Inferring missing links or detecting spurious ones based on observed graphs, known as link prediction, is a long-standing challenge in graph data analysis. With the recent advances in deep learning, graph neural networks have been used for link prediction and have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Nevertheless, existing methods developed for this purpose are typically discriminative, computing features of local subgraphs around two neighboring nodes and predicting potential links between them from the perspective of subgraph classification. In this formalism, the selection of enclosing subgraphs and heuristic structural features for subgraph classification significantly affects the performance of the methods. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a novel and radically different link prediction algorithm based on the network reconstruction theory, called GraphLP. Instead of sampling positive and negative links and heuristically computing the features of their enclosing subgraphs, GraphLP utilizes the feature learning ability of deep-learning models to automatically extract the structural patterns of graphs for link prediction under the assumption that real-world graphs are not locally isolated. Moreover, GraphLP explores high-order connectivity patterns to utilize the hierarchical organizational structures of graphs for link prediction. Our experimental results on all common benchmark datasets from different applications demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Unlike the discriminative neural network models used for link prediction, GraphLP is generative, which provides a new paradigm for neural-network-based link prediction.

Link prediction is a key problem for network-structured data. Link prediction heuristics use some score functions, such as common neighbors and Katz index, to measure the likelihood of links. They have obtained wide practical uses due to their simplicity, interpretability, and for some of them, scalability. However, every heuristic has a strong assumption on when two nodes are likely to link, which limits their effectiveness on networks where these assumptions fail. In this regard, a more reasonable way should be learning a suitable heuristic from a given network instead of using predefined ones. By extracting a local subgraph around each target link, we aim to learn a function mapping the subgraph patterns to link existence, thus automatically learning a "heuristic" that suits the current network. In this paper, we study this heuristic learning paradigm for link prediction. First, we develop a novel γ-decaying heuristic theory. The theory unifies a wide range of heuristics in a single framework, and proves that all these heuristics can be well approximated from local subgraphs. Our results show that local subgraphs reserve rich information related to link existence. Second, based on the γ-decaying theory, we propose a new method to learn heuristics from local subgraphs using a graph neural network (GNN). Its experimental results show unprecedented performance, working consistently well on a wide range of problems.

图形神经网络（GNN）已被广泛应用于各种领域，以通过图形结构数据学习。在各种任务（例如节点分类和图形分类）中，他们对传统启发式方法显示了显着改进。但是，由于GNN严重依赖于平滑的节点特征而不是图形结构，因此在链接预测中，它们通常比简单的启发式方法表现出差的性能，例如，结构信息（例如，重叠的社区，学位和最短路径）至关重要。为了解决这一限制，我们建议邻里重叠感知的图形神经网络（NEO-GNNS），这些神经网络（NEO-GNNS）从邻接矩阵中学习有用的结构特征，并估算了重叠的邻域以进行链接预测。我们的Neo-Gnns概括了基于社区重叠的启发式方法，并处理重叠的多跳社区。我们在开放图基准数据集（OGB）上进行的广泛实验表明，NEO-GNNS始终在链接预测中实现最新性能。我们的代码可在https://github.com/seongjunyun/neo_gnns上公开获取。

链接预测是一项重要的任务，在各个域中具有广泛的应用程序。但是，大多数现有的链接预测方法都假定给定的图遵循同质的假设，并设计基于相似性的启发式方法或表示学习方法来预测链接。但是，许多现实世界图是异性图，同义假设不存在，这挑战了现有的链接预测方法。通常，在异性图中，有许多引起链接形成的潜在因素，并且两个链接的节点在一个或两个因素中往往相似，但在其他因素中可能是不同的，导致总体相似性较低。因此，一种方法是学习每个节点的分离表示形式，每个矢量捕获一个因子上的节点的潜在表示，这铺平了一种方法来模拟异性图中的链接形成，从而导致更好的节点表示学习和链接预测性能。但是，对此的工作非常有限。因此，在本文中，我们研究了一个新的问题，该问题是在异性图上进行链接预测的分离表示学习。我们提出了一种新颖的框架分解，可以通过建模链接形成并执行感知因素的消息来学习以促进链接预测来学习解开的表示形式。在13个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了Disenlink对异性恋和血友病图的链接预测的有效性。我们的代码可从https://github.com/sjz5202/disenlink获得

Clustering is a fundamental problem in network analysis that finds closely connected groups of nodes and separates them from other nodes in the graph, while link prediction is to predict whether two nodes in a network are likely to have a link. The definition of both naturally determines that clustering must play a positive role in obtaining accurate link prediction tasks. Yet researchers have long ignored or used inappropriate ways to undermine this positive relationship. In this article, We construct a simple but efficient clustering-driven link prediction framework(ClusterLP), with the goal of directly exploiting the cluster structures to obtain connections between nodes as accurately as possible in both undirected graphs and directed graphs. Specifically, we propose that it is easier to establish links between nodes with similar representation vectors and cluster tendencies in undirected graphs, while nodes in a directed graphs can more easily point to nodes similar to their representation vectors and have greater influence in their own cluster. We customized the implementation of ClusterLP for undirected and directed graphs, respectively, and the experimental results using multiple real-world networks on the link prediction task showed that our models is highly competitive with existing baseline models. The code implementation of ClusterLP and baselines we use are available at https://github.com/ZINUX1998/ClusterLP.

Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have received remarkable success in link prediction (GNNLP) tasks. Existing efforts first predefine the subgraph for the whole dataset and then apply GNNs to encode edge representations by leveraging the neighborhood structure induced by the fixed subgraph. The prominence of GNNLP methods significantly relies on the adhoc subgraph. Since node connectivity in real-world graphs is complex, one shared subgraph is limited for all edges. Thus, the choices of subgraphs should be personalized to different edges. However, performing personalized subgraph selection is nontrivial since the potential selection space grows exponentially to the scale of edges. Besides, the inference edges are not available during training in link prediction scenarios, so the selection process needs to be inductive. To bridge the gap, we introduce a Personalized Subgraph Selector (PS2) as a plug-and-play framework to automatically, personally, and inductively identify optimal subgraphs for different edges when performing GNNLP. PS2 is instantiated as a bi-level optimization problem that can be efficiently solved differently. Coupling GNNLP models with PS2, we suggest a brand-new angle towards GNNLP training: by first identifying the optimal subgraphs for edges; and then focusing on training the inference model by using the sampled subgraphs. Comprehensive experiments endorse the effectiveness of our proposed method across various GNNLP backbones (GCN, GraphSage, NGCF, LightGCN, and SEAL) and diverse benchmarks (Planetoid, OGB, and Recommendation datasets). Our code is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/qiaoyu-tan/PS2}

Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph structure so that it can be easily exploited by machine learning models. Traditionally, machine learning approaches relied on user-defined heuristics to extract features encoding structural information about a graph (e.g., degree statistics or kernel functions). However, recent years have seen a surge in approaches that automatically learn to encode graph structure into low-dimensional embeddings, using techniques based on deep learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Here we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of representation learning on graphs, including matrix factorization-based methods, random-walk based algorithms, and graph neural networks. We review methods to embed individual nodes as well as approaches to embed entire (sub)graphs. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches, and we highlight a number of important applications and directions for future work.

Link prediction is a crucial problem in graph-structured data. Due to the recent success of graph neural networks (GNNs), a variety of GNN-based models were proposed to tackle the link prediction task. Specifically, GNNs leverage the message passing paradigm to obtain node representation, which relies on link connectivity. However, in a link prediction task, links in the training set are always present while ones in the testing set are not yet formed, resulting in a discrepancy of the connectivity pattern and bias of the learned representation. It leads to a problem of dataset shift which degrades the model performance. In this paper, we first identify the dataset shift problem in the link prediction task and provide theoretical analyses on how existing link prediction methods are vulnerable to it. We then propose FakeEdge, a model-agnostic technique, to address the problem by mitigating the graph topological gap between training and testing sets. Extensive experiments demonstrate the applicability and superiority of FakeEdge on multiple datasets across various domains.

图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域，其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务，例如链路预测，节点分类，群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法，但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长，例如预测准确性，运行时间，可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体，参数选择，可伸缩性，硬件和软件平台，下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程，矩阵分解，浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类，链路预测，群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验，并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能，并总结了结果。因此，本文可以作为比较指南，以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。

Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have revolutionized the field of graph representation learning through effectively learned node embeddings, and achieved state-of-the-art results in tasks such as node classification and link prediction. However, current GNN methods are inherently flat and do not learn hierarchical representations of graphs-a limitation that is especially problematic for the task of graph classification, where the goal is to predict the label associated with an entire graph. Here we propose DIFFPOOL, a differentiable graph pooling module that can generate hierarchical representations of graphs and can be combined with various graph neural network architectures in an end-to-end fashion. DIFFPOOL learns a differentiable soft cluster assignment for nodes at each layer of a deep GNN, mapping nodes to a set of clusters, which then form the coarsened input for the next GNN layer. Our experimental results show that combining existing GNN methods with DIFFPOOL yields an average improvement of 5-10% accuracy on graph classification benchmarks, compared to all existing pooling approaches, achieving a new state-of-the-art on four out of five benchmark data sets.

链接预测旨在推断网络/图中的一对节点对之间的链接存在。尽管应用了广泛的应用，但传统链接预测算法的成功受到了三个主要挑战（链接稀疏，节点属性噪声和动态变化）的影响，这些挑战受到许多现实世界网络所面临的。为了应对这些挑战，我们提出了一个上下文化的自我监督学习（CSSL）框架，该框架充分利用了链接预测的结构上下文预测。提出的CSSL框架学习了一个链接编码器，以从配对的节点嵌入中推断链接存在概率，这些嵌入是通过节点属性上的转换构建的。为了生成链接预测的信息节点嵌入，结构上下文预测被用作自我监督的学习任务，以提高链接预测性能。研究了两种类型的结构上下文，即从随机步行和上下文子图收集的上下文节点。 CSSL框架可以以端到端的方式进行训练，并通过通过链接预测和自我监督的学习任务来监督模型参数的学习。提出的CSSL是一个通用且灵活的框架，因为它可以同时处理属性和非属性网络，并且在跨性和归纳性链接预测设置下进行操作。对七个现实世界基准网络进行的广泛实验和消融研究表明，在转化和归纳性环境下，在不同类型的网络上，提出的基于自学的链接链路预测算法优于最先进的基线。拟议的CSSL还可以从大规模网络上的节点属性噪声和可扩展性方面产生竞争性能。

图表是一个宇宙数据结构，广泛用于组织现实世界中的数据。像交通网络，社交和学术网络这样的各种实际网络网络可以由图表代表。近年来，目睹了在网络中代表顶点的快速发展，进入低维矢量空间，称为网络表示学习。表示学习可以促进图形数据上的新算法的设计。在本调查中，我们对网络代表学习的当前文献进行了全面审查。现有算法可以分为三组：浅埋模型，异构网络嵌入模型，图形神经网络的模型。我们为每个类别审查最先进的算法，并讨论这些算法之间的基本差异。调查的一个优点是，我们系统地研究了不同类别的算法底层的理论基础，这提供了深入的见解，以更好地了解网络表示学习领域的发展。

我们展示了拓扑转型等值表示学习，是图形数据节点表示的自我监督学习的一般范式，以实现图形卷积神经网络（GCNNS）的广泛适用性。通过在转换之前和之后的拓扑转换和节点表示之间的相互信息，从信息理论的角度来看，我们将提出的模型正式化。我们得出最大化这种相互信息可以放宽以最小化应用拓扑变换与节点表示之间的估计之间的跨熵。特别是，我们寻求从原始图表中采样节点对的子集，并在每对之间翻转边缘连接以改变图形拓扑。然后，我们通过从原始和变换图的特征表示重构拓扑转换来自动列出表示编码器以学习节点表示。在实验中，我们将所提出的模型应用于下游节点分类，图形分类和链路预测任务，结果表明，所提出的方法优于现有的无监督方法。

图表神经网络（GNNS）在各种机器学习任务中获得了表示学习的提高。然而，应用邻域聚合的大多数现有GNN通常在图中的图表上执行不良，其中相邻的节点属于不同的类。在本文中，我们示出了在典型的异界图中，边缘可以被引导，以及是否像是处理边缘，也可以使它们过度地影响到GNN模型的性能。此外，由于异常的限制，节点对来自本地邻域之外的类似节点的消息非常有益。这些激励我们开发一个自适应地学习图表的方向性的模型，并利用潜在的长距离相关性节点之间。我们首先将图拉普拉斯概括为基于所提出的特征感知PageRank算法向数字化，该算法同时考虑节点之间的图形方向性和长距离特征相似性。然后，Digraph Laplacian定义了一个图形传播矩阵，导致一个名为{\ em diglaciangcn}的模型。基于此，我们进一步利用节点之间的通勤时间测量的节点接近度，以便在拓扑级别上保留节点的远距离相关性。具有不同级别的10个数据集的广泛实验，同意级别展示了我们在节点分类任务任务中对现有解决方案的有效性。

链接预测是图神经网络（GNN）的重要应用。链接预测的大多数现有GNN基于一维Weisfeiler-Lehman（1-WL）测试。 1-wl-gnn首先通过迭代的相邻节点特征来计算中心，然后通过汇总成对节点表示来获得链接表示。正如先前的作品所指出的那样，这两步过程会导致较低的区分功能，因为自然而然地学习节点级表示而不是链接级别。在本文中，我们研究了一种完全不同的方法，该方法可以基于\ textit {二维WEISFEILER-LEHMAN（2-WL）测试直接获得节点对（链接）表示。 2-WL测试直接使用链接（2个小说）作为消息传递单元而不是节点，因此可以直接获得链接表示。我们理论上分析了2-WL测试的表达能力以区分非晶状体链接，并证明其优越的链接与1-WL相比。基于不同的2-WL变体，我们提出了一系列用于链路预测的新型2-WL-GNN模型。在广泛的现实数据集上进行的实验证明了它们对最先进的基线的竞争性能以及优于普通1-WL-GNN的优势。

Deep learning has been shown to be successful in a number of domains, ranging from acoustics, images, to natural language processing. However, applying deep learning to the ubiquitous graph data is non-trivial because of the unique characteristics of graphs. Recently, substantial research efforts have been devoted to applying deep learning methods to graphs, resulting in beneficial advances in graph analysis techniques. In this survey, we comprehensively review the different types of deep learning methods on graphs. We divide the existing methods into five categories based on their model architectures and training strategies: graph recurrent neural networks, graph convolutional networks, graph autoencoders, graph reinforcement learning, and graph adversarial methods. We then provide a comprehensive overview of these methods in a systematic manner mainly by following their development history. We also analyze the differences and compositions of different methods. Finally, we briefly outline the applications in which they have been used and discuss potential future research directions.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years and have achieved excellent performance in semi-supervised node classification tasks. The success of most GNNs relies on one fundamental assumption, i.e., the original graph structure data is available. However, recent studies have shown that GNNs are vulnerable to the complex underlying structure of the graph, making it necessary to learn comprehensive and robust graph structures for downstream tasks, rather than relying only on the raw graph structure. In light of this, we seek to learn optimal graph structures for downstream tasks and propose a novel framework for semi-supervised classification. Specifically, based on the structural context information of graph and node representations, we encode the complex interactions in semantics and generate semantic graphs to preserve the global structure. Moreover, we develop a novel multi-measure attention layer to optimize the similarity rather than prescribing it a priori, so that the similarity can be adaptively evaluated by integrating measures. These graphs are fused and optimized together with GNN towards semi-supervised classification objective. Extensive experiments and ablation studies on six real-world datasets clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model and the contribution of each component.

Graphs are ubiquitous in nature and can therefore serve as models for many practical but also theoretical problems. For this purpose, they can be defined as many different types which suitably reflect the individual contexts of the represented problem. To address cutting-edge problems based on graph data, the research field of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has emerged. Despite the field's youth and the speed at which new models are developed, many recent surveys have been published to keep track of them. Nevertheless, it has not yet been gathered which GNN can process what kind of graph types. In this survey, we give a detailed overview of already existing GNNs and, unlike previous surveys, categorize them according to their ability to handle different graph types and properties. We consider GNNs operating on static and dynamic graphs of different structural constitutions, with or without node or edge attributes. Moreover, we distinguish between GNN models for discrete-time or continuous-time dynamic graphs and group the models according to their architecture. We find that there are still graph types that are not or only rarely covered by existing GNN models. We point out where models are missing and give potential reasons for their absence.

在本文中，我们旨在提供有效的成对学习神经链路预测（PLNLP）框架。该框架将链路预测视为对等级问题的成对学习，包括四个主要组件，即邻域编码器，链路预测器，负采样器和目标函数组成。该框架灵活地，任何通用图形神经卷积或链路预测特定神经结构都可以作为邻域编码器。对于链路预测器，我们设计不同的评分功能，可以基于不同类型的图表来选择。在否定采样器中，我们提供了几种采样策略，这些策略是特定的问题。至于目标函数，我们建议使用有效的排名损失，这大约最大化标准排名度量AUC。我们在4个链路属性预测数据集上评估了开放图基准的4个链接属性预测数据集，包括\ texttt {ogbl-ddi}，\ texttt {ogbl-collbab}，\ texttt {ogbl-ppa}和\ texttt {ogbl-ciation2}。 PLNLP在\ TextTt {ogbl-ddi}上实现前1个性能，以及仅使用基本神经架构的\ texttt {ogbl-collab}和\ texttt {ogbl-ciation2}的前2个性能。该性能展示了PLNLP的有效性。