求解高维局部微分方程是经济学,科学和工程的反复挑战。近年来,已经开发了大量的计算方法,其中大多数依赖于蒙特卡罗采样和基于深度学习的近似的组合。对于椭圆形和抛物线问题,现有方法可以广泛地分类为依赖于$ \ Texit {向后随机微分方程} $(BSDES)和旨在最小化回归$ L ^ 2 $ -Error( $ \ textit {物理信息的神经网络} $,pinns)。在本文中,我们审查了文献,并提出了一种基于新型$ \ Texit的方法{扩散丢失} $,在BSDES和Pinns之间插值。我们的贡献为对高维PDE的数值方法的统一理解开辟了门,以及结合BSDES和PINNS强度的实施方式。我们还向特征值问题提供概括并进行广泛的数值研究,包括计算非线性SCHR \“odinger运营商的地面状态和分子动态相关的委托功能的计算。
translated by 谷歌翻译
蒙特卡洛方法和深度学习的组合最近导致了在高维度中求解部分微分方程(PDE)的有效算法。相关的学习问题通常被称为基于相关随机微分方程(SDE)的变异公式,可以使用基于梯度的优化方法最小化相应损失。因此,在各自的数值实现中,至关重要的是要依靠足够的梯度估计器,这些梯度估计器表现出较低的差异,以便准确,迅速地达到收敛性。在本文中,我们严格研究了在线性Kolmogorov PDE的上下文中出现的相应数值方面。特别是,我们系统地比较了现有的深度学习方法,并为其表演提供了理论解释。随后,我们建议的新方法在理论上和数字上都可以证明更健壮,从而导致了实质性的改进。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
translated by 谷歌翻译
物理知情的神经网络(PINN)要求定期的基础PDE解决方案,以确保准确的近似值。因此,它们可能会在近似PDE的不连续溶液(例如非线性双曲方程)的情况下失败。为了改善这一点,我们提出了一种新颖的PINN变体,称为弱PINN(WPINNS),以准确地近似标量保护定律的熵溶液。WPINN是基于近似于根据Kruzkhov熵定义的残留的最小最大优化问题的解决方案,以确定近似熵解决方案的神经网络的参数以及测试功能。我们证明了WPINN发生的误差的严格界限,并通过数值实验说明了它们的性能,以证明WPINN可以准确地近似熵解决方案。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们提出了一种基于深度学习的数值方案,用于强烈耦合FBSDE,这是由随机控制引起的。这是对深度BSDE方法的修改,其中向后方程的初始值不是一个免费参数,并且新的损失函数是控制问题的成本的加权总和,而差异项与与该的差异相吻合终端条件下的平均误差。我们通过一个数值示例表明,经典深度BSDE方法的直接扩展为FBSDE,失败了简单的线性季度控制问题,并激励新方法为何工作。在定期和有限性的假设上,对时间连续和时间离散控制问题的确切控制,我们为我们的方法提供了错误分析。我们从经验上表明,该方法收敛于三个不同的问题,一个方法是直接扩展Deep BSDE方法的问题。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在这项工作中,我们分析了不同程度的不同精度和分段多项式测试函数如何影响变异物理学知情神经网络(VPINN)的收敛速率,同时解决椭圆边界边界值问题,如何影响变异物理学知情神经网络(VPINN)的收敛速率。使用依靠INF-SUP条件的Petrov-Galerkin框架,我们在精确解决方案和合适的计算神经网络的合适的高阶分段插值之间得出了一个先验误差估计。数值实验证实了理论预测并突出了INF-SUP条件的重要性。我们的结果表明,以某种方式违反直觉,对于平滑解决方案,实现高衰减率的最佳策略在选择最低多项式程度的测试功能方面,同时使用适当高精度的正交公式。
translated by 谷歌翻译
High-dimensional PDEs have been a longstanding computational challenge. We propose to solve highdimensional PDEs by approximating the solution with a deep neural network which is trained to satisfy the differential operator, initial condition, and boundary conditions. Our algorithm is meshfree, which is key since meshes become infeasible in higher dimensions. Instead of forming a mesh, the neural network is trained on batches of randomly sampled time and space points. The algorithm is tested on a class of high-dimensional free boundary PDEs, which we are able to accurately solve in up to 200 dimensions. The algorithm is also tested on a high-dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman PDE and Burgers' equation. The deep learning algorithm approximates the general solution to the Burgers' equation for a continuum of different boundary conditions and physical conditions (which can be viewed as a high-dimensional space). We call the algorithm a "Deep Galerkin Method (DGM)" since it is similar in spirit to Galerkin methods, with the solution approximated by a neural network instead of a linear combination of basis functions. In addition, we prove a theorem regarding the approximation power of neural networks for a class of quasilinear parabolic PDEs.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于距离场的新方法,以确保物理知识的深神经网络中的边界条件。众所周知,满足网状紫外线和颗粒方法中的Dirichlet边界条件的挑战是众所周知的。该问题在物理信息的开发中也是相关的,用于解决部分微分方程的解。我们在人工神经网络中介绍几何意识的试验功能,以改善偏微分方程的深度学习培训。为此,我们使用来自建设性的实体几何(R函数)和广义的等级坐标(平均值潜在字段)的概念来构建$ \ phi $,对域边界的近似距离函数。要恰好施加均匀的Dirichlet边界条件,试验函数乘以\ PHI $乘以PINN近似,并且通过Transfinite插值的泛化用于先验满足的不均匀Dirichlet(必要),Neumann(自然)和Robin边界复杂几何形状的条件。在这样做时,我们消除了与搭配方法中的边界条件满意相关的建模误差,并确保以ritz方法点点到运动可视性。我们在具有仿射和弯曲边界的域上的线性和非线性边值问题的数值解。 1D中的基准问题,用于线性弹性,平面扩散和光束弯曲;考虑了泊松方程的2D,考虑了双音态方程和非线性欧克隆方程。该方法延伸到更高的尺寸,并通过在4D超立方套上解决彼此与均匀的Dirichlet边界条件求泊松问题来展示其使用。该研究提供了用于网眼分析的途径,以在没有域离散化的情况下在确切的几何图形上进行。
translated by 谷歌翻译
连续数据的优化问题出现在,例如强大的机器学习,功能数据分析和变分推理。这里,目标函数被给出为一个(连续)索引目标函数的系列 - 相对于概率测量集成的族聚集。这些问题通常可以通过随机优化方法解决:在随机切换指标执行关于索引目标函数的优化步骤。在这项工作中,我们研究了随机梯度下降算法的连续时间变量,以进行连续数据的优化问题。该所谓的随机梯度过程包括最小化耦合与确定索引的连续时间索引过程的索引目标函数的梯度流程。索引过程是例如,反射扩散,纯跳跃过程或紧凑空间上的其他L evy过程。因此,我们研究了用于连续数据空间的多种采样模式,并允许在算法的运行时进行模拟或流式流的数据。我们分析了随机梯度过程的近似性质,并在恒定下进行了长时间行为和遍历的学习率。我们以噪声功能数据的多项式回归问题以及物理知识的神经网络在多项式回归问题中结束了随机梯度过程的适用性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在这项工作中,我们开发了一个有效的求解器,该求解器基于泊松方程的深神经网络,具有可变系数和由Dirac Delta函数$ \ delta(\ Mathbf {x})$表示的可变系数和单数来源。这类问题涵盖了一般点源,线路源和点线组合,并且具有广泛的实际应用。所提出的方法是基于将真实溶液分解为一个单一部分,该部分使用拉普拉斯方程的基本解决方案在分析上以分析性的方式,以及一个正常零件,该零件满足适合的椭圆形PDE,并使用更平滑的来源,然后使用深层求解常规零件,然后使用深层零件来求解。丽兹法。建议提出遵守路径遵循的策略来选择罚款参数以惩罚Dirichlet边界条件。提出了具有点源,线源或其组合的两维空间和多维空间中的广泛数值实验,以说明所提出的方法的效率,并提供了一些现有方法的比较研究,这清楚地表明了其竞争力的竞争力具体的问题类别。此外,我们简要讨论该方法的误差分析。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们提出了一种求解高维椭圆局部微分方程(PDE)的半群方法和基于神经网络的相关特征值问题。对于PDE问题,我们在半群运营商的帮助下将原始方程式重构为变分问题,然后解决神经网络(NN)参数化的变分问题。主要优点是在随机梯度下降训练期间不需要混合的二阶衍生计算,并且由半群运算符自动考虑边界条件。与Pinn \ Cite {Raissi2019physics}和DeepRitz \ Cite {Weinan2018Deep}不同的流行方法,其中仅通过惩罚功能强制执行,因此改变了真实解决方案,所提出的方法能够解决没有惩罚功能的边界条件它即使添加了惩罚功能,它也会给出正确的真实解决方案,感谢semigoup运算符。对于特征值问题,提出了一种原始方法,有效地解析了简单的标量双变量的约束,并与BSDE求解器\ Cite {Han202020Solving}相比,诸如与线性相关的特征值问题之类的问题相比,算法更快地算法SCHR \“Odinger操作员。提供了数值结果以证明所提出的方法的性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
translated by 谷歌翻译
非线性部分差分差异方程成功地用于描述自然科学,工程甚至金融中的广泛时间依赖性现象。例如,在物理系统中,Allen-Cahn方程描述了与相变相关的模式形成。相反,在金融中,黑色 - choles方程描述了衍生投资工具价格的演变。这种现代应用通常需要在经典方法无效的高维度中求解这些方程。最近,E,Han和Jentzen [1] [2]引入了一种有趣的新方法。主要思想是构建一个深网,该网络是根据科尔莫戈罗夫方程式下离散的随机微分方程样本进行训练的。该网络至少能够在数值上近似,在整个空间域中具有多项式复杂性的Kolmogorov方程的解。在这一贡献中,我们通过使用随机微分方程的不同离散方案来研究深网的变体。我们在基准的示例上比较了相关网络的性能,并表明,对于某些离散方案,可以改善准确性,而不会影响观察到的计算复杂性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们研究了针对泊松方程的解决方案的概率和神经网络近似,但在$ \ mathbb {r}^d $的一般边界域中,较旧或$ c^2 $数据。我们的目标是两个基本目标。首先,也是最重要的是,我们证明了泊松方程的解决方案可以通过蒙特卡洛方法在sup-norm中进行数值近似,但基于球形算法的步行略有变化。这提供了相对于相对于相对于相对于有效的估计值规定的近似误差且没有维度的诅咒。此外,样品的总数不取决于执行近似的点。作为第二个目标,我们表明获得的蒙特卡洛求解器renders relu relu深层神经网络(DNN)解决泊松问题的解决方案,其大小在尺寸$ d $以及所需的错误中大多数取决于多项式。和低多项式复杂性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
滤波方程控制给定部分,并且可能嘈杂,依次到达的信号过程的条件分布的演变。它们的数值近似在许多真实应用中起着核心作用,包括数字天气预报,金融和工程。近似滤波方程解决方案的一种经典方法是使用由Gyongy,Krylov,Legland,Legland,Legland的PDE启发方法,称为分裂方法,其中包括其他贡献者。该方法和其他基于PDE的方法,具有特别适用性来解决低维问题。在这项工作中,我们将这种方法与神经网络表示相结合。新方法用于产生信号过程的无通知条件分布的近似值。我们进一步开发递归归一化程序,以恢复信号过程的归一化条件分布。新方案可以在多个时间步骤中迭代,同时保持其渐近无偏见属性完整。我们用Kalman和Benes滤波器的数值近似结果测试神经网络近似。
translated by 谷歌翻译
神经网络的经典发展主要集中在有限维欧基德空间或有限组之间的学习映射。我们提出了神经网络的概括,以学习映射无限尺寸函数空间之间的运算符。我们通过一类线性积分运算符和非线性激活函数的组成制定运营商的近似,使得组合的操作员可以近似复杂的非线性运算符。我们证明了我们建筑的普遍近似定理。此外,我们介绍了四类运算符参数化:基于图形的运算符,低秩运算符,基于多极图形的运算符和傅里叶运算符,并描述了每个用于用每个计算的高效算法。所提出的神经运营商是决议不变的:它们在底层函数空间的不同离散化之间共享相同的网络参数,并且可以用于零击超分辨率。在数值上,与现有的基于机器学习的方法,达西流程和Navier-Stokes方程相比,所提出的模型显示出卓越的性能,而与传统的PDE求解器相比,与现有的基于机器学习的方法有关的基于机器学习的方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in diverse applications; however, its use in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) has emerged only recently. Here, we present an overview of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), which embed a PDE into the loss of the neural network using automatic differentiation. The PINN algorithm is simple, and it can be applied to different types of PDEs, including integro-differential equations, fractional PDEs, and stochastic PDEs. Moreover, from the implementation point of view, PINNs solve inverse problems as easily as forward problems. We propose a new residual-based adaptive refinement (RAR) method to improve the training efficiency of PINNs. For pedagogical reasons, we compare the PINN algorithm to a standard finite element method. We also present a Python library for PINNs, DeepXDE, which is designed to serve both as an education tool to be used in the classroom as well as a research tool for solving problems in computational science and engineering. Specifically, DeepXDE can solve forward problems given initial and boundary conditions, as well as inverse problems given some extra measurements. DeepXDE supports complex-geometry domains based on the technique of constructive solid geometry, and enables the user code to be compact, resembling closely the mathematical formulation. We introduce the usage of DeepXDE and its customizability, and we also demonstrate the capability of PINNs and the user-friendliness of DeepXDE for five different examples. More broadly, DeepXDE contributes to the more rapid development of the emerging Scientific Machine Learning field.
translated by 谷歌翻译
These notes were compiled as lecture notes for a course developed and taught at the University of the Southern California. They should be accessible to a typical engineering graduate student with a strong background in Applied Mathematics. The main objective of these notes is to introduce a student who is familiar with concepts in linear algebra and partial differential equations to select topics in deep learning. These lecture notes exploit the strong connections between deep learning algorithms and the more conventional techniques of computational physics to achieve two goals. First, they use concepts from computational physics to develop an understanding of deep learning algorithms. Not surprisingly, many concepts in deep learning can be connected to similar concepts in computational physics, and one can utilize this connection to better understand these algorithms. Second, several novel deep learning algorithms can be used to solve challenging problems in computational physics. Thus, they offer someone who is interested in modeling a physical phenomena with a complementary set of tools.
translated by 谷歌翻译
The Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) approach is a new and promising way to solve partial differential equations using deep learning. The $L^2$ Physics-Informed Loss is the de-facto standard in training Physics-Informed Neural Networks. In this paper, we challenge this common practice by investigating the relationship between the loss function and the approximation quality of the learned solution. In particular, we leverage the concept of stability in the literature of partial differential equation to study the asymptotic behavior of the learned solution as the loss approaches zero. With this concept, we study an important class of high-dimensional non-linear PDEs in optimal control, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB) Equation, and prove that for general $L^p$ Physics-Informed Loss, a wide class of HJB equation is stable only if $p$ is sufficiently large. Therefore, the commonly used $L^2$ loss is not suitable for training PINN on those equations, while $L^{\infty}$ loss is a better choice. Based on the theoretical insight, we develop a novel PINN training algorithm to minimize the $L^{\infty}$ loss for HJB equations which is in a similar spirit to adversarial training. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is empirically demonstrated through experiments. Our code is released at https://github.com/LithiumDA/L_inf-PINN.
translated by 谷歌翻译
The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of deep learning for the solution of the nonlinear filtering problem. This is achieved by solving the Zakai equation by a deep splitting method, previously developed for approximate solution of (stochastic) partial differential equations. This is combined with an energy-based model for the approximation of functions by a deep neural network. This results in a computationally fast filter that takes observations as input and that does not require re-training when new observations are received. The method is tested on four examples, two linear in one and twenty dimensions and two nonlinear in one dimension. The method shows promising performance when benchmarked against the Kalman filter and the bootstrap particle filter.
translated by 谷歌翻译