单眼同时定位和映射（SLAM）在先进的驾驶员辅助系统和自主驾驶中出现，因为单个相机便宜且易于安装。传统的单眼猛击有两个主要挑战，导致定位和映射不准确。首先，估计本地化和映射中的尺度是挑战性的。其次，传统单眼SLAM在映射中使用诸如动态对象和低视差区域的不适当的映射因子。本文提出了一种改进的实时单眼血液，通过有效地使用基于深度学习的语义分割来解决上述挑战。为了实现所提出的方法的实时执行，我们仅用映射进程并行地应用于下采样的关键帧的语义分段。此外，所提出的方法校正相机姿势和三维（3D）点的尺度，使用从道路标记的3D点和真实相机高度的估计接地平面。该方法还删除了标记为移动对象和低视差区域的不恰当的角色功能。八个视频序列的实验表明，与现有的最先进的单眼和立体声猛击系统相比，所提出的单眼血压系统达到显着提高和可比的轨迹跟踪精度。该建议的系统可以通过标准GPU支持，在标准CPU上实现实时跟踪，而现有的分段辅助单眼血液则不会。

结合同时定位和映射（SLAM）估计和动态场景建模可以高效地在动态环境中获得机器人自主权。机器人路径规划和障碍避免任务依赖于场景中动态对象运动的准确估计。本文介绍了VDO-SLAM，这是一种强大的视觉动态对象感知SLAM系统，用于利用语义信息，使得能够在场景中进行准确的运动估计和跟踪动态刚性物体，而无需任何先前的物体形状或几何模型的知识。所提出的方法识别和跟踪环境中的动态对象和静态结构，并将这些信息集成到统一的SLAM框架中。这导致机器人轨迹的高度准确估计和对象的全部SE（3）运动以及环境的时空地图。该系统能够从对象的SE（3）运动中提取线性速度估计，为复杂的动态环境中的导航提供重要功能。我们展示了所提出的系统对许多真实室内和室外数据集的性能，结果表明了对最先进的算法的一致和实质性的改进。可以使用源代码的开源版本。

Simultaneous Localization & Mapping (SLAM) is the process of building a mutual relationship between localization and mapping of the subject in its surrounding environment. With the help of different sensors, various types of SLAM systems have developed to deal with the problem of building the relationship between localization and mapping. A limitation in the SLAM process is the lack of consideration of dynamic objects in the mapping of the environment. We propose the Dynamic Object Tracking SLAM (DyOb-SLAM), which is a Visual SLAM system that can localize and map the surrounding dynamic objects in the environment as well as track the dynamic objects in each frame. With the help of a neural network and a dense optical flow algorithm, dynamic objects and static objects in an environment can be differentiated. DyOb-SLAM creates two separate maps for both static and dynamic contents. For the static features, a sparse map is obtained. For the dynamic contents, a trajectory global map is created as output. As a result, a frame to frame real-time based dynamic object tracking system is obtained. With the pose calculation of the dynamic objects and camera, DyOb-SLAM can estimate the speed of the dynamic objects with time. The performance of DyOb-SLAM is observed by comparing it with a similar Visual SLAM system, VDO-SLAM and the performance is measured by calculating the camera and object pose errors as well as the object speed error.

a) Stereo input: trajectory and sparse reconstruction of an urban environment with multiple loop closures. (b) RGB-D input: keyframes and dense pointcloud of a room scene with one loop closure. The pointcloud is rendered by backprojecting the sensor depth maps from estimated keyframe poses. No fusion is performed.

在本文中，我们考虑了视觉同时定位和映射（SLAM）的实际应用中的问题。随着技术在广泛范围中的普及和应用，SLAM系统的可实用性已成为一个在准确性和鲁棒性之后，例如，如何保持系统的稳定性并实现低文本和低文本和中的准确姿势估计动态环境以及如何在真实场景中改善系统的普遍性和实时性能。动态对象在高度动态的环境中的影响。我们还提出了一种新型的全局灰色相似性（GGS）算法，以实现合理的钥匙扣选择和有效的环闭合检测（LCD）。受益于GGS，PLD-SLAM可以在大多数真实场景中实现实时准确的姿势估计，而无需预先训练和加载巨大的功能词典模型。为了验证拟议系统的性能，我们将其与公共数据集Kitti，Euroc MAV和我们提供的室内立体声数据集的现有最新方法（SOTA）方法进行了比较。实验表明，实验表明PLD-SLAM在大多数情况下确保稳定性和准确性，具有更好的实时性能。此外，通过分析GGS的实验结果，我们可以发现它在关键帧选择和LCD中具有出色的性能。

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for ground plane normal estimation of wheeled vehicles. In practice, the ground plane is dynamically changed due to braking and unstable road surface. As a result, the vehicle pose, especially the pitch angle, is oscillating from subtle to obvious. Thus, estimating ground plane normal is meaningful since it can be encoded to improve the robustness of various autonomous driving tasks (e.g., 3D object detection, road surface reconstruction, and trajectory planning). Our proposed method only uses odometry as input and estimates accurate ground plane normal vectors in real time. Particularly, it fully utilizes the underlying connection between the ego pose odometry (ego-motion) and its nearby ground plane. Built on that, an Invariant Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF) is designed to estimate the normal vector in the sensor's coordinate. Thus, our proposed method is simple yet efficient and supports both camera- and inertial-based odometry algorithms. Its usability and the marked improvement of robustness are validated through multiple experiments on public datasets. For instance, we achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on KITTI dataset with the estimated vector error of 0.39{\deg}. Our code is available at github.com/manymuch/ground_normal_filter.

我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可用于快速准确的立体声视觉同时定位和映射（SLAM），独立于特征检测和匹配。通过优化3D点的规模，将单眼直接稀疏的内径术（DSO）扩展到立体声系统，以最小化立体声配置的光度误差，从而与传统立体声匹配相比产生计算有效和鲁棒的方法。我们进一步将其扩展到具有环路闭合的完整SLAM系统，以减少累积的错误。在假设前向相机运动中，我们使用从视觉径管中获得的3D点模拟LIDAR扫描，并适应LIDAR描述符以便放置识别以便于更有效地检测回路封闭件。之后，我们通过最小化潜在环封闭件的光度误差来估计使用直接对准的相对姿势。可选地，通过使用迭代最近的点（ICP）算法来实现通过直接对准的进一步改进。最后，我们优化一个姿势图，以提高全球的猛烈精度。通过避免在我们的SLAM系统中的特征检测或匹配，我们确保高计算效率和鲁棒性。与最先进的方法相比，公共数据集上的彻底实验验证展示了其有效性。

动态对象感知的SLAM（DOS）利用对象级信息以在动态环境中启用强大的运动估计。现有方法主要集中于识别和排除优化的动态对象。在本文中，我们表明，基于功能的视觉量大系统也可以通过利用两个观察结果来受益于动态铰接式对象的存在：（1）随着时间的推移，铰接对象的每个刚性部分的3D结构保持一致； （2）同一刚性零件上的点遵循相同的运动。特别是，我们提出了Airdos，这是一种动态的对象感知系统，该系统将刚度和运动限制引入模型铰接对象。通过共同优化相机姿势，对象运动和对象3D结构，我们可以纠正摄像头姿势估计，防止跟踪损失，并为动态对象和静态场景生成4D时空图。实验表明，我们的算法改善了在挑战拥挤的城市环境中的视觉大满贯算法的鲁棒性。据我们所知，Airdos是第一个动态对象感知的大满贯系统，该系统表明可以通过合并动态铰接式对象来改善相机姿势估计。

本文介绍了一种用于水下车辆机械手系统（UVMS）的新型视野映射方法，具有特定强调自然海底环境中的鲁棒映射。水下场景映射的先前方法通常会离线处理数据，而实时运行的现有水下SLAM方法通常会集中在本地化上而不是映射。我们的方法使用GPU加速SIFT功能在图形优化框架中构建一个特征映射。地图刻度由车辆安装的立体声相机的特征约束，我们通过将机械手系统的动态定位能力从手腕安装的Fisheye摄像机融合到地图中，以将其延伸到车辆安装摄像机的有限视点之外。我们的混合SLAM方法是在Costa rican Continental Shelf级别的自然深海环境中采用UVMS收集的挑战性图像序列，我们还在浅礁调查数据集中评估立体声的立体声。这些数据集的结果证明了我们的系统的高准确性，适合于在不同的自然海底环境中运营。

Visual perception plays an important role in autonomous driving. One of the primary tasks is object detection and identification. Since the vision sensor is rich in color and texture information, it can quickly and accurately identify various road information. The commonly used technique is based on extracting and calculating various features of the image. The recent development of deep learning-based method has better reliability and processing speed and has a greater advantage in recognizing complex elements. For depth estimation, vision sensor is also used for ranging due to their small size and low cost. Monocular camera uses image data from a single viewpoint as input to estimate object depth. In contrast, stereo vision is based on parallax and matching feature points of different views, and the application of deep learning also further improves the accuracy. In addition, Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM) can establish a model of the road environment, thus helping the vehicle perceive the surrounding environment and complete the tasks. In this paper, we introduce and compare various methods of object detection and identification, then explain the development of depth estimation and compare various methods based on monocular, stereo, and RDBG sensors, next review and compare various methods of SLAM, and finally summarize the current problems and present the future development trends of vision technologies.

This paper presents ORB-SLAM, a feature-based monocular SLAM system that operates in real time, in small and large, indoor and outdoor environments. The system is robust to severe motion clutter, allows wide baseline loop closing and relocalization, and includes full automatic initialization. Building on excellent algorithms of recent years, we designed from scratch a novel system that uses the same features for all SLAM tasks: tracking, mapping, relocalization, and loop closing. A survival of the fittest strategy that selects the points and keyframes of the reconstruction leads to excellent robustness and generates a compact and trackable map that only grows if the scene content changes, allowing lifelong operation. We present an exhaustive evaluation in 27 sequences from the most popular datasets. ORB-SLAM achieves unprecedented performance with respect to other state-of-the-art monocular SLAM approaches. For the benefit of the community, we make the source code public.

作为许多自主驾驶和机器人活动的基本组成部分，如自我运动估计，障碍避免和场景理解，单眼深度估计（MDE）引起了计算机视觉和机器人社区的极大关注。在过去的几十年中，已经开发了大量方法。然而，据我们所知，对MDE没有全面调查。本文旨在通过审查1970年至2021年之间发布的197个相关条款来弥补这一差距。特别是，我们为涵盖各种方法的MDE提供了全面的调查，介绍了流行的绩效评估指标并汇总公开的数据集。我们还总结了一些代表方法的可用开源实现，并比较了他们的表演。此外，我们在一些重要的机器人任务中审查了MDE的应用。最后，我们通过展示一些有希望的未来研究方向来结束本文。预计本调查有助于读者浏览该研究领域。

Ego-pose estimation and dynamic object tracking are two critical problems for autonomous driving systems. The solutions to these problems are generally based on their respective assumptions, \ie{the static world assumption for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and the accurate ego-pose assumption for object tracking}. However, these assumptions are challenging to hold in dynamic road scenarios, where SLAM and object tracking become closely correlated. Therefore, we propose DL-SLOT, a dynamic LiDAR SLAM and object tracking method, to simultaneously address these two coupled problems. This method integrates the state estimations of both the autonomous vehicle and the stationary and dynamic objects in the environment into a unified optimization framework. First, we used object detection to identify all points belonging to potentially dynamic objects. Subsequently, a LiDAR odometry was conducted using the filtered point cloud. Simultaneously, we proposed a sliding window-based object association method that accurately associates objects according to the historical trajectories of tracked objects. The ego-states and those of the stationary and dynamic objects are integrated into the sliding window-based collaborative graph optimization. The stationary objects are subsequently restored from the potentially dynamic object set. Finally, a global pose-graph is implemented to eliminate the accumulated error. Experiments on KITTI datasets demonstrate that our method achieves better accuracy than SLAM and object tracking baseline methods. This confirms that solving SLAM and object tracking simultaneously is mutually advantageous, dramatically improving the robustness and accuracy of SLAM and object tracking in dynamic road scenarios.

我们提出了场景运动的新颖双流表示，将光流分​​解为由摄像机运动引起的静态流场和另一个由场景中对象的运动引起的动态流场。基于此表示形式，我们提出了一个动态的大满贯，称为Deflowslam，它利用图像中的静态和动态像素来求解相机的姿势，而不是像其他动态SLAM系统一样简单地使用静态背景像素。我们提出了一个动态更新模块，以一种自我监督的方式训练我们的Deflowslam，其中密集的束调节层采用估计的静态流场和由动态掩码控制的权重，并输出优化的静态流动场的残差，相机姿势的残差，和反度。静态和动态流场是通过将当前图像翘曲到相邻图像来估计的，并且可以通过将两个字段求和来获得光流。广泛的实验表明，在静态场景和动态场景中，Deflowslam可以很好地推广到静态和动态场景，因为它表现出与静态和动态较小的场景中最先进的Droid-Slam相当的性能，同时在高度动态的环境中表现出明显优于Droid-Slam。代码和数据可在项目网页上找到：\ urlstyle {tt} \ textColor {url_color} {\ url {https://zju3dv.github.io/deflowslam/}}}。

摄像机是自动化驱动系统中的主要传感器。它们提供高信息密度，并对检测为人类视野提供的道路基础设施线索最优。环绕式摄像机系统通常包括具有190 {\ DEG} +视野的四个鱼眼相机，覆盖在车辆周围的整个360 {\ DEG}集中在近场传感上。它们是低速，高精度和近距离传感应用的主要传感器，如自动停车，交通堵塞援助和低速应急制动。在这项工作中，我们提供了对这种视觉系统的详细调查，在可以分解为四个模块化组件的架构中，设置调查即可识别，重建，重建和重组。我们共同称之为4R架构。我们讨论每个组件如何完成特定方面，并提供一个位置论证，即它们可以协同组织以形成用于低速自动化的完整感知系统。我们通过呈现来自以前的作品的结果，并通过向此类系统提出架构提案来支持此参数。定性结果在视频中呈现在HTTPS://youtu.be/ae8bcof7777uy中。

Visual odometry is crucial for many robotic tasks such as autonomous exploration and path planning. Despite many progresses, existing methods are still not robust enough to dynamic illumination environments. In this paper, we present AirVO, an illumination-robust and accurate stereo visual odometry system based on point and line features. To be robust to illumination variation, we introduce the learning-based feature extraction and matching method and design a novel VO pipeline, including feature tracking, triangulation, key-frame selection, and graph optimization etc. We also employ long line features in the environment to improve the accuracy of the system. Different from the traditional line processing pipelines in visual odometry systems, we propose an illumination-robust line tracking method, where point feature tracking and distribution of point and line features are utilized to match lines. In the experiments, the proposed system is extensively evaluated in environments with dynamic illumination and the results show that it achieves superior performance to the state-of-the-art algorithms.

当视野中有许多移动对象时，基于静态场景假设的SLAM系统会引入重大估计错误。跟踪和维护语义对象有益于场景理解，并为计划和控制模块提供丰富的决策信息。本文介绍了MLO，这是一种多对象的激光雷达探光仪，该镜像仅使用激光雷达传感器跟踪自我运动和语义对象。为了实现对多个对象的准确和强大的跟踪，我们提出了一个最小二乘估计器，该估计器融合了3D边界框和几何点云，用于对象状态更新。通过分析跟踪列表中的对象运动状态，映射模块使用静态对象和环境特征来消除累积错误。同时，它在MAP坐标中提供了连续的对象轨迹。我们的方法在公共Kitti数据集的不同情况下进行了定性和定量评估。实验结果表明，在高度动态，非结构化和未知的语义场景中，MLO的自我定位精度比最先进的系统更好。同时，与基于滤波的方法相比，具有语义几何融合的多目标跟踪方法在跟踪准确性和一致性方面也具有明显的优势。

本文介绍了在线本地化和彩色网格重建（OLCMR）ROS感知体系结构，用于地面探索机器人，旨在在具有挑战性的未知环境中执行强大的同时定位和映射（SLAM），并实时提供相关的彩色3D网格表示。它旨在被远程人类操作员使用在任务或之后或之后轻松地可视化映射的环境，或作为在勘探机器人技术领域进行进一步研究的开发基础。该体系结构主要由精心挑选的基于激光雷达的SLAM算法的开源ROS实现以及使用点云和RGB摄像机图像投影到3D空间中的彩色表面重建过程。在较新的大学手持式LIDAR-VISION参考数据集上评估了整体表演，并在分别在城市和乡村户外环境中分别在代表性的车轮机器人上收集的两个实验轨迹。索引术语：现场机器人，映射，猛击，彩色表面重建

This paper presents ORB-SLAM3, the first system able to perform visual, visual-inertial and multi-map SLAM with monocular, stereo and RGB-D cameras, using pin-hole and fisheye lens models.The first main novelty is a feature-based tightly-integrated visual-inertial SLAM system that fully relies on Maximum-a-Posteriori (MAP) estimation, even during the IMU initialization phase. The result is a system that operates robustly in real time, in small and large, indoor and outdoor environments, and is two to ten times more accurate than previous approaches.The second main novelty is a multiple map system that relies on a new place recognition method with improved recall. Thanks to it, ORB-SLAM3 is able to survive to long periods of poor visual information: when it gets lost, it starts a new map that will be seamlessly merged with previous maps when revisiting mapped areas. Compared with visual odometry systems that only use information from the last few seconds, ORB-SLAM3 is the first system able to reuse in all the algorithm stages all previous information. This allows to include in bundle adjustment co-visible keyframes, that provide high parallax observations boosting accuracy, even if they are widely separated in time or if they come from a previous mapping session.Our experiments show that, in all sensor configurations, ORB-SLAM3 is as robust as the best systems available in the literature, and significantly more accurate. Notably, our stereo-inertial SLAM achieves an average accuracy of 3.5 cm in the EuRoC drone and 9 mm under quick hand-held motions in the room of TUM-VI dataset, a setting representative of AR/VR scenarios. For the benefit of the community we make public the source code.

映射和3D检测是基于视觉的机器人和自行车的两个主要问题。虽然以前的作用仅在分别关注每项任务时，我们通过将具有鲁棒深度估计和第一个“伪激光符号”点云的间隙桥接来展示一个创新和有效的多任务深度学习框架（SM3D），用于同时映射和3D检测。时间。映射模块需要连续的单手抄帧以产生深度和姿态估计。在3D检测模块中，将深度估计投射到3D空间中以产生“伪激光雷达”点云，其中基于LIDAR的3D检测器可以在用于车辆3D检测和定位的点云上利用。通过两种模块的端到端训练，所提出的映射和3D检测方法分别优于最先进的基线，分别以准确度大于10.0％和13.2％。在实现更好的准确性的同时，我们的单眼多任务SM3D比纯立体声3D探测器快2倍以上，而且分别使用两个模块快28.3％。