法已经在数据科学中发挥了重要作用,但许多当前方法对输入数据提出了不现实的假设。由于不兼容的数据格式,或数据集中的异质,分层或完全缺少的数据片段,因此很难应用此类方法。作为解决方案,我们提出了一个用于样本表示,模型定义和培训的多功能,统一的框架,称为“ Hmill”。我们深入审查框架构建和扩展的机器学习的多个范围范式。从理论上讲,为HMILL的关键组件的设计合理,我们将通用近似定理的扩展显示到框架中实现的模型所实现的所有功能的集合。本文还包含有关我们实施中技术和绩效改进的详细讨论,该讨论将在MIT许可下发布供下载。该框架的主要资产是其灵活性,它可以通过相同的工具对不同的现实世界数据源进行建模。除了单独观察到每个对象的一组属性的标准设置外,我们解释了如何在框架中实现表示整个对象系统的图表中的消息推断。为了支持我们的主张,我们使用框架解决了网络安全域的三个不同问题。第一种用例涉及来自原始网络观察结果的IoT设备识别。在第二个问题中,我们研究了如何使用以有向图表示的操作系统的快照可以对恶意二进制文件进行分类。最后提供的示例是通过网络中实体之间建模域黑名单扩展的任务。在所有三个问题中,基于建议的框架的解决方案可实现与专业方法相当的性能。
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我们研究了图形表示学习的量子电路,并提出了等级的量子图电路(EQGCS),作为一类参数化量子电路,具有强大的关系感应偏压,用于学习图形结构数据。概念上,EQGCS作为量子图表表示学习的统一框架,允许我们定义几个有趣的子类,其中包含了现有的提案。就代表性权力而言,我们证明了感兴趣的子类是界限图域中的函数的普遍近似器,并提供实验证据。我们对量子图机学习方法的理论透视开启了许多方向以进行进一步的工作,可能导致具有超出古典方法的能力的模型。
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Learning node embeddings that capture a node's position within the broader graph structure is crucial for many prediction tasks on graphs. However, existing Graph Neural Network (GNN) architectures have limited power in capturing the position/location of a given node with respect to all other nodes of the graph. Here we propose Position-aware Graph Neural Networks (P-GNNs), a new class of GNNs for computing position-aware node embeddings. P-GNN first samples sets of anchor nodes, computes the distance of a given target node to each anchor-set, and then learns a non-linear distance-weighted aggregation scheme over the anchor-sets. This way P-GNNs can capture positions/locations of nodes with respect to the anchor nodes. P-GNNs have several advantages: they are inductive, scalable, and can incorporate node feature information. We apply P-GNNs to multiple prediction tasks including link prediction and community detection. We show that P-GNNs consistently outperform state of the art GNNs, with up to 66% improvement in terms of the ROC AUC score.Node embedding methods can be categorized into Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) approaches (Scarselli et al., 2009),
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Most graph neural network models rely on a particular message passing paradigm, where the idea is to iteratively propagate node representations of a graph to each node in the direct neighborhood. While very prominent, this paradigm leads to information propagation bottlenecks, as information is repeatedly compressed at intermediary node representations, which causes loss of information, making it practically impossible to gather meaningful signals from distant nodes. To address this issue, we propose shortest path message passing neural networks, where the node representations of a graph are propagated to each node in the shortest path neighborhoods. In this setting, nodes can directly communicate between each other even if they are not neighbors, breaking the information bottleneck and hence leading to more adequately learned representations. Theoretically, our framework generalizes message passing neural networks, resulting in provably more expressive models, and we show that some recent state-of-the-art models are special instances of this framework. Empirically, we verify the capacity of a basic model of this framework on dedicated synthetic experiments, and on real-world graph classification and regression benchmarks, and obtain state-of-the-art results.
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在这项工作中,我们开发了一种新的方法,名为局部排列的图形神经网络,它为建立在本地节点邻域,通过子图形的构建图形神经网络的框架,同时使用置换等值更新功能。消息传递神经网络的消息被认为是有效应功率的限制,并且最近过度的方法缺乏可扩展性或需要将结构信息被编码为特征空间。这里呈现的一般框架克服了通过通过受限制表示在子图上操作的与全局排列等值相关的可扩展性问题。此外,我们证明了通过使用限制的陈述没有丧失表情。此外,所提出的框架仅需要选择$ k $-hops,用于创建用于为每层使用的子图和选择的表示空间,这使得该方法在一系列基于图形的域中可以容易地适用。我们通过实验验证了一系列图形基准分类任务的方法,在所有基准上展示了最先进的结果或非常竞争力的结果。此外,我们证明使用本地更新函数的使用在全球方法上提供了GPU存储器的显着改进。
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Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.
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