Deep learning models have shown promising results in recognizing depressive states using video-based facial expressions. While successful models typically leverage using 3D-CNNs or video distillation techniques, the different use of pretraining, data augmentation, preprocessing, and optimization techniques across experiments makes it difficult to make fair architectural comparisons. We propose instead to enhance two simple models based on ResNet-50 that use only static spatial information by using two specific face alignment methods and improved data augmentation, optimization, and scheduling techniques. Our extensive experiments on benchmark datasets obtain similar results to sophisticated spatio-temporal models for single streams, while the score-level fusion of two different streams outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Our findings suggest that specific modifications in the preprocessing and training process result in noticeable differences in the performance of the models and could hide the actual originally attributed to the use of different neural network architectures.
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抑郁症是一种可能对个人健康有害的精神疾病。在早期阶段的心理健康障碍和精确诊断对避免社交,生理或心理副作用至关重要。这项工作分析了生理信号,以观察不同的抑郁状态是否对血液体积脉冲(BVP)和心率变异性(HRV)反应产生明显影响。尽管通常,HRV功能是根据使用基于接触的传感器(例如可穿戴设备)获得的生物信号计算的,但我们提出了一种新型方案,该方案直接从面部视频中提取,只是基于视觉信息,从而消除了对任何基于接触的设备的需求。我们的解决方案基于能够以完全无监督的方式提取完整的远程光摄影信号(RPPG)的管道。我们使用这些RPPG信号来计算60多个统计,几何和生理特征,这些特征将进一步用于训练多个机器学习回归器以识别不同水平的抑郁症。两个基准数据集的实验表明,这种方法可根据语音或面部表达方式提供与其他视听模态的可比结果,并有可能补充它们。此外,提出的方法获得的结果显示出了有希望和扎实的性能,表现优于手工设计的方法,并且与基于深度学习的方法相媲美。
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基于视频的自动抑郁分析提供了一种快速,客观和可重复的自我评估解决方案,近年来已被广泛发展。虽然抑郁线索可能被各个时间尺度的人类面部行为反映,但大多数现有方法都集中在短期或视频级面部行为中的模拟抑郁症。从这个意义上讲,我们提出了一个两级框架,模拟了从多尺度短期和视频级面部行为模拟了抑郁严重程度。短期抑郁行为建模阶段首先学习来自多个短时间尺度的抑郁相关的面部行为特征,其中提出了一种凹陷特征增强(DFE)模块来增强所有时间尺度的抑郁相关线索并去除非抑郁症噪音。然后,视频级抑郁行为建模阶段提出了两个新颖的曲线图编码策略,即顺序图形表示(SEG)和频谱图表示(SPG),以将目标视频的所有短期特征重新编码为视频 - 级别图形表示,总结抑郁相关的多尺度视频级时间信息。结果,所产生的图表表示使用短期和长期面部Beahviour模式预测抑郁严重程度。 AVEC 2013和AVEC 2014数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出的DFE模块不断增强各种CNN模型的抑郁严重性估计性能,而SPG优于其他视频级建模方法。更重要的是,与拟议的两级框架实现的结果表明,与广泛使用的单阶段建模方法相比,其有前景和坚实的性能。
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无意识和自发的,微小表达在一个人的真实情绪的推动中是有用的,即使尝试隐藏它们。由于它们短的持续时间和低强度,对微表达的识别是情感计算中的艰巨任务。基于手工制作的时空特征的早期工作最近被不同的深度学习方法取代了现在竞争最先进的性能。然而,捕获本地和全球时空模式的问题仍然挑战。为此,本文我们提出了一种新颖的时空变压器架构 - 据我们所知,是微表达识别的第一种纯粹变压器的方法(即任何卷积网络使用的方法)。该架构包括用于学习空间模式的空间编码器,用于时间维度分析的时间聚合器和分类头。三种广泛使用的自发性微表达数据集,即Smic-HS,Casme II和SAMM的综合评估表明,该方法始终如一地优于现有技术,是发表在微表达上发表文献中的第一个框架在任何上述数据集上识别以实现未加权的F1分数大于0.9。
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微表达(MES)是非自愿的面部运动,揭示了人们在高利害情况下隐藏的感受,并对医疗,国家安全,审讯和许多人机交互系统具有实际重要性。早期的MER方法主要基于传统的外观和几何特征。最近,随着各种领域的深度学习(DL)的成功,神经网络已得到MER的兴趣。不同于宏观表达,MES是自发的,微妙的,快速的面部运动,导致数据收集困难,因此具有小规模的数据集。由于上述我的角色,基于DL的MER变得挑战。迄今为止,已提出各种DL方法来解决我的问题并提高MER表现。在本调查中,我们对深度微表达识别(MER)进行了全面的审查,包括数据集,深度MER管道和最具影响力方法的基准标记。本调查定义了该领域的新分类法,包括基于DL的MER的所有方面。对于每个方面,总结和讨论了基本方法和高级发展。此外,我们得出了坚固的深层MER系统设计的剩余挑战和潜在方向。据我们所知,这是对深度MEL方法的第一次调查,该调查可以作为未来MER研究的参考点。
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Animating portraits using speech has received growing attention in recent years, with various creative and practical use cases. An ideal generated video should have good lip sync with the audio, natural facial expressions and head motions, and high frame quality. In this work, we present SPACE, which uses speech and a single image to generate high-resolution, and expressive videos with realistic head pose, without requiring a driving video. It uses a multi-stage approach, combining the controllability of facial landmarks with the high-quality synthesis power of a pretrained face generator. SPACE also allows for the control of emotions and their intensities. Our method outperforms prior methods in objective metrics for image quality and facial motions and is strongly preferred by users in pair-wise comparisons. The project website is available at https://deepimagination.cc/SPACE/
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In education and intervention programs, user engagement has been identified as a major factor in successful program completion. Automatic measurement of user engagement provides helpful information for instructors to meet program objectives and individualize program delivery. In this paper, we present a novel approach for video-based engagement measurement in virtual learning programs. We propose to use affect states, continuous values of valence and arousal extracted from consecutive video frames, along with a new latent affective feature vector and behavioral features for engagement measurement. Deep-learning sequential models are trained and validated on the extracted frame-level features. In addition, due to the fact that engagement is an ordinal variable, we develop the ordinal versions of the above models in order to address the problem of engagement measurement as an ordinal classification problem. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method on the only two publicly available video engagement measurement datasets, DAiSEE and EmotiW-EW, containing videos of students in online learning programs. Our experiments show a state-of-the-art engagement level classification accuracy of 67.4% on the DAiSEE dataset, and a regression mean squared error of 0.0508 on the EmotiW-EW dataset. Our ablation study shows the effectiveness of incorporating affect states and ordinality of engagement in engagement measurement.
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识别面部视频的连续情绪和动作单元(AU)强度需要对表达动态的空间和时间理解。现有作品主要依赖2D面的外观来提取这种动态。这项工作着重于基于参数3D面向形状模型的有希望的替代方案,该模型解散了不同的变异因素,包括表达诱导的形状变化。我们旨在了解与最先进的2D外观模型相比,在估计价值和AU强度方面表现性3D面部形状如何。我们基准了四个最近的3D面对准模型:Expnet,3DDFA-V2,DECA和EMOCA。在价值估计中,3D面模型的表达特征始终超过以前的作品,并在SEWA和AVEC 2019 CES CORPORA上的平均一致性相关性分别为.739和.574。我们还研究了BP4D和DISFA数据集的AU强度估计的3D面形状如何执行,并报告说3D脸部功能在AUS 4、6、10、12和25中与2D外观特征相当,但没有整个集合。 aus。为了理解这种差异,我们在价值和AUS之间进行了对应分析,该分析指出,准确的价值预测可能仅需要少数AU的知识。
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自动情绪识别(ER)最近由于其在许多实际应用中的潜力而引起了很多兴趣。在这种情况下,已经证明多模式方法可以通过结合多样化和互补的信息来源,从而提高性能(超过单峰方法),从而为嘈杂和缺失的方式提供了一些鲁棒性。在本文中,我们根据从视频中提取的面部和声音方式融合的尺寸ER专注于尺寸,其中探索了互补的视听(A-V)关系,以预测个人在价值空间中的情绪状态。大多数最先进的融合技术都依赖于反复的网络或常规的注意机制,这些机制无法有效利用A-V模式的互补性。为了解决这个问题,我们引入了A-V融合的联合跨注意模型,该模型在A-V模态上提取显着特征,从而可以有效利用模式间关系,同时保留模式内关系。特别是,它根据联合特征表示与单个模式的相关性计算交叉意义权重。通过将联合A-V特征表示形式部署到交叉意见模块中,它有助于同时利用内模式和模态关系,从而显着改善系统的性能,而不是香草交叉意见模块。我们提出的方法的有效性是在Recola和AffWild2数据集的挑战性视频中通过实验验证的。结果表明,我们的跨注意A-V融合模型提供了一种具有成本效益的解决方案,即使模式是嘈杂或不存在的,也可以超越最先进的方法。
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人类的情感和心理状态以自动化的方式估计,面临许多困难,包括从差或没有时间分辨率的标签中学习,从很少有数据的数据集中学习(通常是由于机密性约束),并且(非常)很长 - 野外视频。由于这些原因,深度学习方法倾向于过度合适,也就是说,在最终回归任务上获得概括性差的潜在表示。为了克服这一点,在这项工作中,我们介绍了两个互补的贡献。首先,我们引入了一种新型的关系损失,以解决多标签回归和序数问题,该问题规则学习并导致更好的概括。拟议的损失使用标签矢量间歇间信息来通过将批次标签距离与潜在特征空间中的距离进行对齐,从而学习更好的潜在表示。其次,我们利用了两个阶段的注意体系结构,该体系结构通过使用相邻夹中的功能作为时间上下文来估计每个剪辑的目标。我们评估了关于连续影响和精神分裂症严重程度估计问题的提议方法,因为两者之间存在方法论和背景相似之处。实验结果表明,所提出的方法的表现优于所有基准。在精神分裂症的领域中,拟议的方法学优于先前的最先进的利润率,其PCC的PCC绩效高达78%的绩效(85%)(85%),并且比以前的工作高得多(Uplift FiftLift最多40%)。在情感识别的情况下,我们在OMG和AMIGOS数据集上都以CCC为基础的先前基于以前的方法。对于Amigos而言,我们的唤醒和价值分别均优于先前的SOTA CCC,分别为9%和13%,在OMG数据集中,我们的效果均优于先前的视力,唤醒和价值均高达5%。
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As one of the most important psychic stress reactions, micro-expressions (MEs), are spontaneous and transient facial expressions that can reveal the genuine emotions of human beings. Thus, recognizing MEs (MER) automatically is becoming increasingly crucial in the field of affective computing, and provides essential technical support in lie detection, psychological analysis and other areas. However, the lack of abundant ME data seriously restricts the development of cutting-edge data-driven MER models. Despite the recent efforts of several spontaneous ME datasets to alleviate this problem, it is still a tiny amount of work. To solve the problem of ME data hunger, we construct a dynamic spontaneous ME dataset with the largest current ME data scale, called DFME (Dynamic Facial Micro-expressions), which includes 7,526 well-labeled ME videos induced by 671 participants and annotated by more than 20 annotators throughout three years. Afterwards, we adopt four classical spatiotemporal feature learning models on DFME to perform MER experiments to objectively verify the validity of DFME dataset. In addition, we explore different solutions to the class imbalance and key-frame sequence sampling problems in dynamic MER respectively on DFME, so as to provide a valuable reference for future research. The comprehensive experimental results show that our DFME dataset can facilitate the research of automatic MER, and provide a new benchmark for MER. DFME will be published via https://mea-lab-421.github.io.
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人类的情感认可是人工智能的积极研究领域,在过去几年中取得了实质性的进展。许多最近的作品主要关注面部区域以推断人类的情感,而周围的上下文信息没有有效地利用。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的深网络,有效地识别使用新的全球局部注意机制的人类情绪。我们的网络旨在独立地从两个面部和上下文区域提取特征,然后使用注意模块一起学习它们。以这种方式,面部和上下文信息都用于推断人类的情绪,从而增强分类器的歧视。密集实验表明,我们的方法超越了最近的最先进的方法,最近的情感数据集是公平的保证金。定性地,我们的全球局部注意力模块可以提取比以前的方法更有意义的注意图。我们网络的源代码和培训模型可在https://github.com/minhnhatvt/glamor-net上获得
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我们提出了一种自动方法,以根据从视频中提取的面部标志来估算自我报告的疼痛。对于每个视频序列,我们将面部分解为四个不同的区域,并通过使用这些区域的地标对面部运动的动态进行建模来衡量疼痛强度。基于革兰氏矩阵的公式用于代表固定等级的对称正极半明确矩阵Riemannian歧管上的地标轨迹。曲线拟合算法用于平滑轨迹,并执行时间对齐以计算歧管上的轨迹之间的相似性。然后对支持矢量回归分类器进行训练,以编码与自我报告的疼痛强度测量一致的疼痛强度水平。最后,进行每个区域的估计后期融合以获得最终的预测疼痛水平。提出的方法将在两个公开可用的数据集上进行评估,即UNBCMCMASTER肩部疼痛档案和Biovid热疼痛数据集。我们使用不同的测试协议将我们的方法与两个数据集的最新方法进行了比较,以显示所提出的方法的竞争力。
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人格决定其日常生活和工作行为的各个方面。由于人格特征随着时间的流逝而相对稳定,并且对于每个主题而言是独一无二的,因此以前的方法经常从单一框架或短期行为推断性格。此外,他们中的大多数人未能专门提取特定于人格的人格认可。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于视频的新型自动人格特质识别方法,该方法包括:(1)A \ TextBf {域特异性面部行为模型}模块,该模块提取了与人格相关的多规模短期人类面部行为特征; (2)a \ textbf {长期行为建模}模块,该模块总结了视频的所有短期特征作为长期/视频级别的个性表示,并且(3)a \ textbf {多任务个性人格特征预测模块}该模型在所有特征之间的基本关系中,并根据视频级别的个性表示共同预测它们。我们在Chalearn First Ampression数据集上进行了实验,我们的方法与最先进的结果相当。重要的是,我们表明所有三个提议的模块都为人格认可带来了重要的好处。
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先前的工作表明,使用顺序学习者学习面部不同组成部分的顺序可以在面部表达识别系统的性能中发挥重要作用。我们提出了Facetoponet,这是面部表达识别的端到端深层模型,它能够学习面部有效的树拓扑。然后,我们的模型遍历学习的树以生成序列,然后将其用于形成嵌入以喂养顺序学习者。设计的模型采用一个流进行学习结构,并为学习纹理提供一个流。结构流着重于面部地标的位置,而纹理流的主要重点是在地标周围的斑块上学习纹理信息。然后,我们通过利用有效的基于注意力的融合策略来融合两个流的输出。我们对四个大型内部面部表达数据集进行了广泛的实验 - 即Alltionnet,FER2013,ExpW和RAF-DB,以及一个实验室控制的数据集(CK+)来评估我们的方法。 Facetoponet在五个数据集中的三个数据集中达到了最新的性能,并在其他两个数据集中获得了竞争结果。我们还执行严格的消融和灵敏度实验,以评估模型中不同组件和参数的影响。最后,我们执行鲁棒性实验,并证明与该地区其他领先方法相比,Facetoponet对阻塞更具稳健性。
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Facial attractiveness prediction (FAP) aims to assess the facial attractiveness automatically based on human aesthetic perception. Previous methods using deep convolutional neural networks have boosted the performance, but their giant models lead to a deficiency in flexibility. Besides, most of them fail to take full advantage of the dataset. In this paper, we present a novel end-to-end FAP approach integrating dual label distribution and lightweight design. To make the best use of the dataset, the manual ratings, attractiveness score, and standard deviation are aggregated explicitly to construct a dual label distribution, including the attractiveness distribution and the rating distribution. Such distributions, as well as the attractiveness score, are optimized under a joint learning framework based on the label distribution learning (LDL) paradigm. As for the lightweight design, the data processing is simplified to minimum, and MobileNetV2 is selected as our backbone. Extensive experiments are conducted on two benchmark datasets, where our approach achieves promising results and succeeds in striking a balance between performance and efficiency. Ablation studies demonstrate that our delicately designed learning modules are indispensable and correlated. Additionally, the visualization indicates that our approach is capable of perceiving facial attractiveness and capturing attractive facial regions to facilitate semantic predictions.
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Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) enables non-contact heart rate (HR) estimation from facial videos which gives significant convenience compared with traditional contact-based measurements. In the real-world long-term health monitoring scenario, the distance of the participants and their head movements usually vary by time, resulting in the inaccurate rPPG measurement due to the varying face resolution and complex motion artifacts. Different from the previous rPPG models designed for a constant distance between camera and participants, in this paper, we propose two plug-and-play blocks (i.e., physiological signal feature extraction block (PFE) and temporal face alignment block (TFA)) to alleviate the degradation of changing distance and head motion. On one side, guided with representative-area information, PFE adaptively encodes the arbitrary resolution facial frames to the fixed-resolution facial structure features. On the other side, leveraging the estimated optical flow, TFA is able to counteract the rPPG signal confusion caused by the head movement thus benefit the motion-robust rPPG signal recovery. Besides, we also train the model with a cross-resolution constraint using a two-stream dual-resolution framework, which further helps PFE learn resolution-robust facial rPPG features. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (UBFC-rPPG, COHFACE and PURE) demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method. One highlight is that with PFE and TFA, the off-the-shelf spatio-temporal rPPG models can predict more robust rPPG signals under both varying face resolution and severe head movement scenarios. The codes are available at https://github.com/LJW-GIT/Arbitrary_Resolution_rPPG.
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在急诊室(ER)环境中,中风分类或筛查是一个普遍的挑战。由于MRI的慢速吞吐量和高成本,通常会进行快速CT而不是MRI。在此过程中通常提到临床测试,但误诊率仍然很高。我们提出了一个新型的多模式深度学习框架,深沉的中风,以通过识别较小的面部肌肉不协调的模式来实现计算机辅助中风的存在评估,并使怀疑急性环境中的中风的患者无能为力。我们提出的深雷克斯(Deepstroke)在中风分流器中容易获得一分钟的面部视频数据和音频数据,用于局部面部瘫痪检测和全球语音障碍分析。采用了转移学习来减少面部侵蚀偏见并提高普遍性。我们利用多模式的横向融合来结合低水平和高级特征,并为关节训练提供相互正则化。引入了新型的对抗训练以获得无身份和中风的特征。与实际急诊室患者进行的视频ADIO数据集进行的实验表明,与分类团队和ER医生相比,中风的表现要优于最先进的模型,并且取得更好的性能,比传统的敏感性高出10.94%,高7.37%的精度高出7.37%。当特异性对齐时,中风分类。同时,每个评估都可以在不到六分钟的时间内完成,这表明该框架的临床翻译潜力很大。
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动物运动跟踪和姿势识别的进步一直是动物行为研究的游戏规则改变者。最近,越来越多的作品比跟踪“更深”,并解决了对动物内部状态(例如情绪和痛苦)的自动认识,目的是改善动物福利,这使得这是对该领域进行系统化的及时时刻。本文对基于计算机的识别情感状态和动物的疼痛的研究进行了全面调查,并涉及面部行为和身体行为分析。我们总结了迄今为止在这个主题中所付出的努力 - 对它们进行分类,从不同的维度进行分类,突出挑战和研究差距,并提供最佳实践建议,以推进该领域以及一些未来的研究方向。
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Studying facial expressions is a notoriously difficult endeavor. Recent advances in the field of affective computing have yielded impressive progress in automatically detecting facial expressions from pictures and videos. However, much of this work has yet to be widely disseminated in social science domains such as psychology. Current state of the art models require considerable domain expertise that is not traditionally incorporated into social science training programs. Furthermore, there is a notable absence of user-friendly and open-source software that provides a comprehensive set of tools and functions that support facial expression research. In this paper, we introduce Py-Feat, an open-source Python toolbox that provides support for detecting, preprocessing, analyzing, and visualizing facial expression data. Py-Feat makes it easy for domain experts to disseminate and benchmark computer vision models and also for end users to quickly process, analyze, and visualize face expression data. We hope this platform will facilitate increased use of facial expression data in human behavior research.
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