加强学习(RL)通常假设访问明确指定的奖励功能,许多实际应用无法提供。取而代之的是,最近,更多的工作探索了从与人互动中学习该做什么。到目前为止,这些方法中的大多数方法都模仿人类(卑鄙的)理性,尤其是提供无偏见的反馈。我们认为这些模型过于简单,RL研究人员需要开发更现实的人类模型来设计和评估其算法。特别是,我们认为人类模型必须是个人,背景和动态的。本文呼吁从不同学科的研究中进行研究,以解决有关人类如何向AI提供反馈以及我们如何构建更强大的人类RL系统的关键问题。
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虽然AI有利于人类,但如果没有适当发展,它也可能会损害人类。 HCI工作的重点是从与非AI计算系统的传统人类交互转换,以与AI系统交互。我们在HCI视角下开展了高级文献综述,对当前工作的整体分析。我们的审核和分析突出了AI技术引入的新变更以及HCI专业人员在AI系统开发中应用人以人为本的AI(HCAI)方法时,新挑战的新挑战。我们还确定了与AI系统人类互动的七个主要问题,其中HCI专业人员在开发非AI计算系统时没有遇到。为了进一步实现HCAI方法的实施,我们确定了与特定的HCAI驱动的设计目标相关的新的HCI机会,以指导HCI专业人员解决这些新问题。最后,我们对当前HCI方法的评估显示了这些方法支持开发AI系统的局限性。我们提出了可以帮助克服这些局限性的替代方法,并有效帮助HCI专业人员将HCAI方法应用于AI系统的发展。我们还为HCI专业人员提供战略建议,以有效影响利用HCAI方法的AI系统的发展,最终发展HCAI系统。
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Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In this paper, we explore how HCI and AI researchers conduct user studies in XAI applications based on a systematic literature review. After identifying and thoroughly analyzing 85 core papers with human-based XAI evaluations over the past five years, we categorize them along the measured characteristics of explanatory methods, namely trust, understanding, fairness, usability, and human-AI team performance. Our research shows that XAI is spreading more rapidly in certain application domains, such as recommender systems than in others, but that user evaluations are still rather sparse and incorporate hardly any insights from cognitive or social sciences. Based on a comprehensive discussion of best practices, i.e., common models, design choices, and measures in user studies, we propose practical guidelines on designing and conducting user studies for XAI researchers and practitioners. Lastly, this survey also highlights several open research directions, particularly linking psychological science and human-centered XAI.
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In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.
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过去十年已经看到人工智能(AI)的显着进展,这导致了用于解决各种问题的算法。然而,通过增加模型复杂性并采用缺乏透明度的黑匣子AI模型来满足这种成功。为了响应这种需求,已经提出了说明的AI(Xai)以使AI更透明,从而提高关键结构域中的AI。虽然有几个关于Xai主题的Xai主题的评论,但在Xai中发现了挑战和潜在的研究方向,这些挑战和研究方向被分散。因此,本研究为Xai组织的挑战和未来的研究方向提出了系统的挑战和未来研究方向:(1)基于机器学习生命周期的Xai挑战和研究方向,基于机器的挑战和研究方向阶段:设计,开发和部署。我们认为,我们的META调查通过为XAI地区的未来探索指导提供了XAI文学。
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Human perception, memory and decision-making are impacted by tens of cognitive biases and heuristics that influence our actions and decisions. Despite the pervasiveness of such biases, they are generally not leveraged by today's Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that model human behavior and interact with humans. In this theoretical paper, we claim that the future of human-machine collaboration will entail the development of AI systems that model, understand and possibly replicate human cognitive biases. We propose the need for a research agenda on the interplay between human cognitive biases and Artificial Intelligence. We categorize existing cognitive biases from the perspective of AI systems, identify three broad areas of interest and outline research directions for the design of AI systems that have a better understanding of our own biases.
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行为互联网(IOB)将人类行为放在工程智能连接系统的核心。 IOB将数字世界与人类行为联系起来建立人类驱动的设计,开发和适应过程。本文根据与软件工程师,人机互动科学家,社会科学家和认知科学社区互动的集体努力来定义IOB模型的新颖概念。基于IOB的模型,基于探索性研究,综合最先进的分析和专家访谈。真正的行业4.0制造基础设施的架构有助于解释IOB模型及其应用。概念模型用于成功为Uffizi画廊,意大利佛罗伦萨的人群监测和队列管理系统成功实施社会技术基础设施。该实验始于2016年秋季,并在2018年秋季进行运营,使用了一种数据驱动方法来使用实时感官数据来提供系统。它还在游客的移动行为上注入了预测模型。该系统的主要目标是捕捉人类行为,模型,并建立一种考虑变化,实时适应变化的机制,并不断从重复行为中学习。除了概念模型和现实生活评价外,本文还提供专家的建议,并为未来几年成为IOB成为一个重要的技术进步的未来指导。
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This article presents a survey of literature in the area of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), specifically on systems containing more than two agents (i.e., having multiple humans and/or multiple robots). We identify three core aspects of ``Multi-agent" HRI systems that are useful for understanding how these systems differ from dyadic systems and from one another. These are the Team structure, Interaction style among agents, and the system's Computational characteristics. Under these core aspects, we present five attributes of HRI systems, namely Team size, Team composition, Interaction model, Communication modalities, and Robot control. These attributes are used to characterize and distinguish one system from another. We populate resulting categories with examples from recent literature along with a brief discussion of their applications and analyze how these attributes differ from the case of dyadic human-robot systems. We summarize key observations from the current literature, and identify challenges and promising areas for future research in this domain. In order to realize the vision of robots being part of the society and interacting seamlessly with humans, there is a need to expand research on multi-human -- multi-robot systems. Not only do these systems require coordination among several agents, they also involve multi-agent and indirect interactions which are absent from dyadic HRI systems. Adding multiple agents in HRI systems requires advanced interaction schemes, behavior understanding and control methods to allow natural interactions among humans and robots. In addition, research on human behavioral understanding in mixed human-robot teams also requires more attention. This will help formulate and implement effective robot control policies in HRI systems with large numbers of heterogeneous robots and humans; a team composition reflecting many real-world scenarios.
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为了提高模型透明度并允许用户形成训练有素的ML模型的心理模型,解释对AI和机器学习(ML)社区的兴趣越来越高。但是,解释可以超越这种方式通信作为引起用户控制的机制,因为一旦用户理解,他们就可以提供反馈。本文的目的是介绍研究概述,其中解释与交互式功能相结合,是从头开始学习新模型并编辑和调试现有模型的手段。为此,我们绘制了最先进的概念图,根据其预期目的以及它们如何构建相互作用,突出它们之间的相似性和差异来分组相关方法。我们还讨论开放研究问题并概述可能的方向,希望促使人们对这个开花研究主题进行进一步的研究。
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机器学习显着增强了机器人的能力,使他们能够在人类环境中执行广泛的任务并适应我们不确定的现实世界。机器学习各个领域的最新作品强调了公平性的重要性,以确保这些算法不会再现人类的偏见并导致歧视性结果。随着机器人学习系统在我们的日常生活中越来越多地执行越来越多的任务,了解这种偏见的影响至关重要,以防止对某些人群的意外行为。在这项工作中,我们从跨学科的角度进行了关于机器人学习公平性的首次调查,该研究跨越了技术,道德和法律挑战。我们提出了偏见来源的分类法和由此产生的歧视类型。使用来自不同机器人学习域的示例,我们研究了不公平结果和减轻策略的场景。我们通过涵盖不同的公平定义,道德和法律考虑以及公平机器人学习的方法来介绍该领域的早期进步。通过这项工作,我们旨在为公平机器人学习中的开创性发展铺平道路。
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强化学习(RL)和脑电脑接口(BCI)是过去十年一直在增长的两个领域。直到最近,这些字段彼此独立操作。随着对循环(HITL)应用的兴趣升高,RL算法已经适用于人类指导,从而产生互动强化学习(IRL)的子领域。相邻的,BCI应用一直很感兴趣在人机交互期间从神经活动中提取内在反馈。这两个想法通过将BCI集成到IRL框架中,将RL和BCI设置在碰撞过程中,通过将内在反馈可用于帮助培训代理商来帮助框架。这种交叉点被称为内在的IRL。为了进一步帮助,促进BCI和IRL的更深层次,我们对内在IRILL的审查有着重点在于其母体领域的反馈驱动的IRL,同时还提供有关有效性,挑战和未来研究方向的讨论。
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在接下来的几十年中,人工通用情报(AGI)可能会超过人类在各种重要任务下的能力。该报告为为什么如果没有实质性采取行动来阻止它,AGI可能会利用他们的智能来追求目标,而这些目标是从人类的角度出发,可能会带来潜在的灾难性后果。该报告旨在涵盖激励对对齐问题的关注的关键论点,以尽可能简洁,具体和技术上的方式进行对齐问题。我认为,现实的培训过程可能会导致AGIS中未对准的目标,尤其是因为通过强化学习训练的神经网络将学会计划实现一系列目标;通过欺骗性追求未对准的目标获得更多奖励;并以破坏服从的方式概括。就像Cotra(2022)的较早报告中一样,我在参考说明性AGI培训过程中解释了我的主张,然后概述了解决问题的不同方面的可能的研究方向。
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当代机器人主义者的主要目标之一是使智能移动机器人能够在共享的人类机器人环境中平稳运行。为此目标服务的最基本必要的功能之一是在这种“社会”背景下有效的导航。结果,最近的一般社会导航的研究激增,尤其是如何处理社会导航代理之间的冲突。这些贡献介绍了各种模型,算法和评估指标,但是由于该研究领域本质上是跨学科的,因此许多相关论文是不可比较的,并且没有共同的标准词汇。这项调查的主要目标是通过引入这种通用语言,使用它来调查现有工作并突出开放问题来弥合这一差距。它首先定义社会导航的冲突,并提供其组成部分的详细分类学。然后,这项调查将现有工作映射到了本分类法中,同时使用其框架讨论论文。最后,本文提出了一些未来的研究方向和开放问题,这些方向目前正在社会导航的边界,以帮助集中于正在进行的和未来的研究。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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人工智能研究中的一个新兴主题是创建模型,以模拟特定人员的决策和行为,包括游戏玩法,文本生成和艺术表达。这些模型以对个人的量身定制的方式以及为互动而不是简单地繁殖固定的预计行为的复制方式而超越了早期的方法。我们将这些称为模拟模型,在本文中,我们开发了一个框架,以表征其日益增长的可用性所带来的道德和社会问题。我们的框架包括用于使用此类模型的许多不同方案,并考虑了对一系列不同参与者的影响,包括正在建模的目标,部署模型的操作员以及与之交互的实体。
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在游戏中,就像在其他许多领域一样,设计验证和测试是一个巨大的挑战,因为系统的大小和手动测试变得不可行。本文提出了一种新方法来自动游戏验证和测试。我们的方法利用了数据驱动的模仿学习技术,这几乎不需要精力和时间,并且对机器学习或编程不了解,设计师可以使用该技术有效地训练游戏测试剂。我们通过与行业专家的用户研究一起研究了方法的有效性。调查结果表明,我们的方法确实是一种有效的游戏验证方法,并且数据驱动的编程将是减少努力和提高现代游戏测试质量的有用帮助。该调查还突出了一些开放挑战。在最新文献的帮助下,我们分析了确定的挑战,并提出了适合支持和最大化我们方法实用性的未来研究方向。
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临时团队合作是设计可以与新队友合作而无需事先协调的研究问题的研究问题。这项调查做出了两个贡献:首先,它提供了对临时团队工作问题不同方面的结构化描述。其次,它讨论了迄今为止该领域取得的进展,并确定了临时团队工作中需要解决的直接和长期开放问题。
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在线众包平台使对算法输出进行评估变得容易,并提出诸如“哪个图像更好,A或B?”之类的问题的调查,在视觉和图形研究论文中的这些“用户研究”的扩散导致了增加匆忙进行的研究充其量是草率且无知的,并且可能有害和误导。我们认为,在计算机视觉和图形论文中的用户研究的设计和报告需要更多关注。为了提高从业者的知识并提高用户研究的可信度和可复制性,我们提供了用户体验研究(UXR),人类计算机互动(HCI)和相关领域的方法论的概述。我们讨论了目前在计算机视觉和图形研究中未利用的基础用户研究方法(例如,需要调查),但可以为研究项目提供宝贵的指导。我们为有兴趣探索其他UXR方法的读者提供了进一步的指导。最后,我们描述了研究界的更广泛的开放问题和建议。我们鼓励作者和审稿人都认识到,并非每项研究贡献都需要用户研究,而且根本没有研究比不小心进行的研究更好。
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Imitation learning techniques aim to mimic human behavior in a given task. An agent (a learning machine) is trained to perform a task from demonstrations by learning a mapping between observations and actions. The idea of teaching by imitation has been around for many years, however, the field is gaining attention recently due to advances in computing and sensing as well as rising demand for intelligent applications. The paradigm of learning by imitation is gaining popularity because it facilitates teaching complex tasks with minimal expert knowledge of the tasks. Generic imitation learning methods could potentially reduce the problem of teaching a task to that of providing demonstrations; without the need for explicit programming or designing reward functions specific to the task. Modern sensors are able to collect and transmit high volumes of data rapidly, and processors with high computational power allow fast processing that maps the sensory data to actions in a timely manner. This opens the door for many potential AI applications that require real-time perception and reaction such as humanoid robots, self-driving vehicles, human computer interaction and computer games to name a few. However, specialized algorithms are needed to effectively and robustly learn models as learning by imitation poses its own set of challenges. In this paper, we survey imitation learning methods and present design options in different steps of the learning process. We introduce a background and motivation for the field as well as highlight challenges specific to the imitation problem. Methods for designing and evaluating imitation learning tasks are categorized and reviewed. Special attention is given to learning methods in robotics and games as these domains are the most popular in the literature and provide a wide array of problems and methodologies. We extensively discuss combining imitation learning approaches using different sources and methods, as well as incorporating other motion learning methods to enhance imitation. We also discuss the potential impact on industry, present major applications and highlight current and future research directions.
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作为人工智能(AI)的技术子领域,可解释的AI(XAI)已经产生了广泛的算法集合,为研究人员和从业者提供了一个工具箱,用于构建XAI应用程序。凭借丰富的应用机会,解释性已经超越了数据科学家或研究人员的需求,以了解他们发展的模型,成为人们信任的重要要求,并采用部署在众多域中的AI。然而,解释性是一种本质上以人为本的财产,该领域开始接受以人为本的方法。人机互动(HCI)研究和用户体验(UX)设计在该地区的设计越来越重要。在本章中,我们从Xai算法技术景观的高级概述开始,然后选择性地调查我们自己和其他最近的HCI工作,以便以人为本的设计,评估,为Xai提供概念和方法工具。我们询问问题``以人为本的方式为Xai'做了什么,并突出了三个角色,通过帮助导航,评估和扩展Xai工具箱来塑造XAI技术的三个角色:通过用户解释性需要推动技术选择揭示现有XAI方法的缺陷,并通知新方法,为人类兼容的XAI提供概念框架。
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