Text classification, a core component of task-oriented dialogue systems, attracts continuous research from both the research and industry community, and has resulted in tremendous progress. However, existing method does not consider the use of label information, which may weaken the performance of text classification systems in some token-aware scenarios. To address the problem, in this paper, we introduce the use of label information as label embedding for the task of text classification and achieve remarkable performance on benchmark dataset.
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转移学习技术和预先培训的最新进展,大型上下文编码器在包括对话助理在内的现实应用程序中促进了创新。意图识别的实际需求需要有效的数据使用,并能够不断更新支持意图,采用新的意图并放弃过时的意图。尤其是,对模型的广义零拍范例,该模型受到了可见意图的训练并在可见和看不见的意图上进行了测试,这是新的重要性。在本文中,我们探讨了用于意图识别的广义零拍设置。遵循零击文本分类的最佳实践,我们使用句子对建模方法对待任务。对于看不见的意图,使用意图标签和用户话语,而无需访问外部资源(例如知识库),我们的表现优于先前的最先进的F1量化,最多可达16 \%。进一步的增强包括意图标签的词汇化,可提高性能高达7%。通过使用从其他句子对任务(例如自然语言推论)转移的任务传输,我们会获得其他改进。
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Intent classification and slot filling are two core tasks in natural language understanding (NLU). The interaction nature of the two tasks makes the joint models often outperform the single designs. One of the promising solutions, called BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), achieves the joint optimization of the two tasks. BERT adopts the wordpiece to tokenize each input token into multiple sub-tokens, which causes a mismatch between the tokens and the labels lengths. Previous methods utilize the hidden states corresponding to the first sub-token as input to the classifier, which limits performance improvement since some hidden semantic informations is discarded in the fine-tune process. To address this issue, we propose a novel joint model based on BERT, which explicitly models the multiple sub-tokens features after wordpiece tokenization, thereby generating the context features that contribute to slot filling. Specifically, we encode the hidden states corresponding to multiple sub-tokens into a context vector via the attention mechanism. Then, we feed each context vector into the slot filling encoder, which preserves the integrity of the sentence. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model achieves significant improvement on intent classification accuracy, slot filling F1, and sentence-level semantic frame accuracy on two public benchmark datasets. The F1 score of the slot filling in particular has been improved from 96.1 to 98.2 (2.1% absolute) on the ATIS dataset.
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口语语言理解已被处理为监督的学习问题,其中每个域都有一组培训数据。但是,每个域的注释数据都是经济昂贵和不可扩展的,因此我们应该充分利用所有域的信息。通过进行多域学习,使用跨域的联合训练的共享参数来解决一个现有方法解决问题。我们建议通过使用域特定和特定于任务的模型参数来改善该方法的参数化,以改善知识学习和传输。5个域的实验表明,我们的模型对多域SLU更有效,并获得最佳效果。此外,当适应具有很少数据的新域时,通过优于12.4 \%来表现出先前最佳模型的可转换性。
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预训练的语言模型在对话任务上取得了长足的进步。但是,这些模型通常在表面对话文本上进行训练,因此被证明在理解对话环境的主要语义含义方面是薄弱的。我们研究抽象含义表示(AMR)作为预训练模型的明确语义知识,以捕获预训练期间对话中的核心语义信息。特别是,我们提出了一个基于语义的前训练框架,该框架通过三个任务来扩展标准的预训练框架(Devlin等,2019)。根据AMR图表示。关于聊天聊天和面向任务的对话的理解的实验表明了我们的模型的优势。据我们所知,我们是第一个利用深层语义表示进行对话预训练的人。
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对话机器人已广泛应用于客户服务方案,以提供及时且用户友好的体验。这些机器人必须对对话的适当域进行分类,了解用户的意图并产生适当的响应。现有的对话预训练模型仅针对多个对话任务而设计,而忽略了弱监督的客户服务对话中的专家知识。在本文中,我们提出了一个新颖的统一知识提示预训练框架,ufa(\ textbf {u} nified Model \ textbf {f}或\ textbf {a} ll任务),用于客户服务对话。我们将客户服务对话的所有任务作为统一的文本到文本生成任务,并引入知识驱动的及时策略,以共同从不同的对话任务中学习。我们将UFA预先训练UFA,从实用场景中收集的大型中国客户服务语料库中,并对自然语言理解(NLU)和自然语言生成(NLG)基准进行了重大改进。
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学习高质量的对话表示对于解决各种面向对话的任务至关重要,尤其是考虑到对话系统通常会遇到数据稀缺。在本文中,我们介绍了对话句子嵌入(DSE),这是一种自我监督的对比学习方法,它学习有效的对话表示,适合各种对话任务。 DSE通过连续进行与对比度学习的正面对话的连续对话来从对话中学习。尽管它很简单,但DSE的表现能力比其他对话表示和普遍的句子表示模型要好得多。我们评估DSE的五个下游对话任务,这些任务检查了不同语义粒度的对话表示。几次射击和零射击设置的实验表明,DSE的表现要优于基线。例如,它在6个数据集中的1-Shot意图分类中比最强的无监督基线实现了13%的平均绩效提高。我们还提供了有关模型的好处和局限性的分析。
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When a human communicates with a machine using natural language on the web and online, how can it understand the human's intention and semantic context of their talk? This is an important AI task as it enables the machine to construct a sensible answer or perform a useful action for the human. Meaning is represented at the sentence level, identification of which is known as intent detection, and at the word level, a labelling task called slot filling. This dual-level joint task requires innovative thinking about natural language and deep learning network design, and as a result, many approaches and models have been proposed and applied. This tutorial will discuss how the joint task is set up and introduce Spoken Language Understanding/Natural Language Understanding (SLU/NLU) with Deep Learning techniques. We will cover the datasets, experiments and metrics used in the field. We will describe how the machine uses the latest NLP and Deep Learning techniques to address the joint task, including recurrent and attention-based Transformer networks and pre-trained models (e.g. BERT). We will then look in detail at a network that allows the two levels of the task, intent classification and slot filling, to interact to boost performance explicitly. We will do a code demonstration of a Python notebook for this model and attendees will have an opportunity to watch coding demo tasks on this joint NLU to further their understanding.
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会话推荐系统(CRS)旨在主动引起用户偏好,并通过自然语言对话推荐高质量的项目。通常,CRS由建议模块组成,以预测用户的首选项目和对话模块,以生成适当的响应。要开发有效的CR,必须无缝整合两个模块。现有作品要么设计语义一致性策略,要么共享两个模块之间的知识资源和表示。但是,这些方法仍然依靠不同的体系结构或技术来开发两个模块,因此很难进行有效的模块集成。为了解决这个问题,我们根据知识增强的及时学习提出了一个名为UNICRS的统一CRS模型。我们的方法将建议和对话子任务统一到及时学习范式中,并根据固定的预训练的语言模型(PLM)利用知识增强的提示来以统一的方法来实现两个子任务。在及时的设计中,我们包括融合的知识表示,特定于任务的软令牌和对话环境,它们可以提供足够的上下文信息以适应CRS任务的PLM。此外,对于建议子任务,我们还将生成的响应模板作为提示的重要组成部分结合起来,以增强两个子任务之间的信息交互。对两个公共CRS数据集进行的广泛实验证明了我们方法的有效性。
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基于检索的对话响应选择旨在为给定多转中下文找到候选集的正确响应。基于预先训练的语言模型(PLMS)的方法对此任务产生了显着的改进。序列表示在对话背景和响应之间的匹配程度中扮演关键作用。然而,我们观察到相同上下文共享的不同的上下文响应对始终在由PLM计算的序列表示中具有更大的相似性,这使得难以区分来自负面的正响应。由此激励,我们提出了一种基于PLMS的响应选择任务的新颖\ TextBF {f} ine- \ textbf {g}下载\ textbf {g} unfrstive(fgc)学习方法。该FGC学习策略有助于PLMS在细粒中产生每个对话的更可区分的匹配表示,并进一步提高选择正反应的预测。两个基准数据集的实证研究表明,所提出的FGC学习方法一般可以提高现有PLM匹配模型的模型性能。
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作为世界上第四大语言家庭,Dravidian语言已成为自然语言处理(NLP)的研究热点。虽然Dravidian语言包含大量语言,但有相对较少的公众可用资源。此外,文本分类任务是自然语言处理的基本任务,如何将其与Dravidian语言中的多种语言相结合,仍然是Dravidian自然语言处理的主要困难。因此,为了解决这些问题,我们为Dravidian语言提出了一个多语言文本分类框架。一方面,该框架使用Labse预先训练的模型作为基础模型。针对多任务学习中文本信息偏见的问题,我们建议使用MLM策略选择语言特定的单词,并使用对抗训练来扰乱它们。另一方面,鉴于模型无法识别和利用语言之间的相关性的问题,我们进一步提出了一种特定于语言的表示模块,以丰富模型的语义信息。实验结果表明,我们提出的框架在多语言文本分类任务中具有重要性能,每个策略实现某些改进。
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How can we extend a pre-trained model to many language understanding tasks, without labeled or additional unlabeled data? Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been effective for a wide range of NLP tasks. However, existing approaches either require fine-tuning on downstream labeled datasets or manually constructing proper prompts. In this paper, we propose nonparametric prompting PLM (NPPrompt) for fully zero-shot language understanding. Unlike previous methods, NPPrompt uses only pre-trained language models and does not require any labeled data or additional raw corpus for further fine-tuning, nor does it rely on humans to construct a comprehensive set of prompt label words. We evaluate NPPrompt against previous major few-shot and zero-shot learning methods on diverse NLP tasks: including text classification, text entailment, similar text retrieval, and paraphrasing. Experimental results demonstrate that our NPPrompt outperforms the previous best fully zero-shot method by big margins, with absolute gains of 12.8% in accuracy on text classification and 18.9% on the GLUE benchmark.
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意图检测是对话助手的任何自然语言理解(NLU)系统的关键部分。对于存在多个指令和意图的电子邮件对话,检测正确的意图是必不可少的,但很难。在这种设置中,对话上下文可以成为检测助手的用户请求的关键歧义因素。合并上下文的一种突出方法是建模过去的对话历史,例如以任务为导向的对话模型。但是,电子邮件对话的性质(长形式)限制了直接使用面向任务的对话模型中最新进展。因此,在本文中,我们提供了一个有效的转移学习框架(EMTOD),该框架允许对话模型中的最新开发方式用于长形式的对话。我们表明,提出的EMTOD框架将预训练的语言模型的意图检测性能提高了45%,而预先培训的对话模型则提高了30%,以实现任务为导向的电子邮件对话。此外,提出的框架的模块化性质允许在预训练的语言和面向任务的对话模型中为未来的任何发展提供插件。
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The advances in language-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies applied to build educational applications can present AI for social-good opportunities with a broader positive impact. Across many disciplines, enhancing the quality of mathematics education is crucial in building critical thinking and problem-solving skills at younger ages. Conversational AI systems have started maturing to a point where they could play a significant role in helping students learn fundamental math concepts. This work presents a task-oriented Spoken Dialogue System (SDS) built to support play-based learning of basic math concepts for early childhood education. The system has been evaluated via real-world deployments at school while the students are practicing early math concepts with multimodal interactions. We discuss our efforts to improve the SDS pipeline built for math learning, for which we explore utilizing MathBERT representations for potential enhancement to the Natural Language Understanding (NLU) module. We perform an end-to-end evaluation using real-world deployment outputs from the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Intent Recognition, and Dialogue Manager (DM) components to understand how error propagation affects the overall performance in real-world scenarios.
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最近,培训预培训方法在以任务为导向的对话框(TOD)系统中表现出了很大的成功。但是,大多数现有的预培训模型用于TOD专注于对话的理解或对话生成,但并非两者兼而有之。在本文中,我们提出了Space-3,这是一种新型的统一的半监督预培训的预训练的对话模型,从大规模对话CORPORA中学习有限的注释,可以有效地对广泛的下游对话任务进行微调。具体而言,Space-3由单个变压器中的四个连续组件组成,以维护TOD系统中的任务流:(i)对话框编码模块编码对话框历史记录,(ii)对话框理解模块以从任一用户中提取语义向量查询或系统响应,(iii)一个对话框策略模块,以生成包含响应高级语义的策略向量,以及(iv)对话框生成模块以产生适当的响应。我们为每个组件设计一个专门的预训练目标。具体而言,我们预先培训对话框编码模块,使用跨度掩码语言建模,以学习上下文化对话框信息。为了捕获“结构化对话框”语义,我们通过额外的对话注释通过新颖的树诱导的半监视对比度学习目标来预先培训对话框理解模块。此外,我们通过将其输出策略向量与响应响应的语义向量之间的L2距离最小化以进行策略优化,从而预先培训对话策略模块。最后,对话框生成模型由语言建模预先训练。结果表明,Space-3在八个下游对话框基准中实现最新性能,包括意图预测,对话框状态跟踪和端到端对话框建模。我们还表明,在低资源设置下,Space-3比现有模型具有更强的射击能力。
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Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.
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Named Entity Recognition and Intent Classification are among the most important subfields of the field of Natural Language Processing. Recent research has lead to the development of faster, more sophisticated and efficient models to tackle the problems posed by those two tasks. In this work we explore the effectiveness of two separate families of Deep Learning networks for those tasks: Bidirectional Long Short-Term networks and Transformer-based networks. The models were trained and tested on the ATIS benchmark dataset for both English and Greek languages. The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative study of the two groups of networks for both languages and showcase the results of our experiments. The models, being the current state-of-the-art, yielded impressive results and achieved high performance.
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文本情绪分析(也称为意见挖掘)是对实体表达的人们观点,评估,态度和情感的计算的研究。文本情绪分析可以分为文本级别的情感分析,森林级别的情感分析和方面级别的情感分析。基于方面的情感分析(ABSA)是情感分析领域中的精细任务,该任务旨在预测各个方面的极性。训练前神经模型的研究显着改善了许多自然语言处理任务的性能。近年来,培训模型(PTM)已在ABSA中应用。因此,有一个问题,即PTM是否包含ABSA的足够的句法信息。在本文中,我们探讨了最近的Deberta模型(解码增强的BERT,并引起注意),以解决基于方面的情感分析问题。 Deberta是一种基于Transformer的神经语言模型,它使用自我监督的学习来预先培训大量原始文本语料库。基于局部环境重点(LCF)机制,通过整合Deberta模型,我们为基于方面的情感分析的多任务学习模型。该实验导致了Semeval-2014最常用的笔记本电脑和餐厅数据集,而ACL Twitter数据集则表明,具有Deberta的LCF机制具有显着改善。
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随着在线聊天的日益普及,贴纸在我们的在线沟通中变得越来越重要。在开放域对话中选择适当的贴纸需要对对话和贴纸以及两种类型的方式之间的关系有全面的了解。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种由三个辅助任务组成的多任务学习方法,以增强对对话历史,情感和语义含义的理解。在最近的一个具有挑战性的数据集中进行的广泛实验表明,我们的模型可以更好地结合多模式信息,并在强质基础上获得更高的精度。消融研究进一步验证了每个辅助任务的有效性。我们的代码可在\ url {https://github.com/nonstopfor/sticker-selection}中找到
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我们介绍了第一项经验研究,研究了突发性检测对意向检测和插槽填充的下游任务的影响。我们对越南人进行了这项研究,这是一种低资源语言,没有以前的研究,也没有公共数据集可用于探索。首先,我们通过手动添加上下文不满并注释它们来扩展流利的越南意图检测和插槽填充phoatis。然后,我们使用强基线进行实验进行实验,以基于预训练的语言模型,以检测和关节意图检测和插槽填充。我们发现:(i)爆发对下游意图检测和插槽填充任务的性能产生负面影响,并且(ii)在探索环境中,预先训练的多语言语言模型XLM-R有助于产生更好的意图检测和插槽比预先训练的单语言模型phobert填充表演,这与在流利性环境中通常发现的相反。
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