随着各种科学领域中数据的越来越多,生成模型在科学方法的每个步骤中都具有巨大的潜力来加速科学发现。他们最有价值的应用也许在于传统上提出假设最慢,最具挑战性的步骤。现在,正在从大量数据中学到强大的表示形式,以产生新的假设,这对从材料设计到药物发现的科学发现应用产生了重大影响。 GT4SD(https://github.com/gt4sd/gt4sd-core)是一个可扩展的开放源库,使科学家,开发人员和研究人员能够培训和使用科学发现中假设生成的最先进的生成模型。 GT4SD支持跨材料科学和药物发现的各种生成模型的用途,包括基于与目标蛋白,OMIC剖面,脚手架距离,结合能等性质的分子发现和设计。
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虽然最近在许多科学领域都变得无处不在,但对其评估的关注较少。对于分子生成模型,最先进的是孤立或与其输入有关的输出。但是,它们的生物学和功能特性(例如配体 - 靶标相互作用)尚未得到解决。在这项研究中,提出了一种新型的生物学启发的基准,用于评估分子生成模型。具体而言,设计了三个不同的参考数据集,并引入了与药物发现过程直接相关的一组指标。特别是我们提出了一个娱乐指标,将药物目标亲和力预测和分子对接应用作为评估生成产量的互补技术。虽然所有三个指标均在测试的生成模型中均表现出一致的结果,但对药物目标亲和力结合和分子对接分数进行了更详细的比较,表明单峰预测器可能会导致关于目标结合在分子水平和多模式方法的错误结论,而多模式的方法是错误的结论。因此优选。该框架的关键优点是,它通过明确关注配体 - 靶标相互作用,将先前的物理化学域知识纳入基准测试过程,从而创建了一种高效的工具,不仅用于评估分子生成型输出,而且还用于丰富富含分子生成的输出。一般而言,药物发现过程。
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与靶蛋白具有高结合亲和力的药物样分子的产生仍然是药物发现中的一项困难和资源密集型任务。现有的方法主要采用强化学习,马尔可夫采样或以高斯过程为指导的深层生成模型,在生成具有高结合亲和力的分子时,通过基于计算量的物理学方法计算出的高结合亲和力。我们提出了对分子(豪华轿车)的潜在构成主义,它通过类似于Inceptionism的技术显着加速了分子的产生。豪华轿车采用序列的两个神经网络采用变异自动编码器生成的潜在空间和性质预测,从而使基于梯度的分子特性更快地基于梯度的反相比。综合实验表明,豪华轿车在基准任务上具有竞争力,并且在产生具有高结合亲和力的类似药物的化合物的新任务上,其最先进的技术表现出了最先进的技术,可针对两个蛋白质靶标达到纳摩尔范围。我们通过对绝对结合能的基于更准确的基于分子动力学的计算来证实这些基于对接的结果,并表明我们生成的类似药物的化合物之一的预测$ k_d $(结合亲和力的量度)为$ 6 \ cdot 10^ {-14} $ m针对人类雌激素受体,远远超出了典型的早期药物候选物和大多数FDA批准的药物的亲和力。代码可从https://github.com/rose-stl-lab/limo获得。
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深度生成模型吸引了具有所需特性的分子设计的极大关注。大多数现有模型通过顺序添加原子来产生分子。这通常会使产生的分子与目标性能和低合成可接近性较少。诸如官能团的分子片段与分子性质和合成可接近的比原子更密切相关。在此,我们提出了一种基于片段的分子发生模型,其通过顺序向任何给定的起始分子依次向任何给定的起始分子添加分子片段来设计具有靶性质的新分子。我们模型的一个关键特征是属性控制和片段类型方面的高概括能力。通过以自动回归方式学习各个片段对目标属性的贡献来实现前者。对于后者,我们使用深神经网络,其从两个分子的嵌入载体中预测两个分子的键合概率作为输入。在用金砖石分解方法制备片段文库的同时隐式考虑所生成的分子的高合成可用性。我们表明该模型可以以高成功率同时控制多个目标性质的分子。即使在培训数据很少的财产范围内,它也与看不见的片段同样很好地工作,验证高概括能力。作为一种实际应用,我们证明,在对接得分方面,该模型可以产生具有高结合亲和力的潜在抑制剂,其抗对接得分的3CL-COV-2。
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人工智能(AI)在过去十年中一直在改变药物发现的实践。各种AI技术已在广泛的应用中使用,例如虚拟筛选和药物设计。在本调查中,我们首先概述了药物发现,并讨论了相关的应用,可以减少到两个主要任务,即分子性质预测和分子产生。然后,我们讨论常见的数据资源,分子表示和基准平台。此外,为了总结AI在药物发现中的进展情况,我们介绍了在调查的论文中包括模型架构和学习范式的相关AI技术。我们预计本调查将作为有兴趣在人工智能和药物发现界面工作的研究人员的指南。我们还提供了GitHub存储库(HTTPS:///github.com/dengjianyuan/survey_survey_au_drug_discovery),其中包含文件和代码,如适用,作为定期更新的学习资源。
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Despite significant progress of generative models in the natural sciences, their controllability remains challenging. One fundamentally missing aspect of molecular or protein generative models is an inductive bias that can reflect continuous properties of interest. To that end, we propose the Regression Transformer (RT), a novel method that abstracts regression as a conditional sequence modeling problem. This introduces a new paradigm of multitask language models which seamlessly bridge sequence regression and conditional sequence generation. We thoroughly demonstrate that, despite using a nominal-scale training objective, the RT matches or surpasses the performance of conventional regression models in property prediction tasks of small molecules, proteins and chemical reactions. Critically, priming the same model with continuous properties yields a highly competitive conditional generative model that outperforms specialized approaches in a substructure-constrained, property-driven molecule generation benchmark. Our dichotomous approach is facilitated by a novel, alternating training scheme that enables the model to decorate seed sequences by desired properties, e.g., to optimize reaction yield. In sum, the RT is the first report of a multitask model that concurrently excels at predictive and generative tasks in biochemistry. This finds particular application in property-driven, local exploration of the chemical or protein space and could pave the road toward foundation models in material design. The code to reproduce all experiments of the paper is available at: https://github.com/IBM/regression-transformer
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There is increasing adoption of artificial intelligence in drug discovery. However, existing works use machine learning to mainly utilize the chemical structures of molecules yet ignore the vast textual knowledge available in chemistry. Incorporating textual knowledge enables us to realize new drug design objectives, adapt to text-based instructions, and predict complex biological activities. We present a multi-modal molecule structure-text model, MoleculeSTM, by jointly learning molecule's chemical structures and textual descriptions via a contrastive learning strategy. To train MoleculeSTM, we construct the largest multi-modal dataset to date, namely PubChemSTM, with over 280K chemical structure-text pairs. To demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of MoleculeSTM, we design two challenging zero-shot tasks based on text instructions, including structure-text retrieval and molecule editing. MoleculeSTM possesses two main properties: open vocabulary and compositionality via natural language. In experiments, MoleculeSTM obtains the state-of-the-art generalization ability to novel biochemical concepts across various benchmarks.
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有效地发现满足各种性能要求的分子可以显着受益药物发现行业。由于搜索整个化学空间是不可行的,因此最近的作品采用了用于目标定向分子产生的生成模型。它们倾向于利用迭代过程,优化每次迭代时的分子发生模型的参数,以产生有望的分子以进一步验证。利用评估来评估每次迭代的产生的分子,为模型优化提供方向。然而,最先前的作品需要大量的昂贵且耗时的评估,例如湿法实验和分子动态模拟,导致缺乏实用性。为了减少迭代过程中的评估,我们提出了一种在潜在空间中的成本效益的演化策略,其优化了分子潜在载波。我们采用预先训练的分子生成模型来映射潜伏和观察空间,利用大规模未标记的分子来学习化学知识。为了进一步减少昂贵的评估数量,我们将一个筛选器预先介绍为评估的代理。我们对多种优化任务进行了广泛的实验,将建议的框架与几种先进技术进行比较,表明所提出的框架更好地实现了更好的评估。
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通过生成模型生成具有特定化学和生物学特性的新分子已成为药物发现的有希望的方向。但是,现有的方法需要大型数据集进行广泛的培训/微调,在现实世界中通常无法使用。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新的基于检索的框架,用于可控分子生成。我们使用一系列的示例分子,即(部分)满足设计标准的分子,以引导预先训练的生成模型转向满足给定设计标准的合成分子。我们设计了一种检索机制,该机制将示例分子与输入分子融合在一起,该分子受到一个新的自我监督目标训练,该目标可以预测输入分子的最近邻居。我们还提出了一个迭代改进过程,以动态更新生成的分子和检索数据库,以更好地泛化。我们的方法不可知生成模型,不需要特定于任务的微调。关于从简单设计标准到设计与SARS-COV-2主蛋白酶结合的铅化合物的具有挑战性的现实世界情景的各种任务,我们证明了我们的方法外推出了远远超出检索数据库,并且比检索数据库更高,并且比更高的性能和更广泛的适用性以前的方法。
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In this work, we propose MEDICO, a Multi-viEw Deep generative model for molecule generation, structural optimization, and the SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor disCOvery. To the best of our knowledge, MEDICO is the first-of-this-kind graph generative model that can generate molecular graphs similar to the structure of targeted molecules, with a multi-view representation learning framework to sufficiently and adaptively learn comprehensive structural semantics from targeted molecular topology and geometry. We show that our MEDICO significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in generating valid, unique, and novel molecules under benchmarking comparisons. In particular, we showcase the multi-view deep learning model enables us to generate not only the molecules structurally similar to the targeted molecules but also the molecules with desired chemical properties, demonstrating the strong capability of our model in exploring the chemical space deeply. Moreover, case study results on targeted molecule generation for the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) show that by integrating molecule docking into our model as chemical priori, we successfully generate new small molecules with desired drug-like properties for the Mpro, potentially accelerating the de novo design of Covid-19 drugs. Further, we apply MEDICO to the structural optimization of three well-known Mpro inhibitors (N3, 11a, and GC376) and achieve ~88% improvement in their binding affinity to Mpro, demonstrating the application value of our model for the development of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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分子的深度生成模型在相关数据集上培训,这些模型培训的流行度非常受欢迎,这些模型用于通过化学空间进行搜索。用于新型功能化合物的逆设计的生成模型的下游效用取决于它们学习分子训练分布的能力。最简单的示例是一种语言模型,采用经常性神经网络的形式,并使用串表示生成分子。更复杂的是图形生成模型,其顺序地构建分子图,通常实现最先进的结果。然而,最近的工作表明,语言模型比曾经的想法更具能力,特别是在低数据制度中。在这项工作中,我们调查了简单语言模型学习分子分布的能力。为此目的,我们通过编译特别复杂的分子分布来介绍几个具有挑战性的生成建模任务。在每个任务上,与两个广泛使用的图形生成模型相比,我们评估语言模型的能力。结果表明,语言模型是强大的生成模型,能够熟练地学习复杂的分子分配 - 并产生比图形模型更好的性能。语言模型可以准确地产生:锌15,多模态分子分布以及Pubchem中最大分子的最高评分罚款的分布。
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Drug development is a wide scientific field that faces many challenges these days. Among them are extremely high development costs, long development times, as well as a low number of new drugs that are approved each year. To solve these problems, new and innovate technologies are needed that make the drug discovery process of small-molecules more time and cost-efficient, and which allow to target previously undruggable target classes such as protein-protein interactions. Structure-based virtual screenings have become a leading contender in this context. In this review, we give an introduction to the foundations of structure-based virtual screenings, and survey their progress in the past few years. We outline key principles, recent success stories, new methods, available software, and promising future research directions. Virtual screenings have an enormous potential for the development of new small-molecule drugs, and are already starting to transform early-stage drug discovery.
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越来越多的科学发现需要复杂而可扩展的工作流程。工作流程已成为``新应用程序'',其中多尺度计算活动包括多个和异构的可执行任务。特别是,将AI/ML模型引入传统的HPC工作流程已成为高度准确建模的推动力,与传统方法相比,通常会减少计算需求。本章将讨论将AI/ML模型集成到HPC计算的各种模式,从而导致不同类型的AI耦合HPC工作流程。激励了跨科学领域的AI/ML和HPC耦合的需求越来越多,然后以每种模式的许多生产级用例来体现。我们还讨论了极端尺度AI耦合的HPC广告系列的主要挑战 - 任务异质性,适应性,性能 - 以及旨在解决这些问题的几种框架和中间件解决方案。尽管HPC工作流程和AI/ML计算范例都是独立有效的,但我们强调了它们的整合和最终收敛如何导致一系列领域的科学性能的显着改善,最终导致了科学探索,否则就无法实现。
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PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging therapeutic modality for degrading a protein of interest (POI) by marking it for degradation by the proteasome. Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) suggest that deep generative models can assist with the de novo design of molecules with desired properties, and their application to PROTAC design remains largely unexplored. We show that a graph-based generative model can be used to propose novel PROTAC-like structures from empty graphs. Our model can be guided towards the generation of large molecules (30--140 heavy atoms) predicted to degrade a POI through policy-gradient reinforcement learning (RL). Rewards during RL are applied using a boosted tree surrogate model that predicts a molecule's degradation potential for each POI. Using this approach, we steer the generative model towards compounds with higher likelihoods of predicted degradation activity. Despite being trained on sparse public data, the generative model proposes molecules with substructures found in known degraders. After fine-tuning, predicted activity against a challenging POI increases from 50% to >80% with near-perfect chemical validity for sampled compounds, suggesting this is a promising approach for the optimization of large, PROTAC-like molecules for targeted protein degradation.
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There is an increasing need in our society to achieve faster advances in Science to tackle urgent problems, such as climate changes, environmental hazards, sustainable energy systems, pandemics, among others. In certain domains like chemistry, scientific discovery carries the extra burden of assessing risks of the proposed novel solutions before moving to the experimental stage. Despite several recent advances in Machine Learning and AI to address some of these challenges, there is still a gap in technologies to support end-to-end discovery applications, integrating the myriad of available technologies into a coherent, orchestrated, yet flexible discovery process. Such applications need to handle complex knowledge management at scale, enabling knowledge consumption and production in a timely and efficient way for subject matter experts (SMEs). Furthermore, the discovery of novel functional materials strongly relies on the development of exploration strategies in the chemical space. For instance, generative models have gained attention within the scientific community due to their ability to generate enormous volumes of novel molecules across material domains. These models exhibit extreme creativity that often translates in low viability of the generated candidates. In this work, we propose a workbench framework that aims at enabling the human-AI co-creation to reduce the time until the first discovery and the opportunity costs involved. This framework relies on a knowledge base with domain and process knowledge, and user-interaction components to acquire knowledge and advise the SMEs. Currently,the framework supports four main activities: generative modeling, dataset triage, molecule adjudication, and risk assessment.
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在药物发现中,具有所需生物活性的新分子的合理设计是一项至关重要但具有挑战性的任务,尤其是在治疗新的靶家庭或研究靶标时。在这里,我们提出了PGMG,这是一种用于生物活化分子产生的药效团的深度学习方法。PGMG通过药理的指导提供了一种灵活的策略,以使用训练有素的变异自动编码器在各种情况下生成具有结构多样性的生物活性分子。我们表明,PGMG可以在给定药效团模型的情况下生成匹配的分子,同时保持高度的有效性,独特性和新颖性。在案例研究中,我们证明了PGMG在基于配体和基于结构的药物从头设计以及铅优化方案中生成生物活性分子的应用。总体而言,PGMG的灵活性和有效性使其成为加速药物发现过程的有用工具。
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我们介绍了一种方法,以在分子数据集中靶向完成,该方法由拓扑数据分析(例如映射器算法)驱动。使用脚手架限制的生成模型填充空隙,该模型训练有不同评分功能。该方法可以将链接和顶点添加到数据的骨架表示形式中,例如映射器图,并属于网络完成方法的广泛类别。我们通过在从USPTO专利提取的Onium阳离子的数据集中创建空白来说明应用拓扑驱动的数据完成策略的应用。
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药物发现和发展是一个复杂和昂贵的过程。正在研究机器学习方法,以帮助提高药物发现管道多个阶段的有效性和速度。其中,使用知识图表(kg)的那些在许多任务中具有承诺,包括药物修复,药物毒性预测和靶基因疾病优先级。在药物发现kg中,包括基因,疾病和药物在内的关键因素被认为是实体,而它们之间的关系表示相互作用。但是,为了构建高质量的KG,需要合适的数据。在这篇综述中,我们详细介绍了适用于构建聚焦KGS的药物发现的公开使用来源。我们的目标是帮助引导机器学习和kg从业者对吸毒者发现领域应用新技术,但是谁可能不熟悉相关的数据来源。通过严格的标准选择数据集,根据包含内部包含的主要信息类型,并基于可以提取的信息来进行分类以构建kg。然后,我们对现有的公共药物发现KGS进行了比较分析,并评估了文献中所选择的激励案例研究。此外,我们还提出了众多和与域及其数据集相关的众多挑战和问题,同时突出了关键的未来研究方向。我们希望本综述将激励KGS在药物发现领域的关键和新兴问题中使用。
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Artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of deep learning bears promise for drug discovery and chemical biology, $\textit{e.g.}$, to predict protein structure and molecular bioactivity, plan organic synthesis, and design molecules $\textit{de novo}$. While most of the deep learning efforts in drug discovery have focused on ligand-based approaches, structure-based drug discovery has the potential to tackle unsolved challenges, such as affinity prediction for unexplored protein targets, binding-mechanism elucidation, and the rationalization of related chemical kinetic properties. Advances in deep learning methodologies and the availability of accurate predictions for protein tertiary structure advocate for a $\textit{renaissance}$ in structure-based approaches for drug discovery guided by AI. This review summarizes the most prominent algorithmic concepts in structure-based deep learning for drug discovery, and forecasts opportunities, applications, and challenges ahead.
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自然语言处理(NLP)是一个人工智能领域,它应用信息技术来处理人类语言,在一定程度上理解并在各种应用中使用它。在过去的几年中,该领域已经迅速发展,现在采用了深层神经网络的现代变体来从大型文本语料库中提取相关模式。这项工作的主要目的是调查NLP在药理学领域的最新使用。正如我们的工作所表明的那样,NLP是药理学高度相关的信息提取和处理方法。它已被广泛使用,从智能搜索到成千上万的医疗文件到在社交媒体中找到对抗性药物相互作用的痕迹。我们将覆盖范围分为五个类别,以调查现代NLP方法论,常见的任务,相关的文本数据,知识库和有用的编程库。我们将这五个类别分为适当的子类别,描述其主要属性和想法,并以表格形式进行总结。最终的调查介绍了该领域的全面概述,对从业者和感兴趣的观察者有用。
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