提升是机器学习中最重要的发展之一。本文研究了在高维环境中量身定制的$ l_2 $增强的收敛速度。此外，我们介绍了所谓的\ textquotedblleft后升后\ textquotedblright。这是一个选择后的估计器，将普通最小二乘适用于在第一阶段选择的变量，以$ l_2 $增强。另一个变体是\ textquotedblleft正交增强\ texquotedblright \，在每个步骤之后，进行正交投影。我们表明，$ L_2 $的提升和正交增强都在稀疏，高维的环境中达到与Lasso相同的收敛速度。我们表明，经典$ L_2 $增强的收敛速率取决于稀疏特征值常数所描述的设计矩阵。为了显示后者的结果，我们基于分析$ L_2 $增强的重新审视行为，为纯贪婪算法得出了新的近似结果。我们还引入了可行的早期停止规则，可以轻松地实施和使用应用程序。我们的结果还允许在文献中缺少Lasso和Boosting之间进行直接比较。最后，我们介绍了模拟研究和应用，以说明我们的理论结果的相关性，并提供对增强的实际方面的见解。在这些模拟研究中，$ L_2 $提升明显优于套索。

在本文中，我们利用过度参数化来设计高维单索索引模型的无规矩算法，并为诱导的隐式正则化现象提供理论保证。具体而言，我们研究了链路功能是非线性且未知的矢量和矩阵单索引模型，信号参数是稀疏向量或低秩对称矩阵，并且响应变量可以是重尾的。为了更好地理解隐含正规化的角色而没有过度的技术性，我们假设协变量的分布是先验的。对于载体和矩阵设置，我们通过采用分数函数变换和专为重尾数据的强大截断步骤来构造过度参数化最小二乘损耗功能。我们建议通过将无规则化的梯度下降应用于损耗函数来估计真实参数。当初始化接近原点并且步骤中足够小时，我们证明了所获得的解决方案在载体和矩阵案件中实现了最小的收敛统计速率。此外，我们的实验结果支持我们的理论调查结果，并表明我们的方法在$ \ ell_2 $ -staticatisticated率和变量选择一致性方面具有明确的正则化的经验卓越。

本文为信号去噪提供了一般交叉验证框架。然后将一般框架应用于非参数回归方法，例如趋势过滤和二元推车。然后显示所得到的交叉验证版本以获得最佳调谐的类似物所熟知的几乎相同的收敛速度。没有任何先前的趋势过滤或二元推车的理论分析。为了说明框架的一般性，我们还提出并研究了两个基本估算器的交叉验证版本;套索用于高维线性回归和矩阵估计的奇异值阈值阈值。我们的一般框架是由Chatterjee和Jafarov（2015）的想法的启发，并且可能适用于使用调整参数的广泛估算方法。

在稀疏线性建模 - 最佳子集选择中，研究了一个看似意外的，相对不太理解的基本工具的过度选择，这最小化了对非零系数的约束的限制的剩余平方和。虽然当信噪比（SNR）高时，最佳子集选择过程通常被视为稀疏学习中的“黄金标准”，但是当SNR低时，其预测性能会恶化。特别是，它通过连续收缩方法而言，例如脊回归和套索。我们研究了高噪声制度中最佳子集选择的行为，并提出了一种基于最小二乘标准的正则化版本的替代方法。我们提出的估算员（a）在很大程度上减轻了高噪声制度的最佳次集选择的可预测性能差。 （b）相对于通过脊回归和套索的最佳预测模型，通常递送大幅稀疏模型的同时表现出有利的。我们对所提出的方法的预测性质进行广泛的理论分析，并在噪声水平高时提供相对于最佳子集选择的优越预测性能的理由。我们的估算器可以表达为混合整数二阶圆锥优化问题的解决方案，因此，来自数学优化的现代计算工具可供使用。

High-dimensional data can often display heterogeneity due to heteroscedastic variance or inhomogeneous covariate effects. Penalized quantile and expectile regression methods offer useful tools to detect heteroscedasticity in high-dimensional data. The former is computationally challenging due to the non-smooth nature of the check loss, and the latter is sensitive to heavy-tailed error distributions. In this paper, we propose and study (penalized) robust expectile regression (retire), with a focus on iteratively reweighted $\ell_1$-penalization which reduces the estimation bias from $\ell_1$-penalization and leads to oracle properties. Theoretically, we establish the statistical properties of the retire estimator under two regimes: (i) low-dimensional regime in which $d \ll n$; (ii) high-dimensional regime in which $s\ll n\ll d$ with $s$ denoting the number of significant predictors. In the high-dimensional setting, we carefully characterize the solution path of the iteratively reweighted $\ell_1$-penalized retire estimation, adapted from the local linear approximation algorithm for folded-concave regularization. Under a mild minimum signal strength condition, we show that after as many as $\log(\log d)$ iterations the final iterate enjoys the oracle convergence rate. At each iteration, the weighted $\ell_1$-penalized convex program can be efficiently solved by a semismooth Newton coordinate descent algorithm. Numerical studies demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed procedure compared with either non-robust or quantile regression based alternatives.

Sparse reduced rank regression is an essential statistical learning method. In the contemporary literature, estimation is typically formulated as a nonconvex optimization that often yields to a local optimum in numerical computation. Yet, their theoretical analysis is always centered on the global optimum, resulting in a discrepancy between the statistical guarantee and the numerical computation. In this research, we offer a new algorithm to address the problem and establish an almost optimal rate for the algorithmic solution. We also demonstrate that the algorithm achieves the estimation with a polynomial number of iterations. In addition, we present a generalized information criterion to simultaneously ensure the consistency of support set recovery and rank estimation. Under the proposed criterion, we show that our algorithm can achieve the oracle reduced rank estimation with a significant probability. The numerical studies and an application in the ovarian cancer genetic data demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of our approach.

套索是一种高维回归的方法，当时，当协变量$ p $的订单数量或大于观测值$ n $时，通常使用它。由于两个基本原因，经典的渐近态性理论不适用于该模型：$（1）$正规风险是非平滑的； $（2）$估算器$ \ wideHat {\ boldsymbol {\ theta}} $与true参数vector $ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$无法忽略。结果，标准的扰动论点是渐近正态性的传统基础。另一方面，套索估计器可以精确地以$ n $和$ p $大，$ n/p $的订单为一。这种表征首先是在使用I.I.D的高斯设计的情况下获得的。协变量：在这里，我们将其推广到具有非偏差协方差结构的高斯相关设计。这是根据更简单的``固定设计''模型表示的。我们在两个模型中各种数量的分布之间的距离上建立了非反应界限，它们在合适的稀疏类别中均匀地固定在信号上$ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$。作为应用程序，我们研究了借助拉索的分布，并表明需要校正程度对于计算有效的置信区间是必要的。

组选择的最佳子集（BSG）是选择一小部分非重叠组以在响应变量上获得最佳解释性的过程。它吸引了越来越多的关注，并且在实践中具有深远的应用。但是，由于BSG在高维环境中的计算棘手性，开发用于解决BSGS的有效算法仍然是研究热点。在本文中，我们提出了一种划分的算法，该算法迭代地检测相关组并排除了无关的组。此外，再加上新的组信息标准，我们开发了一种自适应算法来确定最佳模型大小。在轻度条件下，我们的算法可以在多项式时间内以高概率确定组的最佳子集是可以证明的。最后，我们通过将它们与合成数据集和现实世界中的几种最新算法进行比较来证明我们的方法的效率和准确性。

In a high dimensional linear predictive regression where the number of potential predictors can be larger than the sample size, we consider using LASSO, a popular L1-penalized regression method, to estimate the sparse coefficients when many unit root regressors are present. Consistency of LASSO relies on two building blocks: the deviation bound of the cross product of the regressors and the error term, and the restricted eigenvalue of the Gram matrix of the regressors. In our setting where unit root regressors are driven by temporal dependent non-Gaussian innovations, we establish original probabilistic bounds for these two building blocks. The bounds imply that the rates of convergence of LASSO are different from those in the familiar cross sectional case. In practical applications given a mixture of stationary and nonstationary predictors, asymptotic guarantee of LASSO is preserved if all predictors are scale-standardized. In an empirical example of forecasting the unemployment rate with many macroeconomic time series, strong performance is delivered by LASSO when the initial specification is guided by macroeconomic domain expertise.

现代技术正在生成越来越多的数据。利用这些数据需要既有统计学上的声音又有效率的方法。通常，统计和计算方面会分别处理。在本文中，我们提出了一种在正规化估计的背景下纠缠这两个方面的方法。将我们的方法应用于稀疏和小组的回归，我们表明它可以在统计和计算上对标准管道进行改进。

Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.

现代高维方法经常采用“休稀稀物”的原则，而在监督多元学习统计学中可能面临着大量非零系数的“密集”问题。本文提出了一种新的聚类减少秩（CRL）框架，其施加了两个联合矩阵规范化，以自动分组构建预测因素的特征。 CRL比低级别建模更具可解释，并放松变量选择中的严格稀疏假设。在本文中，提出了新的信息 - 理论限制，揭示了寻求集群的内在成本，以及多元学习中的维度的祝福。此外，开发了一种有效的优化算法，其执行子空间学习和具有保证融合的聚类。所获得的定点估计器虽然不一定是全局最佳的，但在某些规则条件下享有超出标准似然设置的所需的统计准确性。此外，提出了一种新的信息标准，以及其无垢形式，用于集群和秩选择，并且具有严格的理论支持，而不假设无限的样本大小。广泛的模拟和实数据实验证明了所提出的方法的统计准确性和可解释性。

我们讨论了具有未知IV有效性的线性仪器变量（IV）模型中识别的基本问题。我们重新审视了流行的多数和多元化规则，并表明通常没有识别条件是“且仅在总体上”。假设“最稀少的规则”，该规则等同于多数规则，但在计算算法中变得运作，我们研究并证明了基于两步选择的其他IV估计器的非convex惩罚方法的优势，就两步选择而言选择一致性和单独弱IV的适应性。此外，我们提出了一种与识别条件保持一致的替代较低的惩罚，并同时提供甲骨文稀疏结构。与先前的文献相比，针对静脉强度较弱的估计仪得出了理想的理论特性。使用模拟证明了有限样本特性，并且选择和估计方法应用于有关贸易对经济增长的影响的经验研究。

稳定性选择（Meinshausen和Buhlmann，2010）通过返回许多副页面一致选择的功能来使任何特征选择方法更稳定。我们证明（在我们的知识中，它的知识，它的第一个结果），对于包含重要潜在变量的高度相关代理的数据，套索通常选择一个代理，但与套索的稳定性选择不能选择任何代理，导致比单独的套索更糟糕的预测性能。我们介绍集群稳定性选择，这利用了从业者的知识，即数据中存在高度相关的集群，从而产生比此设置中的稳定性选择更好的特征排名。我们考虑了几种特征组合方法，包括在每个重要集群中占据各个重要集群中的特征的加权平均值，其中重量由选择集群成员的频率决定，我们显示的是比以前的提案更好地导致更好的预测模型。我们呈现来自Meinshausen和Buhlmann（2010）和Shah和Samworth（2012）的理论担保的概括，以表明集群稳定选择保留相同的保证。总之，集群稳定性选择享有两个世界的最佳选择，产生既稳定的稀疏选择集，具有良好的预测性能。

异常值广泛发生在大数据应用中，可能严重影响统计估计和推理。在本文中，引入了抗强估计的框架，以强制任意给出的损耗函数。它与修剪方法密切连接，并且包括所有样本的显式外围参数，这反过来促进计算，理论和参数调整。为了解决非凸起和非体性的问题，我们开发可扩展的算法，以实现轻松和保证快速收敛。特别地，提出了一种新的技术来缓解对起始点的要求，使得在常规数据集上，可以大大减少数据重采样的数量。基于组合的统计和计算处理，我们能够超越M估计来执行非因思分析。所获得的抗性估算器虽然不一定全局甚至是局部最佳的，但在低维度和高维度中享有最小的速率最优性。回归，分类和神经网络的实验表明，在总异常值发生的情况下提出了拟议方法的优异性能。

我们研究了称为“乐观速率”（Panchenko 2002; Srebro等，2010）的统一收敛概念，用于与高斯数据的线性回归。我们的精致分析避免了现有结果中的隐藏常量和对数因子，这已知在高维设置中至关重要，特别是用于了解插值学习。作为一个特殊情况，我们的分析恢复了Koehler等人的保证。（2021年），在良性过度的过度条件下，严格地表征了低规范内插器的人口风险。但是，我们的乐观速度绑定还分析了具有任意训练错误的预测因子。这使我们能够在随机设计下恢复脊和套索回归的一些经典统计保障，并有助于我们在过度参数化制度中获得精确了解近端器的过度风险。

This paper provides estimation and inference methods for a conditional average treatment effects (CATE) characterized by a high-dimensional parameter in both homogeneous cross-sectional and unit-heterogeneous dynamic panel data settings. In our leading example, we model CATE by interacting the base treatment variable with explanatory variables. The first step of our procedure is orthogonalization, where we partial out the controls and unit effects from the outcome and the base treatment and take the cross-fitted residuals. This step uses a novel generic cross-fitting method we design for weakly dependent time series and panel data. This method "leaves out the neighbors" when fitting nuisance components, and we theoretically power it by using Strassen's coupling. As a result, we can rely on any modern machine learning method in the first step, provided it learns the residuals well enough. Second, we construct an orthogonal (or residual) learner of CATE -- the Lasso CATE -- that regresses the outcome residual on the vector of interactions of the residualized treatment with explanatory variables. If the complexity of CATE function is simpler than that of the first-stage regression, the orthogonal learner converges faster than the single-stage regression-based learner. Third, we perform simultaneous inference on parameters of the CATE function using debiasing. We also can use ordinary least squares in the last two steps when CATE is low-dimensional. In heterogeneous panel data settings, we model the unobserved unit heterogeneity as a weakly sparse deviation from Mundlak (1978)'s model of correlated unit effects as a linear function of time-invariant covariates and make use of L1-penalization to estimate these models. We demonstrate our methods by estimating price elasticities of groceries based on scanner data. We note that our results are new even for the cross-sectional (i.i.d) case.

We develop a general framework for distribution-free predictive inference in regression, using conformal inference. The proposed methodology allows for the construction of a prediction band for the response variable using any estimator of the regression function. The resulting prediction band preserves the consistency properties of the original estimator under standard assumptions, while guaranteeing finite-sample marginal coverage even when these assumptions do not hold. We analyze and compare, both empirically and theoretically, the two major variants of our conformal framework: full conformal inference and split conformal inference, along with a related jackknife method. These methods offer different tradeoffs between statistical accuracy (length of resulting prediction intervals) and computational efficiency. As extensions, we develop a method for constructing valid in-sample prediction intervals called rank-one-out conformal inference, which has essentially the same computational efficiency as split conformal inference. We also describe an extension of our procedures for producing prediction bands with locally varying length, in order to adapt to heteroskedascity in the data. Finally, we propose a model-free notion of variable importance, called leave-one-covariate-out or LOCO inference. Accompanying this paper is an R package conformalInference that implements all of the proposals we have introduced. In the spirit of reproducibility, all of our empirical results can also be easily (re)generated using this package.

Sparse modelling or model selection with categorical data is challenging even for a moderate number of variables, because one parameter is roughly needed to encode one category or level. The Group Lasso is a well known efficient algorithm for selection continuous or categorical variables, but all estimates related to a selected factor usually differ. Therefore, a fitted model may not be sparse, which makes the model interpretation difficult. To obtain a sparse solution of the Group Lasso we propose the following two-step procedure: first, we reduce data dimensionality using the Group Lasso; then to choose the final model we use an information criterion on a small family of models prepared by clustering levels of individual factors. We investigate selection correctness of the algorithm in a sparse high-dimensional scenario. We also test our method on synthetic as well as real datasets and show that it performs better than the state of the art algorithms with respect to the prediction accuracy or model dimension.

当我们对优化模型中的不确定参数进行观察以及对协变量的同时观察时，我们研究了数据驱动决策的优化。鉴于新的协变量观察，目标是选择一个决定以此观察为条件的预期成本的决定。我们研究了三个数据驱动的框架，这些框架将机器学习预测模型集成在随机编程样本平均值近似（SAA）中，以近似解决该问题的解决方案。 SAA框架中的两个是新的，并使用了场景生成的剩余预测模型的样本外残差。我们研究的框架是灵活的，并且可以容纳参数，非参数和半参数回归技术。我们在数据生成过程，预测模型和随机程序中得出条件，在这些程序下，这些数据驱动的SaaS的解决方案是一致且渐近最佳的，并且还得出了收敛速率和有限的样本保证。计算实验验证了我们的理论结果，证明了我们数据驱动的公式比现有方法的潜在优势（即使预测模型被误解了），并说明了我们在有限的数据制度中新的数据驱动配方的好处。