单个异常行为因人群的大小，上下文和场景而异。当检测，跟踪和认可异常行为的人时，诸如部分阻塞，模糊，大数字异常行为和摄像机观看之类的挑战发生在大规模的人群中。在本文中，我们的贡献是双重的。首先，我们介绍了一个注释和标记的大规模人群异常行为hajj数据集（hajjv2）。其次，我们提出了两种混合卷积神经网络（CNN）和随机森林（RFS）的两种方法，以检测和识别小型和大型人群视频中的时空异常行为。在小型人群视频中，对Resnet-50预训练的CNN模型进行了微调，以验证空间域中的每个帧是正常还是异常。如果观察到异常行为，则使用基于运动的个体检测方法基于角链光流的大小和方向来定位和跟踪具有异常行为的个体。大规模人群视频中使用了Kalman过滤器，以预测和跟踪随后的帧中检测到的个体。然后，将均值，方差和标准偏差统计特征计算出来并馈送到RF，以对时间域中的行为异常行为进行分类。在大规模的人群中，我们使用Yolov2对象检测技术微调Resnet-50模型，以检测空间域中行为异常的个体。

Detecting abnormal crowd motion emerging from complex interactions of individuals is paramount to ensure the safety of crowds. Crowd-level abnormal behaviors (CABs), e.g., counter flow and crowd turbulence, are proven to be the crucial causes of many crowd disasters. In the recent decade, video anomaly detection (VAD) techniques have achieved remarkable success in detecting individual-level abnormal behaviors (e.g., sudden running, fighting and stealing), but research on VAD for CABs is rather limited. Unlike individual-level anomaly, CABs usually do not exhibit salient difference from the normal behaviors when observed locally, and the scale of CABs could vary from one scenario to another. In this paper, we present a systematic study to tackle the important problem of VAD for CABs with a novel crowd motion learning framework, multi-scale motion consistency network (MSMC-Net). MSMC-Net first captures the spatial and temporal crowd motion consistency information in a graph representation. Then, it simultaneously trains multiple feature graphs constructed at different scales to capture rich crowd patterns. An attention network is used to adaptively fuse the multi-scale features for better CAB detection. For the empirical study, we consider three large-scale crowd event datasets, UMN, Hajj and Love Parade. Experimental results show that MSMC-Net could substantially improve the state-of-the-art performance on all the datasets.

Surveillance videos are able to capture a variety of realistic anomalies. In this paper, we propose to learn anomalies by exploiting both normal and anomalous videos. To avoid annotating the anomalous segments or clips in training videos, which is very time consuming, we propose to learn anomaly through the deep multiple instance ranking framework by leveraging weakly labeled training videos, i.e. the training labels (anomalous or normal) are at videolevel instead of clip-level. In our approach, we consider normal and anomalous videos as bags and video segments as instances in multiple instance learning (MIL), and automatically learn a deep anomaly ranking model that predicts high anomaly scores for anomalous video segments. Furthermore, we introduce sparsity and temporal smoothness constraints in the ranking loss function to better localize anomaly during training.We also introduce a new large-scale first of its kind dataset of 128 hours of videos. It consists of 1900 long and untrimmed real-world surveillance videos, with 13 realistic anomalies such as fighting, road accident, burglary, robbery, etc. as well as normal activities. This dataset can be used for two tasks. First, general anomaly detection considering all anomalies in one group and all normal activities in another group. Second, for recognizing each of 13 anomalous activities. Our experimental results show that our MIL method for anomaly detection achieves significant improvement on anomaly detection performance as compared to the state-of-the-art approaches. We provide the results of several recent deep learning baselines on anomalous activity recognition. The low recognition performance of these baselines reveals that our dataset is very challenging and opens more opportunities for future work. The dataset is

当今智能城市中产生的大型视频数据从其有目的的用法角度引起了人们的关注，其中监视摄像机等是最突出的资源，是为大量数据做出贡献的最突出的资源，使其自动化分析成为计算方面的艰巨任务。和精确。暴力检测（VD）在行动和活动识别域中广泛崩溃，用于分析大型视频数据，以了解由于人类而引起的异常动作。传统上，VD文献基于手动设计的功能，尽管开发了基于深度学习的独立模型的进步用于实时VD分析。本文重点介绍了深度序列学习方法以及检测到的暴力的本地化策略。该概述还介入了基于机器学习的初始图像处理和基于机器学习的文献及其可能具有的优势，例如针对当前复杂模型的效率。此外，讨论了数据集，以提供当前模型的分析，并用对先前方法的深入分析得出的VD域中的未来方向解释了他们的利弊。

深度学习模型已广泛用于监控视频中的异常检测。典型模型配备了重建普通视频的能力，并评估异常视频的重建错误以指示异常的程度。然而，现有方法遭受了两个缺点。首先，它们只能独立地编码每个身份的运动，而不考虑身份之间的相互作用，这也可以指示异常。其次，他们利用了结构在不同场景下固定的粘合模型，这种配置禁止了对场景的理解。在本文中，我们提出了一个分层时空图卷积神经网络（HSTGCNN）来解决这些问题，HSTGCNN由对应于不同级别的图形表示的多个分支组成。高级图形表示编码人们的轨迹以及多个身份之间的交互，而低级图表表示编码每个人的本地身体姿势。此外，我们建议加权组合在不同场景中更好的多个分支。以这种方式实现了对单级图形表示的改进。实现了对场景的理解并提供异常检测。在低分辨率视频中为在低分辨率视频中编码低分辨率视频中的人员的移动速度和方向编码高级别的图表表示，而在高分辨率视频中将更高的权重分配更高的权重。实验结果表明，建议的HSTGCNN在四个基准数据集（UCSD Spistrian，Shanghaitech，Cuhk Aveance和IITB-Whent）上的当前最先进的模型显着优于最新的最先进模型。

异常识别高度取决于对象与场景之间的关系，因为相同/不同场景中的不同/相同对象动作可能导致各种程度的正态性和异常。因此，对象场景关系实际上在异常检测中起着至关重要的作用，但在以前的工作中探讨了不足。在本文中，我们提出了一个时空关系学习（STRL）框架来解决视频异常检测任务。首先，考虑到对象的动态特征以及场景区域，我们构建了一个时空自动编码器（STAE），以共同利用代表学习的空间和时间演化模式。为了获得更好的图案提取，在STAE模块中设计了两个解码分支，即通过直接预测下一个帧来捕获空间提示的外观分支，以及一个运动分支，重点是通过光流预测对动态进行建模。然后，为了很好地融合对象场所关系，设计了一个关系学习（RL）模块来通过引入知识图嵌入方法来分析和总结正常关系。在此过程中具体来说，通过共同建模对象/场景特征和优化的对象场所关系图来衡量对象场景关系的合理性。在三个公共数据集上进行了广泛的实验，而对最新方法的优越性能证明了我们方法的有效性。

The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.

在当代社会中，监视异常检测，即在监视视频中发现异常事件，例如犯罪或事故，是一项关键任务。由于异常发生很少发生，大多数培训数据包括没有标记的视频，没有异常事件，这使得任务具有挑战性。大多数现有方法使用自动编码器（AE）学习重建普通视频；然后，他们根据未能重建异常场景的出现来检测异常。但是，由于异常是通过外观和运动来区分的，因此许多先前的方法使用预训练的光流模型明确分开了外观和运动信息，例如。这种明确的分离限制了两种类型的信息之间的相互表示功能。相比之下，我们提出了一个隐式的两路AE（ITAE），其中两个编码器隐含模型外观和运动特征以及一个将它们组合在一起以学习正常视频模式的结构。对于正常场景的复杂分布，我们建议通过归一化流量（NF）的生成模型对ITAE特征的正常密度估计，以学习可拖动的可能性，并使用无法分布的检测来识别异常。 NF模型通过隐式学习的功能通过学习正常性来增强ITAE性能。最后，我们在六个基准测试中演示了ITAE及其特征分布建模的有效性，包括在现实世界中包含各种异常的数据库。

视频异常检测是视觉中的核心问题。正确检测和识别视频数据中行人中的异常行为将使安全至关重要的应用，例如监视，活动监测和人类机器人的互动。在本文中，我们建议利用无监督的行人异常事件检测的轨迹定位和预测。与以前的基于重建的方法不同，我们提出的框架依赖于正常和异常行人轨迹的预测误差来在空间和时间上检测异常。我们介绍了有关不同时间尺度的现实基准数据集的实验结果，并表明我们提出的基于轨迹预言的异常检测管道在识别视频中行人的异常活动方面有效有效。代码将在https://github.com/akanuasiegbu/leveraging-trajectory-prediction-for-pedestrian-video-anomaly-detection上提供。

人类行动识别是计算机视觉中的重要应用领域。它的主要目的是准确地描述人类的行为及其相互作用，从传感器获得的先前看不见的数据序列中。识别，理解和预测复杂人类行动的能力能够构建许多重要的应用，例如智能监视系统，人力计算机界面，医疗保健，安全和军事应用。近年来，计算机视觉社区特别关注深度学习。本文使用深度学习技术的视频分析概述了当前的动作识别最新识别。我们提出了识别人类行为的最重要的深度学习模型，并分析它们，以提供用于解决人类行动识别问题的深度学习算法的当前进展，以突出其优势和缺点。基于文献中报道的识别精度的定量分析，我们的研究确定了动作识别中最新的深层体系结构，然后为该领域的未来工作提供当前的趋势和开放问题。

视频异常检测是现在计算机视觉中的热门研究主题之一，因为异常事件包含大量信息。异常是监控系统中的主要检测目标之一，通常需要实时行动。关于培训的标签数据的可用性（即，没有足够的标记数据进行异常），半监督异常检测方法最近获得了利益。本文介绍了该领域的研究人员，以新的视角，并评论了最近的基于深度学习的半监督视频异常检测方法，基于他们用于异常检测的共同策略。我们的目标是帮助研究人员开发更有效的视频异常检测方法。由于选择右深神经网络的选择对于这项任务的几个部分起着重要作用，首先准备了对DNN的快速比较审查。与以前的调查不同，DNN是从时空特征提取观点审查的，用于视频异常检测。这部分审查可以帮助本领域的研究人员选择合适的网络，以获取其方法的不同部分。此外，基于其检测策略，一些最先进的异常检测方法受到严格调查。审查提供了一种新颖，深入了解现有方法，并导致陈述这些方法的缺点，这可能是未来作品的提示。

We develop a novel framework for single-scene video anomaly localization that allows for human-understandable reasons for the decisions the system makes. We first learn general representations of objects and their motions (using deep networks) and then use these representations to build a high-level, location-dependent model of any particular scene. This model can be used to detect anomalies in new videos of the same scene. Importantly, our approach is explainable - our high-level appearance and motion features can provide human-understandable reasons for why any part of a video is classified as normal or anomalous. We conduct experiments on standard video anomaly detection datasets (Street Scene, CUHK Avenue, ShanghaiTech and UCSD Ped1, Ped2) and show significant improvements over the previous state-of-the-art.

Object movement identification is one of the most researched problems in the field of computer vision. In this task, we try to classify a pixel as foreground or background. Even though numerous traditional machine learning and deep learning methods already exist for this problem, the two major issues with most of them are the need for large amounts of ground truth data and their inferior performance on unseen videos. Since every pixel of every frame has to be labeled, acquiring large amounts of data for these techniques gets rather expensive. Recently, Zhao et al. [1] proposed one of a kind Arithmetic Distribution Neural Network (ADNN) for universal background subtraction which utilizes probability information from the histogram of temporal pixels and achieves promising results. Building onto this work, we developed an intelligent video surveillance system that uses ADNN architecture for motion detection, trims the video with parts only containing motion, and performs anomaly detection on the trimmed video.

人类堕落是非常关键的健康问题之一，尤其是对于长老和残疾人而言。在全球范围内，老年人口的数量正在稳步增加。因此，人类的跌倒发现已成为为这些人辅助生活的有效技术。为了辅助生活，大量使用了深度学习和计算机视觉。在这篇评论文章中，我们讨论了基于深度学习（DL）的最先进的非侵入性（基于视觉的）秋季检测技术。我们还提出了有关秋季检测基准数据集的调查。为了清楚理解，我们简要讨论用于评估秋季检测系统性能的不同指标。本文还为基于视觉的人类跌落检测技术提供了未来的指导。

视频异常检测（VAD）是计算机视觉中的重要主题。本文通过最新的自我监督学习进展的激励，通过解决直观而又具有挑战性的借口任务，即时空拼图拼图来解决VAD，该任务是一个多标签的精细粒度分类问题。我们的方法比现有作品具有几个优点：1）时空拼图难题是根据空间和时间维度分离的，分别捕获了高度歧视性的外观和运动特征； 2）完全排列用于提供涵盖各种难度水平的丰富拼图难题，从而使网络能够区分正常事件和异常事件之间的细微时空差异； 3）借口任务以端到端的方式解决，而无需依赖任何预训练的模型。我们的方法优于三个公共基准的最先进的方法。尤其是在上海校园中，其结果优于重建和基于预测的方法。

Aiming at the problem that the current video anomaly detection cannot fully use the temporal information and ignore the diversity of normal behavior, an anomaly detection method is proposed to integrate the spatiotemporal information of pedestrians. Based on the convolutional autoencoder, the input frame is compressed and restored through the encoder and decoder. Anomaly detection is realized according to the difference between the output frame and the true value. In order to strengthen the characteristic information connection between continuous video frames, the residual temporal shift module and the residual channel attention module are introduced to improve the modeling ability of the network on temporal information and channel information, respectively. Due to the excessive generalization of convolutional neural networks, in the memory enhancement modules, the hopping connections of each codec layer are added to limit autoencoders' ability to represent abnormal frames too vigorously and improve the anomaly detection accuracy of the network. In addition, the objective function is modified by a feature discretization loss, which effectively distinguishes different normal behavior patterns. The experimental results on the CUHK Avenue and ShanghaiTech datasets show that the proposed method is superior to the current mainstream video anomaly detection methods while meeting the real-time requirements.

视频中的战斗检测是当今监视系统和流媒体的流行率的新兴深度学习应用程序。以前的工作主要依靠行动识别技术来解决这个问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单但有效的方法，该方法从新的角度解决了任务：我们将战斗检测模型设计为动作感知功能提取器和异常得分生成器的组成。另外，考虑到视频收集帧级标签太费力了，我们设计了一个弱监督的两阶段训练计划，在此我们使用在视频级别标签上计算出的多个实体学习损失来培训得分生成器，并采用自我训练的技术以进一步提高其性能。在公开可用的大规模数据集（UBI-Fights）上进行了广泛的实验，证明了我们方法的有效性，并且数据集的性能超过了几种先前的最先进的方法。此外，我们收集了一个新的数据集VFD-2000，该数据集专门研究视频战斗检测，比现有数据集更大，场景更大。我们的方法的实现和拟议的数据集将在https://github.com/hepta-col/videofightdetection上公开获得。

We propose a simple, yet effective approach for spatiotemporal feature learning using deep 3-dimensional convolutional networks (3D ConvNets) trained on a large scale supervised video dataset. Our findings are three-fold: 1) 3D ConvNets are more suitable for spatiotemporal feature learning compared to 2D ConvNets; 2) A homogeneous architecture with small 3 × 3 × 3 convolution kernels in all layers is among the best performing architectures for 3D ConvNets; and 3) Our learned features, namely C3D (Convolutional 3D), with a simple linear classifier outperform state-of-the-art methods on 4 different benchmarks and are comparable with current best methods on the other 2 benchmarks. In addition, the features are compact: achieving 52.8% accuracy on UCF101 dataset with only 10 dimensions and also very efficient to compute due to the fast inference of ConvNets. Finally, they are conceptually very simple and easy to train and use.

最近在文献中引入了用于视频异常检测的自我监督的多任务学习（SSMTL）框架。由于其准确的结果，该方法吸引了许多研究人员的注意。在这项工作中，我们重新审视了自我监督的多任务学习框架，并提出了对原始方法的几个更新。首先，我们研究各种检测方法，例如基于使用光流或背景减法检测高运动区域，因为我们认为当前使用的预训练的Yolov3是次优的，例如从未检测到运动中的对象或来自未知类的对象。其次，我们通过引入多头自发项模块的启发，通过引入多头自我发项模块，使3D卷积骨干链现代化。因此，我们替代地引入了2D和3D卷积视觉变压器（CVT）块。第三，为了进一步改善模型，我们研究了其他自我监督的学习任务，例如通过知识蒸馏来预测细分图，解决拼图拼图，通过知识蒸馏估算身体的姿势，预测掩盖的区域（Inpaining）和对抗性学习具有伪异常。我们进行实验以评估引入变化的性能影响。在找到框架的更有希望的配置后，称为SSMTL ++ V1和SSMTL ++ V2后，我们将初步实验扩展到了更多数据集，表明我们的性能提高在所有数据集中都是一致的。在大多数情况下，我们在大道，上海the夫和Ubnormal上的结果将最新的表现提升到了新的水平。

People living with dementia often exhibit behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia that can put their and others' safety at risk. Existing video surveillance systems in long-term care facilities can be used to monitor such behaviours of risk to alert the staff to prevent potential injuries or death in some cases. However, these behaviours of risk events are heterogeneous and infrequent in comparison to normal events. Moreover, analyzing raw videos can also raise privacy concerns. In this paper, we present two novel privacy-protecting video-based anomaly detection approaches to detect behaviours of risks in people with dementia. We either extracted body pose information as skeletons and use semantic segmentation masks to replace multiple humans in the scene with their semantic boundaries. Our work differs from most existing approaches for video anomaly detection that focus on appearance-based features, which can put the privacy of a person at risk and is also susceptible to pixel-based noise, including illumination and viewing direction. We used anonymized videos of normal activities to train customized spatio-temporal convolutional autoencoders and identify behaviours of risk as anomalies. We show our results on a real-world study conducted in a dementia care unit with patients with dementia, containing approximately 21 hours of normal activities data for training and 9 hours of data containing normal and behaviours of risk events for testing. We compared our approaches with the original RGB videos and obtained an equivalent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve performance of 0.807 for the skeleton-based approach and 0.823 for the segmentation mask-based approach. This is one of the first studies to incorporate privacy for the detection of behaviours of risks in people with dementia.