在本文中，我们以两种方式改进了低资源菲律宾语言的现有语言资源。首先，我们概述了TLunified DataSet的构建，这是一个大规模预先曝光的语料库，其用作在规模和主题方面对语言的更小的现有预用数据集的改进。其次，我们以罗伯塔预介绍技术预防新的变压器语言模型，取代现有型号培训，培训小型。我们的新Roberta模型在三个基准数据集中的现有菲律宾模型上显示出了显着的改进，平均收益在不同难度的三个分类任务中测试准确性为4.47％。

特定于语言的预训练模型已被证明比单语说在单语法评估设置中更准确，阿拉伯语也不例外。但是，我们发现先前发布的阿拉伯伯特模型显着培训。在这本技术报告中，我们展示了Jaber，Junior Arabic Bert，我们的预用语言模型原型专用于阿拉伯语。我们进行实证研究，以系统地评估模型在各种现有阿拉伯语NLU任务中的性能。实验结果表明，Jaber实现了Alue的最先进的表演，这是阿拉伯语了解评估的新基准，以及成熟的内部基准

对于大多数自然语言处理任务，主要的实践是使用较小的下游数据集对大型预验证变压器模型（例如BERT）。尽管这种方法取得了成功，但尚不清楚这些收益在多大程度上归因于用于预处理而不是训练预处理的目标本身所采用的大量背景语料库。本文介绍了一项大规模的自我预测研究，其中相同的（下游）训练数据都用于预训练和填充。在解决Electra和Roberta型号以及10个不同下游数据集的实验中，我们观察到在BookWiki语料库上进行自我预测的竞争对手标准预告片（尽管使用了$ 10 \ times $ $ -500 \ times $ -500 \ times $少的数据），在7美元上以7美元的价格优于$ 7 $和$ 5 $数据集。令人惊讶的是，这些特定于任务的预预性模型通常在其他任务（包括胶水基准）上表现良好。我们的结果表明，在许多情况下，可归因于预处理的绩效收益主要是由预处理目标本身驱动的，并不总是归因于大规模数据集的合并。考虑到网络规模预处理数据中对知识产权和进攻内容的担忧，这些发现尤其重要。

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

这项研究提供了对僧伽罗文本分类的预训练语言模型的性能的首次全面分析。我们测试了一组不同的Sinhala文本分类任务，我们的分析表明，在包括Sinhala（XLM-R，Labse和Laser）的预训练的多语言模型中，XLM-R是迄今为止Sinhala文本的最佳模型分类。我们还预先培训了两种基于罗伯塔的单语僧伽罗模型，它们远远优于僧伽罗的现有预训练的语言模型。我们表明，在微调时，这些预训练的语言模型为僧伽罗文本分类树立了非常强大的基线，并且在标记数据不足以进行微调的情况下非常强大。我们进一步提供了一组建议，用于使用预训练的模型进行Sinhala文本分类。我们还介绍了新的注释数据集，可用于僧伽罗文本分类的未来研究，并公开发布我们的预培训模型。

Transformer language models (TLMs) are critical for most NLP tasks, but they are difficult to create for low-resource languages because of how much pretraining data they require. In this work, we investigate two techniques for training monolingual TLMs in a low-resource setting: greatly reducing TLM size, and complementing the masked language modeling objective with two linguistically rich supervised tasks (part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing). Results from 7 diverse languages indicate that our model, MicroBERT, is able to produce marked improvements in downstream task evaluations relative to a typical monolingual TLM pretraining approach. Specifically, we find that monolingual MicroBERT models achieve gains of up to 18% for parser LAS and 11% for NER F1 compared to a multilingual baseline, mBERT, while having less than 1% of its parameter count. We conclude reducing TLM parameter count and using labeled data for pretraining low-resource TLMs can yield large quality benefits and in some cases produce models that outperform multilingual approaches.

与标准命名实体识别（NER）相比，在历史文本中识别人，位置和组织是一个巨大的挑战。为了获得机器可读的语料库，通常需要扫描历史文本，并且需要执行光学特征识别（OCR）。结果，历史文献包含错误。此外，位置或组织等实体可以随着时间的推移而改变，这构成了另一个挑战。总体而言，历史文本带有几种特殊性，这些特殊性与现代文本有很大不同，并且在该领域几乎无法使用训练神经标记器的大型标记的Corpora。在这项工作中，我们通过培训大型历史语言模型来解决历史，英语，法语，瑞典语和芬兰语的历史文献。我们通过使用未标记的数据预处理语言模型来规避大量标记数据的需求。我们提出了Hmbert，这是一种历史多语言基于BERT的语言模型，并以多种不同大小的版本发布该模型。此外，我们通过解决下游NER作为今年HIPE-2022共享任务的一部分来评估HMBERT的能力，并提供详细的分析和见解。对于多种语言的经典评论粗粒ner挑战，我们的标记者Histeria的表现优于其他团队的三种语言中的其他团队的模型。

由于BERT出现，变压器语言模型和转移学习已成为自然语言理解任务的最先进。最近，一些作品适用于特定领域的预训练，专制模型，例如科学论文，医疗文件等。在这项工作中，我们呈现RoberTuito，用于西班牙语中的用户生成内容的预先训练的语言模型。我们在西班牙语中培训了罗伯特托5亿推文。关于涉及用户生成文本的4个任务的基准测试显示，罗伯特托多于西班牙语的其他预先接受的语言模型。为了帮助进一步研究，我们将罗伯特多公开可在HuggingFace Model Hub上提供。

The BERT family of neural language models have become highly popular due to their ability to provide sequences of text with rich context-sensitive token encodings which are able to generalise well to many NLP tasks. We introduce gaBERT, a monolingual BERT model for the Irish language. We compare our gaBERT model to multilingual BERT and the monolingual Irish WikiBERT, and we show that gaBERT provides better representations for a downstream parsing task. We also show how different filtering criteria, vocabulary size and the choice of subword tokenisation model affect downstream performance. We compare the results of fine-tuning a gaBERT model with an mBERT model for the task of identifying verbal multiword expressions, and show that the fine-tuned gaBERT model also performs better at this task. We release gaBERT and related code to the community.

在本文中，我们描述了三星研究的提交菲律宾-Konvergen AI团队为WMT'21大规模多语言翻译任务 - 小轨道2.我们向共享任务提交标准SEQ2Seq变压器模型，没有任何培训或架构技巧，主要依靠我们的数据预处理技术来提高性能。我们的最终提交模型在Flores-101 DevTest集中筹集了22.92平均Bleu，并在比赛的隐藏试验集上获得了22.97平均平均Bleu，整体排名第六。尽管只使用标准变压器，我们的型号在印度尼西亚排名第一的javanese，表明数据预处理的重要事项，如果不是更多的，而不是切割边缘模型架构和训练技术。

The use of multilingual language models for tasks in low and high-resource languages has been a success story in deep learning. In recent times, Arabic has been receiving widespread attention on account of its dialectal variance. While prior research studies have tried to adapt these multilingual models for dialectal variants of Arabic, it still remains a challenging problem owing to the lack of sufficient monolingual dialectal data and parallel translation data of such dialectal variants. It remains an open problem on whether the limited dialectical data can be used to improve the models trained in Arabic on its dialectal variants. First, we show that multilingual-BERT (mBERT) incrementally pretrained on Arabic monolingual data takes less training time and yields comparable accuracy when compared to our custom monolingual Arabic model and beat existing models (by an avg metric of +$6.41$). We then explore two continual pre-training methods-- (1) using small amounts of dialectical data for continual finetuning and (2) parallel Arabic to English data and a Translation Language Modeling loss function. We show that both approaches help improve performance on dialectal classification tasks ($+4.64$ avg. gain) when used on monolingual models.

令牌化是预用语言模型（PLMS）的基础。用于中文PLMS的现有销量化方法通常将每个角色视为不可分割的令牌。然而，它们忽略了中文写字系统的独特特征，其中附加语言信息在字符级别下方，即在子字符级别。要利用此类信息，我们提出了子字符（Sub Const for Short）标记。具体地，我们首先通过基于其字形或发音将每个汉字转换为短序列来编码输入文本，然后根据具有子字标记化的编码文本构造词汇表。实验结果表明，Sub Colar标记与现有标记均具有两个主要优点：1）它们可以将输入牌销料到更短的序列中，从而提高计算效率。 2）基于发音的Sub Col.Tokenizers可以将中文同音铭器编码为相同的音译序列并产生相同的标记输出，因此对所有同音声音拼写的强大。与此同时，使用Sub Colar标记培训的模型竞争地执行下游任务。我们在https://github.com/thunlp/subchartoken中发布我们的代码，以促进未来的工作。

Given the impact of language models on the field of Natural Language Processing, a number of Spanish encoder-only masked language models (aka BERTs) have been trained and released. These models were developed either within large projects using very large private corpora or by means of smaller scale academic efforts leveraging freely available data. In this paper we present a comprehensive head-to-head comparison of language models for Spanish with the following results: (i) Previously ignored multilingual models from large companies fare better than monolingual models, substantially changing the evaluation landscape of language models in Spanish; (ii) Results across the monolingual models are not conclusive, with supposedly smaller and inferior models performing competitively. Based on these empirical results, we argue for the need of more research to understand the factors underlying them. In this sense, the effect of corpus size, quality and pre-training techniques need to be further investigated to be able to obtain Spanish monolingual models significantly better than the multilingual ones released by large private companies, specially in the face of rapid ongoing progress in the field. The recent activity in the development of language technology for Spanish is to be welcomed, but our results show that building language models remains an open, resource-heavy problem which requires to marry resources (monetary and/or computational) with the best research expertise and practice.

Understanding customer feedback is becoming a necessity for companies to identify problems and improve their products and services. Text classification and sentiment analysis can play a major role in analyzing this data by using a variety of machine and deep learning approaches. In this work, different transformer-based models are utilized to explore how efficient these models are when working with a German customer feedback dataset. In addition, these pre-trained models are further analyzed to determine if adapting them to a specific domain using unlabeled data can yield better results than off-the-shelf pre-trained models. To evaluate the models, two downstream tasks from the GermEval 2017 are considered. The experimental results show that transformer-based models can reach significant improvements compared to a fastText baseline and outperform the published scores and previous models. For the subtask Relevance Classification, the best models achieve a micro-averaged $F1$-Score of 96.1 % on the first test set and 95.9 % on the second one, and a score of 85.1 % and 85.3 % for the subtask Polarity Classification.

Obtaining large-scale annotated data for NLP tasks in the scientific domain is challenging and expensive. We release SCIBERT, a pretrained language model based on BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) to address the lack of high-quality, large-scale labeled scientific data.SCIBERT leverages unsupervised pretraining on a large multi-domain corpus of scientific publications to improve performance on downstream scientific NLP tasks. We evaluate on a suite of tasks including sequence tagging, sentence classification and dependency parsing, with datasets from a variety of scientific domains. We demonstrate statistically significant improvements over BERT and achieve new state-of-theart results on several of these tasks. The code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/allenai/scibert/.

编码单词语义属性的密集词向量或“Word Embeddings”现在已成为机器翻译（MT），问题应答（QA），字感消解（WSD）和信息检索（IR）中的NLP任务的积分。在本文中，我们使用各种现有方法为14个印度语言创建多个单词嵌入。我们将这些嵌入的嵌入式为所有这些语言，萨姆萨姆，孟加拉，古吉拉蒂，印地教派，kannada，konkani，malayalam，marathi，尼泊尔，odiya，punjabi，梵语，泰米尔和泰雅古士在一个单一的存储库中。相对较新的方法，强调迎合上下文（BERT，ELMO等），表明了显着的改进，但需要大量资源来产生可用模型。我们释放使用上下文和非上下文方法生成的预训练嵌入。我们还使用Muse和XLM来培训所有上述语言的交叉语言嵌入。为了展示我们嵌入的效果，我们为所有这些语言评估了我们对XPOS，UPOS和NER任务的嵌入模型。我们使用8种不同的方法释放了436个型号。我们希望他们对资源受限的印度语言NLP有用。本文的标题是指最初在1924年出版的福斯特的着名小说“一段是印度”。

多语言预训练的语言模型（PLM）在高资源和低资源语言的下游任务上表现出令人印象深刻的表现。但是，在预培训期间，尤其是非洲语言中，看不见的语言仍然有很大的表现。适应新语言的最有效方法之一是\ textit {语言自适应微调}（LAFT） - 使用预训练目标对单语言的多语言PLM进行微调。但是，适应目标语言会单独使用大磁盘空间，并限制了由此产生的模型的跨语言转移能力，因为它们已经专门用于单语言。在本文中，我们对17种最重要的非洲语言和其他三种在非洲大陆上广泛使用的高资源语言对17种最具资源的非洲语言进行\ Textit {多语言自适应微调}，以鼓励跨语性转移学习。为了进一步专注于多语言PLM，我们从嵌入式层中删除了与MAFT之前的非非洲写作脚本相对应的词汇令牌，从而将模型大小降低了约50％。我们对两个多语言PLM（Afriberta和XLM-R）和三个NLP任务（NER，新闻主题分类和情感分类）的评估表明，我们的方法可以在单个语言上应用LAFT，同时需要较小的磁盘空间。此外，我们表明我们的适应性PLM还提高了参数有效微调方法的零击跨语性转移能力。

Pre-training large neural language models, such as BERT, has led to impressive gains on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Although this method has proven to be effective for many domains, it might not always provide desirable benefits. In this paper, we study the effects of hateful pre-training on low-resource hate speech classification tasks. While previous studies on the English language have emphasized its importance, we aim to augment their observations with some non-obvious insights. We evaluate different variations of tweet-based BERT models pre-trained on hateful, non-hateful, and mixed subsets of a 40M tweet dataset. This evaluation is carried out for the Indian languages Hindi and Marathi. This paper is empirical evidence that hateful pre-training is not the best pre-training option for hate speech detection. We show that pre-training on non-hateful text from the target domain provides similar or better results. Further, we introduce HindTweetBERT and MahaTweetBERT, the first publicly available BERT models pre-trained on Hindi and Marathi tweets, respectively. We show that they provide state-of-the-art performance on hate speech classification tasks. We also release hateful BERT for the two languages and a gold hate speech evaluation benchmark HateEval-Hi and HateEval-Mr consisting of manually labeled 2000 tweets each. The models and data are available at https://github.com/l3cube-pune/MarathiNLP .

大型预用屏蔽语言模型已成为许多NLP问题的最先进的解决方案。虽然研究表明，单晶模型产生比多语言模型产生更好的结果，但训练数据集必须足够大。我们培训了立陶宛，拉脱维亚语和英语的三种语言Litlat Bert样模型，以及爱沙尼亚的单语Est-Roberta模型。我们在四个下游任务中评估它们的性能：命名实体识别，依赖解析，词语标记和单词类比。为了分析对单一语言的重要性以及大型培训集的重要性，我们将创建的模型与爱沙尼亚，拉脱维亚和立陶宛人进行了现有的单语和多语言伯特模型。结果表明，新创建的Litlat Bert和Est-Roberta模型在大多数情况下改善了所有测试任务的现有模型的结果。

预先训练的上下文化文本表示模型学习自然语言的有效表示，以使IT机器可以理解。在注意机制的突破之后，已经提出了新一代预磨模的模型，以便自变压器引入以来实现了良好的性能。来自变压器（BERT）的双向编码器表示已成为语言理解的最先进的模型。尽管取得了成功，但大多数可用的型号已经在印度欧洲语言中培训，但是对代表性的语言和方言的类似研究仍然稀疏。在本文中，我们调查了培训基于单语言变换器的语言模型的可行性，以获得代表语言的特定重点是突尼斯方言。我们评估了我们的语言模型对情感分析任务，方言识别任务和阅读理解问答任务。我们表明使用嘈杂的Web爬网数据而不是结构化数据（维基百科，文章等）更方便这些非标准化语言。此外，结果表明，相对小的Web爬网数据集导致与使用较大数据集获得的那些表现相同的性能。最后，我们在所有三个下游任务中达到或改善了最先进的Tunbert模型。我们释放出Tunbert净化模型和用于微调的数据集。