Federated Learning (FL), as a rapidly evolving privacy-preserving collaborative machine learning paradigm, is a promising approach to enable edge intelligence in the emerging Industrial Metaverse. Even though many successful use cases have proved the feasibility of FL in theory, in the industrial practice of Metaverse, the problems of non-independent and identically distributed (non-i.i.d.) data, learning forgetting caused by streaming industrial data, and scarce communication bandwidth remain key barriers to realize practical FL. Facing the above three challenges simultaneously, this paper presents a high-performance and efficient system named HFEDMS for incorporating practical FL into Industrial Metaverse. HFEDMS reduces data heterogeneity through dynamic grouping and training mode conversion (Dynamic Sequential-to-Parallel Training, STP). Then, it compensates for the forgotten knowledge by fusing compressed historical data semantics and calibrates classifier parameters (Semantic Compression and Compensation, SCC). Finally, the network parameters of the feature extractor and classifier are synchronized in different frequencies (Layer-wiseAlternative Synchronization Protocol, LASP) to reduce communication costs. These techniques make FL more adaptable to the heterogeneous streaming data continuously generated by industrial equipment, and are also more efficient in communication than traditional methods (e.g., Federated Averaging). Extensive experiments have been conducted on the streamed non-i.i.d. FEMNIST dataset using 368 simulated devices. Numerical results show that HFEDMS improves the classification accuracy by at least 6.4% compared with 8 benchmarks and saves both the overall runtime and transfer bytes by up to 98%, proving its superiority in precision and efficiency.

使用人工智能（AI）赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增，为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习（ML）基础的服务。然而，这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战：（i）由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本，（ii）通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近，鉴于这些限制，一种新兴的新兴技术，包括联合学习（FL），以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型，可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源，在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中，我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外，提出了一个广泛的研究，详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用，并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效，其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代（B5G）和第六代（6G）通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术，这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后，我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。

联合学习（FL）和分裂学习（SL）是两种新兴的协作学习方法，可能会极大地促进物联网（IoT）中无处不在的智能。联合学习使机器学习（ML）模型在本地培训的模型使用私人数据汇总为全球模型。分裂学习使ML模型的不同部分可以在学习框架中对不同工人进行协作培训。联合学习和分裂学习，每个学习都有独特的优势和各自的局限性，可能会相互补充，在物联网中无处不在的智能。因此，联合学习和分裂学习的结合最近成为一个活跃的研究领域，引起了广泛的兴趣。在本文中，我们回顾了联合学习和拆分学习方面的最新发展，并介绍了有关最先进技术的调查，该技术用于将这两种学习方法组合在基于边缘计算的物联网环境中。我们还确定了一些开放问题，并讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向，希望进一步引起研究界对这个新兴领域的兴趣。

随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行，因此与机器学习（ML）相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明，传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML，这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中，我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查，这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前，文献中有两个明确的主题，模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍，回顾了最重要的作品，突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。

联合学习（FL）是一个新的人工智能概念，它使得互联网（IoT）设备能够学习协作模型，而无需将原始数据发送到集中的节点进行处理。尽管有许多优势，但在物联网设备上的计算资源较低，交换模型参数的高通信成本使得FL在大型物联网网络中的应用非常有限。在这项工作中，我们为非常大的物联网网络开发了一种新型的FL压缩方案，称为高压联合学习（HCFL）。 HCFL可以减少FL过程的数据负载，而无需更改其结构和超参数。通过这种方式，我们不仅可以显着降低沟通成本，而且使密集学习过程更适应低计算资源的物联网设备。此外，我们研究了IoT设备数量与FL模型的收敛水平之间的关系，从而更好地评估了FL过程的质量。我们在模拟和数学分析中演示了HCFL方案。我们提出的理论研究可以用作最低满意度的水平，证明在满足确定的配置时，FL过程可以实现良好的性能。因此，我们表明HCFL适用于具有许多物联网设备的任何FLENTECTED网络。

为了满足下一代无线通信网络的极其异构要求，研究界越来越依赖于使用机器学习解决方案进行实时决策和无线电资源管理。传统的机器学习采用完全集中的架构，其中整个培训数据在一个节点上收集，即云服务器，显着提高了通信开销，并提高了严重的隐私问题。迄今为止，最近提出了作为联合学习（FL）称为联合学习的分布式机器学习范式。在FL中，每个参与边缘设备通过使用自己的培训数据列举其本地模型。然后，通过无线信道，本地训练模型的权重或参数被发送到中央ps，聚合它们并更新全局模型。一方面，FL对优化无线通信网络的资源起着重要作用，另一方面，无线通信对于FL至关重要。因此，FL和无线通信之间存在“双向”关系。虽然FL是一个新兴的概念，但许多出版物已经在FL的领域发表了发布及其对下一代无线网络的应用。尽管如此，我们注意到没有任何作品突出了FL和无线通信之间的双向关系。因此，本调查纸的目的是通过提供关于FL和无线通信之间的相互依存性的及时和全面的讨论来弥合文学中的这种差距。

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.

机器学习模型已在移动网络中部署，以处理来自不同层的数据，以实现自动化网络管理和设备的智能。为了克服集中式机器学习的高度沟通成本和严重的隐私问题，已提出联合学习（FL）来实现网络设备之间的分布式机器学习。虽然在FL中广泛研究了计算和通信限制，但仍未探索设备存储对FL性能的影响。如果没有有效有效的数据选择政策来过滤设备上的大量流媒体数据，经典FL可能会遭受更长的模型训练时间（超过$ 4 \ times $）和显着的推理准确性（超过$ 7 \％\％$），则遭受了损失，观察到了。在我们的实验中。在这项工作中，我们迈出了第一步，考虑使用有限的在设备存储的FL的在线数据选择。我们首先定义了一个新的数据评估度量，以在FL中进行数据选择：在设备数据样本上，局部梯度在所有设备的数据上投影到全球梯度上。我们进一步设计\ textbf {ode}，一个\ textbf {o} nline \ textbf {d} ata s \ textbf {e textbf {e} fl for f for fl f textbf {o}的框架，用于协作网络设备，以协作存储有价值的数据示例，并保证用于快速的理论保证同时提高模型收敛并增强最终模型精度。一项工业任务（移动网络流量分类）和三个公共任务（综合任务，图像分类，人类活动识别）的实验结果显示了ODE的显着优势，而不是最先进的方法。特别是，在工业数据集上，ODE的成就高达$ 2.5 \ times $ $加速的培训时间和6美元的最终推理准确性增加，并且在实践环境中对各种因素都有强大的态度。

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that enables the training of a shared global model across distributed clients while keeping the training data local. While most prior work on designing systems for FL has focused on using stateful always running components, recent work has shown that components in an FL system can greatly benefit from the usage of serverless computing and Function-as-a-Service technologies. To this end, distributed training of models with severless FL systems can be more resource-efficient and cheaper than conventional FL systems. However, serverless FL systems still suffer from the presence of stragglers, i.e., slow clients due to their resource and statistical heterogeneity. While several strategies have been proposed for mitigating stragglers in FL, most methodologies do not account for the particular characteristics of serverless environments, i.e., cold-starts, performance variations, and the ephemeral stateless nature of the function instances. Towards this, we propose FedLesScan, a novel clustering-based semi-asynchronous training strategy, specifically tailored for serverless FL. FedLesScan dynamically adapts to the behaviour of clients and minimizes the effect of stragglers on the overall system. We implement our strategy by extending an open-source serverless FL system called FedLess. Moreover, we comprehensively evaluate our strategy using the 2nd generation Google Cloud Functions with four datasets and varying percentages of stragglers. Results from our experiments show that compared to other approaches FedLesScan reduces training time and cost by an average of 8% and 20% respectively while utilizing clients better with an average increase in the effective update ratio of 17.75%.

联合学习（FL）可以培训全球模型，而无需共享存储在多个设备上的分散的原始数据以保护数据隐私。由于设备的能力多样化，FL框架难以解决Straggler效应和过时模型的问题。此外，数据异质性在FL训练过程中会导致全球模型的严重准确性降解。为了解决上述问题，我们提出了一个层次同步FL框架，即Fedhisyn。 Fedhisyn首先根据其计算能力将所有可​​用的设备簇分为少数类别。经过一定的本地培训间隔后，将不同类别培训的模型同时上传到中央服务器。在单个类别中，设备根据环形拓扑会相互传达局部更新的模型权重。随着环形拓扑中训练的效率更喜欢具有均匀资源的设备，基于计算能力的分类减轻了Straggler效应的影响。此外，多个类别的同步更新与单个类别中的设备通信的组合有助于解决数据异质性问题，同时达到高精度。我们评估了基于MNIST，EMNIST，CIFAR10和CIFAR100数据集的提议框架以及设备的不同异质设置。实验结果表明，在训练准确性和效率方面，Fedhisyn的表现优于六种基线方法，例如FedAvg，脚手架和Fedat。

Federated learning (FL) is a method to train model with distributed data from numerous participants such as IoT devices. It inherently assumes a uniform capacity among participants. However, participants have diverse computational resources in practice due to different conditions such as different energy budgets or executing parallel unrelated tasks. It is necessary to reduce the computation overhead for participants with inefficient computational resources, otherwise they would be unable to finish the full training process. To address the computation heterogeneity, in this paper we propose a strategy for estimating local models without computationally intensive iterations. Based on it, we propose Computationally Customized Federated Learning (CCFL), which allows each participant to determine whether to perform conventional local training or model estimation in each round based on its current computational resources. Both theoretical analysis and exhaustive experiments indicate that CCFL has the same convergence rate as FedAvg without resource constraints. Furthermore, CCFL can be viewed of a computation-efficient extension of FedAvg that retains model performance while considerably reducing computation overhead.

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been ubiquitously adopted in internet of things and are becoming an integral of our daily life. When tackling the evolving learning tasks in real world, such as classifying different types of objects, DNNs face the challenge to continually retrain themselves according to the tasks on different edge devices. Federated continual learning is a promising technique that offers partial solutions but yet to overcome the following difficulties: the significant accuracy loss due to the limited on-device processing, the negative knowledge transfer caused by the limited communication of non-IID data, and the limited scalability on the tasks and edge devices. In this paper, we propose FedKNOW, an accurate and scalable federated continual learning framework, via a novel concept of signature task knowledge. FedKNOW is a client side solution that continuously extracts and integrates the knowledge of signature tasks which are highly influenced by the current task. Each client of FedKNOW is composed of a knowledge extractor, a gradient restorer and, most importantly, a gradient integrator. Upon training for a new task, the gradient integrator ensures the prevention of catastrophic forgetting and mitigation of negative knowledge transfer by effectively combining signature tasks identified from the past local tasks and other clients' current tasks through the global model. We implement FedKNOW in PyTorch and extensively evaluate it against state-of-the-art techniques using popular federated continual learning benchmarks. Extensive evaluation results on heterogeneous edge devices show that FedKNOW improves model accuracy by 63.24% without increasing model training time, reduces communication cost by 34.28%, and achieves more improvements under difficult scenarios such as large numbers of tasks or clients, and training different complex networks.

高效联合学习是在边缘设备上培训和部署AI模型的关键挑战之一。然而，在联合学习中维护数据隐私提出了几种挑战，包括数据异质性，昂贵的通信成本和有限的资源。在本文中，我们通过（a）通过基于本地客户端的深度增强学习引入突出参数选择代理的上述问题，并在中央服务器上聚合所选择的突出参数，（b）分割正常的深度学习模型〜 （例如，CNNS）作为共享编码器和本地预测器，并通过联合学习训练共享编码器，同时通过本地自定义预测器将其知识传送到非IID客户端。所提出的方法（a）显着降低了联合学习的通信开销，并加速了模型推断，而方法（b）则在联合学习中解决数据异质性问题。此外，我们利用梯度控制机制来校正客户之间的梯度异质性。这使得训练过程更稳定并更快地收敛。实验表明，我们的方法产生了稳定的训练过程，并与最先进的方法相比实现了显着的结果。在培训VGG-11时，我们的方法明显降低了通信成本最高108 GB，并在培训Reset-20时需要7.6美元的通信开销，同时通过减少高达39.7 \％$ 39.7 \％$ vgg- 11.

Federated learning (FL) on deep neural networks facilitates new applications at the edge, especially for wearable and Internet-of-Thing devices. Such devices capture a large and diverse amount of data, but they have memory, compute, power, and connectivity constraints which hinder their participation in FL. We propose Centaur, a multitier FL framework, enabling ultra-constrained devices to efficiently participate in FL on large neural nets. Centaur combines two major ideas: (i) a data selection scheme to choose a portion of samples that accelerates the learning, and (ii) a partition-based training algorithm that integrates both constrained and powerful devices owned by the same user. Evaluations, on four benchmark neural nets and three datasets, show that Centaur gains ~10% higher accuracy than local training on constrained devices with ~58% energy saving on average. Our experimental results also demonstrate the superior efficiency of Centaur when dealing with imbalanced data, client participation heterogeneity, and various network connection probabilities.

Federated Learning (FL) allows training machine learning models in privacy-constrained scenarios by enabling the cooperation of edge devices without requiring local data sharing. This approach raises several challenges due to the different statistical distribution of the local datasets and the clients' computational heterogeneity. In particular, the presence of highly non-i.i.d. data severely impairs both the performance of the trained neural network and its convergence rate, increasing the number of communication rounds requested to reach a performance comparable to that of the centralized scenario. As a solution, we propose FedSeq, a novel framework leveraging the sequential training of subgroups of heterogeneous clients, i.e. superclients, to emulate the centralized paradigm in a privacy-compliant way. Given a fixed budget of communication rounds, we show that FedSeq outperforms or match several state-of-the-art federated algorithms in terms of final performance and speed of convergence. Finally, our method can be easily integrated with other approaches available in the literature. Empirical results show that combining existing algorithms with FedSeq further improves its final performance and convergence speed. We test our method on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 and prove its effectiveness in both i.i.d. and non-i.i.d. scenarios.

联合学习（FL）作为边缘设备的有希望的技术，以协作学习共享预测模型，同时保持其训练数据，从而解耦了从需要存储云中的数据的机器学习的能力。然而，在规模和系统异质性方面，FL难以现实地实现。虽然有许多用于模拟FL算法的研究框架，但它们不支持在异构边缘设备上进行可扩展的流程。在本文中，我们呈现花 - 一种全面的FL框架，通过提供新的设施来执行大规模的FL实验并考虑丰富的异构流程来区分现有平台。我们的实验表明花卉可以仅使用一对高端GPU在客户尺寸下进行FL实验。然后，研究人员可以将实验无缝地迁移到真实设备中以检查设计空间的其他部分。我们认为花卉为社区提供了一个批判性的新工具，用于研究和发展。

数十亿无线设备将在不久的将来部署，利用更快的互联网速度和更多终点所带来的终点的可能性更快。随着IOT设备的盛开，将生成可能包含用户私人信息的大量数据。与隐私问题的高通信和储存成本，越来越挑战传统的集中式超云学习和处理IOT平台的生态系统。联邦学习（FL）已成为此问题最有前途的替代方法。在FL中，数据驱动的机器学习模型的培训是多个客户端之间的协作行为，而无需将数据带到中心点，因此减轻了通信和存储成本并提供了很大程度的用户级隐私。我们讨论了FL对于IOT平台的机会和挑战，以及如何启用未来的IOT应用程序。

通过参与大规模联合学习（FL）优化的设备的异构性质的激励，我们专注于由区块链（BC）技术赋予的异步服务器的FL解决方案。与主要采用的FL方法相比，假设同步操作，我们提倡一个异步方法，由此，模型聚合作为客户端提交本地更新。异步设置与具有异构客户端的实际大规模设置中的联合优化思路非常适合。因此，它可能导致通信开销和空闲时段的效率提高。为了评估启用了BC启用的FL的学习完成延迟，我们提供了基于批量服务队列理论的分析模型。此外，我们提供仿真结果以评估同步和异步机制的性能。涉及BC启用的流量的重要方面，例如网络大小，链路容量或用户要求，并分析并分析。随着我们的结果表明，同步设置导致比异步案例更高的预测精度。然而，异步联合优化在许多情况下提供了更低的延迟，从而在处理大数据集时成为一种吸引力的FL解决方案，严重的时序约束（例如，近实时应用）或高度不同的训练数据。

最近，基于区块链的联合学习（BFL）引起了密集的研究关注，因为培训过程是可审核的，并且该体系结构无助于避免了Vanilla Federated学习（VFL）中参数服务器的单点故障。然而，BFL大大升级了通信流量量，因为BFL客户端获得的所有本地模型更新（即，模型参数的更改）都将转移给所有矿工进行验证以及所有客户端以进行聚合。相比之下，参数服务器和VFL中的客户端仅保留汇总模型更新。因此，BFL的巨大沟通流量将不可避免地损害培训效率，并阻碍BFL现实的部署。为了提高BFL的实用性，我们是第一个通过压缩BFL中的通信（称为BCFL）来提出基于快速区块链的联合学习框架的人之一。同时，我们得出了BCFL的收敛速率，而非凸损失损失。为了最大化最终模型的准确性，我们进一步提出问题，以最大程度地减少收敛率的训练损失，而相对于压缩率和块生成速率的训练时间有限，这是BI-CONVEX优化问题，可以是有效解决。最后，为了证明BCFL的效率，我们对标准CIFAR-10和女权主义数据集进行了广泛的实验。我们的实验结果不仅验证了我们的分析的正确性，而且还表明BCFL可以显着将通信流量降低95-98％，或者与BFL相比，训练时间缩短了90-95％。