A master face is a face image that passes face-based identity authentication for a high percentage of the population. These faces can be used to impersonate, with a high probability of success, any user, without having access to any user information. We optimize these faces for 2D and 3D face verification models, by using an evolutionary algorithm in the latent embedding space of the StyleGAN face generator. For 2D face verification, multiple evolutionary strategies are compared, and we propose a novel approach that employs a neural network to direct the search toward promising samples, without adding fitness evaluations. The results we present demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a considerable coverage of the identities in the LFW or RFW datasets with less than 10 master faces, for six leading deep face recognition systems. In 3D, we generate faces using the 2D StyleGAN2 generator and predict a 3D structure using a deep 3D face reconstruction network. When employing two different 3D face recognition systems, we are able to obtain a coverage of 40%-50%. Additionally, we present the generation of paired 2D RGB and 3D master faces, which simultaneously match 2D and 3D models with high impersonation rates.
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深度神经网络在人类分析中已经普遍存在,增强了应用的性能,例如生物识别识别,动作识别以及人重新识别。但是,此类网络的性能通过可用的培训数据缩放。在人类分析中,对大规模数据集的需求构成了严重的挑战,因为数据收集乏味,廉价,昂贵,并且必须遵守数据保护法。当前的研究研究了\ textit {合成数据}的生成,作为在现场收集真实数据的有效且具有隐私性的替代方案。这项调查介绍了基本定义和方法,在生成和采用合成数据进行人类分析时必不可少。我们进行了一项调查,总结了当前的最新方法以及使用合成数据的主要好处。我们还提供了公开可用的合成数据集和生成模型的概述。最后,我们讨论了该领域的局限性以及开放研究问题。这项调查旨在为人类分析领域的研究人员和从业人员提供。
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这项工作扩展了遗传指纹欺骗的先前进步,并引入了多样性和新颖的大师。该系统使用质量多样性进化算法来生成人造印刷的字典,重点是增加数据集对用户的覆盖范围。多样性大师图的重点是生成与以前发现的印刷品未涵盖的用户匹配的解决方案印刷品,而新颖的主版印刷明确地搜索了与以前的印刷品相比,在用户空间中更多的印刷品。我们的多印刷搜索方法在覆盖范围和概括方面都优于奇异的深层印刷,同时保持指纹图像输出的质量。
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使用社交媒体网站和应用程序已经变得非常受欢迎,人们在这些网络上分享他们的照片。在这些网络上自动识别和标记人们的照片已经提出了隐私保存问题,用户寻求隐藏这些算法的方法。生成的对抗网络(GANS)被证明是非常强大的在高多样性中产生面部图像以及编辑面部图像。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于GAN的生成掩模引导的面部图像操纵(GMFIM)模型,以将无法察觉的编辑应用于输入面部图像以保护图像中的人的隐私。我们的模型由三个主要组件组成:a)面罩模块将面积从输入图像中切断并省略背景,b)用于操纵面部图像并隐藏身份的GaN的优化模块,并覆盖身份和c)用于组合输入图像的背景和操纵的去识别的面部图像的合并模块。在优化步骤的丢失功能中考虑了不同的标准,以产生与输入图像一样类似的高质量图像,同时不能通过AFR系统识别。不同数据集的实验结果表明,与最先进的方法相比,我们的模型可以实现对自动面部识别系统的更好的性能,并且它在大多数实验中捕获更高的攻击成功率。此外,我们提出的模型的产生图像具有最高的质量,更令人愉悦。
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Recent years witnessed the breakthrough of face recognition with deep convolutional neural networks. Dozens of papers in the field of FR are published every year. Some of them were applied in the industrial community and played an important role in human life such as device unlock, mobile payment, and so on. This paper provides an introduction to face recognition, including its history, pipeline, algorithms based on conventional manually designed features or deep learning, mainstream training, evaluation datasets, and related applications. We have analyzed and compared state-of-the-art works as many as possible, and also carefully designed a set of experiments to find the effect of backbone size and data distribution. This survey is a material of the tutorial named The Practical Face Recognition Technology in the Industrial World in the FG2023.
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横梁面部识别(CFR)旨在识别个体,其中比较面部图像源自不同的感测模式,例如红外与可见的。虽然CFR由于与模态差距相关的面部外观的显着变化,但CFR具有比经典的面部识别更具挑战性,但它在具有有限或挑战的照明的场景中,以及在呈现攻击的情况下,它是优越的。与卷积神经网络(CNNS)相关的人工智能最近的进展使CFR的显着性能提高了。由此激励,这项调查的贡献是三倍。我们提供CFR的概述,目标是通过首先正式化CFR然后呈现具体相关的应用来比较不同光谱中捕获的面部图像。其次,我们探索合适的谱带进行识别和讨论最近的CFR方法,重点放在神经网络上。特别是,我们提出了提取和比较异构特征以及数据集的重新访问技术。我们枚举不同光谱和相关算法的优势和局限性。最后,我们讨论了研究挑战和未来的研究线。
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基于深卷积神经网络(CNN)的面部识别表现出归因于提取的高判别特征的卓越精度性能。然而,经常忽略了深度学习模型(深度特征)提取的功能的安全性和隐私。本文提出了从深度功能中重建面部图像,而无需访问CNN网络配置作为约束优化问题。这种优化可最大程度地减少从原始面部图像中提取的特征与重建的面部图像之间的距离。我们没有直接解决图像空间中的优化问题,而是通过寻找GAN发电机的潜在向量来重新重新制定问题,然后使用它来生成面部图像。 GAN发电机在这个新颖的框架中起着双重作用,即优化目标和面部发电机的面部分布约束。除了新颖的优化任务之外,我们还提出了一条攻击管道,以基于生成的面部图像模拟目标用户。我们的结果表明,生成的面部图像可以达到最先进的攻击率在LFW上的最先进的攻击率在I型攻击下为0.1 \%。我们的工作阐明了生物识别部署,以符合隐私和安全政策。
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Our goal with this survey is to provide an overview of the state of the art deep learning technologies for face generation and editing. We will cover popular latest architectures and discuss key ideas that make them work, such as inversion, latent representation, loss functions, training procedures, editing methods, and cross domain style transfer. We particularly focus on GAN-based architectures that have culminated in the StyleGAN approaches, which allow generation of high-quality face images and offer rich interfaces for controllable semantics editing and preserving photo quality. We aim to provide an entry point into the field for readers that have basic knowledge about the field of deep learning and are looking for an accessible introduction and overview.
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In modern face recognition, the conventional pipeline consists of four stages: detect ⇒ align ⇒ represent ⇒ classify. We revisit both the alignment step and the representation step by employing explicit 3D face modeling in order to apply a piecewise affine transformation, and derive a face representation from a nine-layer deep neural network. This deep network involves more than 120 million parameters using several locally connected layers without weight sharing, rather than the standard convolutional layers. Thus we trained it on the largest facial dataset to-date, an identity labeled dataset of four million facial images belonging to more than 4,000 identities. The learned representations coupling the accurate model-based alignment with the large facial database generalize remarkably well to faces in unconstrained environments, even with a simple classifier. Our method reaches an accuracy of 97.35% on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, reducing the error of the current state of the art by more than 27%, closely approaching human-level performance.
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当在安全 - 关键系统中使用深层神经网络(DNN)时,工程师应确定在测试过程中观察到的与故障(即错误输出)相关的安全风险。对于DNN处理图像,工程师在视觉上检查所有引起故障的图像以确定它们之间的共同特征。这种特征对应于危害触发事件(例如,低照明),这是安全分析的重要输入。尽管内容丰富,但这种活动却昂贵且容易出错。为了支持此类安全分析实践,我们提出了SEDE,该技术可为失败,现实世界图像中的共同点生成可读的描述,并通过有效的再培训改善DNN。 SEDE利用了通常用于网络物理系统的模拟器的可用性。它依靠遗传算法来驱动模拟器来生成与测试集中诱导失败的现实世界图像相似的图像。然后,它采用规则学习算法来得出以模拟器参数值捕获共同点的表达式。然后,派生表达式用于生成其他图像以重新训练和改进DNN。随着DNN执行车载传感任务,SEDE成功地表征了导致DNN精度下降的危险触发事件。此外,SEDE启用了重新培训,从而导致DNN准确性的显着提高,最高18个百分点。
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Recently, a popular line of research in face recognition is adopting margins in the well-established softmax loss function to maximize class separability. In this paper, we first introduce an Additive Angular Margin Loss (ArcFace), which not only has a clear geometric interpretation but also significantly enhances the discriminative power. Since ArcFace is susceptible to the massive label noise, we further propose sub-center ArcFace, in which each class contains K sub-centers and training samples only need to be close to any of the K positive sub-centers. Sub-center ArcFace encourages one dominant sub-class that contains the majority of clean faces and non-dominant sub-classes that include hard or noisy faces. Based on this self-propelled isolation, we boost the performance through automatically purifying raw web faces under massive real-world noise. Besides discriminative feature embedding, we also explore the inverse problem, mapping feature vectors to face images. Without training any additional generator or discriminator, the pre-trained ArcFace model can generate identity-preserved face images for both subjects inside and outside the training data only by using the network gradient and Batch Normalization (BN) priors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ArcFace can enhance the discriminative feature embedding as well as strengthen the generative face synthesis.
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The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.
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面部合成的进步已经提出了关于合成面的欺骗性使用的警报。合成综合性可以有效地用于欺骗人类观察者吗?在本文中,我们介绍了使用不同策略产生的合成面的人类感知的研究,包括基于最先进的深学的GaN模型。这是第一次严格研究从心理学的实验技术接地的合成面代发电技术的有效性研究。我们回答了重要的问题,如GaN的频率和更传统的图像处理的技术混淆人类观察者,并且在综合性脸部图像中有细微的线索,导致人类将其视为假冒,而无需寻找明显的线索还为了回答这些问题,我们进行了一系列大规模众群行为实验,具有不同的面膜。结果表明,人类无法在几个不同的情况下区分真实面的合成面。这一发现对面部图像呈现给人类用户的许多不同应用具有严重影响。
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模型反转攻击(MIAS)旨在创建合成图像,通过利用模型的学习知识来反映目标分类器的私人培训数据中的班级特征。先前的研究开发了生成的MIA,该MIA使用生成的对抗网络(GAN)作为针对特定目标模型的图像先验。这使得攻击时间和资源消耗,不灵活,并且容易受到数据集之间的分配变化的影响。为了克服这些缺点,我们提出了插头攻击,从而放宽了目标模型和图像之前的依赖性,并启用单个GAN来攻击广泛的目标,仅需要对攻击进行少量调整。此外,我们表明,即使在公开获得的预训练的gan和强烈的分配转变下,也可以实现强大的MIA,而先前的方法无法产生有意义的结果。我们的广泛评估证实了插头攻击的鲁棒性和灵活性,以及​​它们创建高质量图像的能力,揭示了敏感的类特征。
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Several face de-identification methods have been proposed to preserve users' privacy by obscuring their faces. These methods, however, can degrade the quality of photos, and they usually do not preserve the utility of faces, e.g., their age, gender, pose, and facial expression. Recently, advanced generative adversarial network models, such as StyleGAN, have been proposed, which generate realistic, high-quality imaginary faces. In this paper, we investigate the use of StyleGAN in generating de-identified faces through style mixing, where the styles or features of the target face and an auxiliary face get mixed to generate a de-identified face that carries the utilities of the target face. We examined this de-identification method with respect to preserving utility and privacy, by implementing several face detection, verification, and identification attacks. Through extensive experiments and also comparing with two state-of-the-art face de-identification methods, we show that StyleGAN preserves the quality and utility of the faces much better than the other approaches and also by choosing the style mixing levels correctly, it can preserve the privacy of the faces much better than other methods.
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深度神经网络的面部识别模型已显示出容易受到对抗例子的影响。但是,过去的许多攻击都要求对手使用梯度下降来解决输入依赖性优化问题,这使该攻击实时不切实际。这些对抗性示例也与攻击模型紧密耦合,并且在转移到不同模型方面并不那么成功。在这项工作中,我们提出了Reface,这是对基于对抗性转换网络(ATN)的面部识别模型的实时,高度转移的攻击。 ATNS模型对抗性示例生成是馈送前向神经网络。我们发现,纯U-NET ATN的白盒攻击成功率大大低于基于梯度的攻击,例如大型面部识别数据集中的PGD。因此,我们为ATN提出了一个新的架构,该架构缩小了这一差距,同时维持PGD的10000倍加速。此外,我们发现在给定的扰动幅度下,与PGD相比,我们的ATN对抗扰动在转移到新的面部识别模型方面更有效。 Reface攻击可以在转移攻击环境中成功欺骗商业面部识别服务,并将面部识别精度从AWS SearchFaces API和Azure Face验证准确性从91%降低到50.1%,从而将面部识别精度从82%降低到16.4%。
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商业和政府部门中自动面部识别的扩散引起了个人的严重隐私问题。解决这些隐私问题的一种方法是采用逃避攻击针对启动面部识别系统的度量嵌入网络的攻击:面部混淆系统会产生不透彻的扰动图像,从而导致面部识别系统误解用户。受扰动的面孔是在公制嵌入网络上产生的,在面部识别的背景下,这是不公平的。人口公平的问题自然而然:面部混淆系统表现是否存在人口统计学差异?我们通过对最近的面部混淆系统的分析和经验探索来回答这个问题。指标嵌入网络在人口统计学上很有意识:面部嵌入由人口统计组群聚集。我们展示了这种聚类行为如何导致少数群体面孔的面部混淆实用性减少。直观的分析模型可以深入了解这些现象。
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变形攻击是一种表现攻击的一种形式,近年来引起了人们越来越多的关注。可以成功验证变形图像到多个身份。因此,此操作提出了与旅行或身份文件的能力有关的严重安全问题,该文件被证实属于多个人。以前的作品涉及了变形攻击图像质量的问题,但是,主要目标是定量证明产生的变形攻击的现实外观。我们认为,与真正的样品相比,变形过程可能会影响面部识别(FR)中的感知图像质量和图像实用程序。为了研究这一理论,这项工作对变形对面部图像质量的影响进行了广泛的分析,包括一般图像质量度量和面部图像实用程序测量。该分析不仅限于单个变形技术,而是使用十种不同的质量度量来研究六种不同的变形技术和五个不同的数据源。该分析揭示了变形攻击的质量得分与通过某些质量度量测量的真正样品的质量得分之间的一致性。我们的研究进一步建立在这种效果的基础上,并研究基于质量得分进行无监督的变形攻击检测(MAD)的可能性。我们的研究探索了intra和数据库间的可检测性,以评估这种检测概念在不同的变形技术和真正的源源源上的普遍性。我们的最终结果指出,一组质量措施(例如岩石和CNNIQA)可用于执行无监督和普遍的MAD,正确的分类精度超过70%。
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生成模型的面部匿名化已经变得越来越普遍,因为它们通过生成虚拟面部图像来消毒私人信息,从而确保隐私和图像实用程序。在删除或保护原始身份后,通常无法识别此类虚拟面部图像。在本文中,我们将生成可识别的虚拟面部图像的问题形式化和解决。我们的虚拟脸部图像在视觉上与原始图像不同,以保护隐私保护。此外,它们具有新的虚拟身份,可直接用于面部识别。我们建议可识别的虚拟面部发电机(IVFG)生成虚拟面部图像。 IVFG根据用户特定的键将原始面部图像的潜在矢量投射到虚拟图像中,该键基于该图像生成虚拟面部图像。为了使虚拟面部图像可识别,我们提出了一个多任务学习目标以及一个三联生的培训策略,以学习IVFG。我们使用不同面部图像数据集上的不同面部识别器评估虚拟面部图像的性能,所有这些都证明了IVFG在生成可识别的虚拟面部图像中的有效性。
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自动面部识别是一个知名的研究领域。在该领域的最后三十年的深入研究中,已经提出了许多不同的面部识别算法。随着深度学习的普及及其解决各种不同问题的能力,面部识别研究人员集中精力在此范式下创建更好的模型。从2015年开始,最先进的面部识别就植根于深度学习模型。尽管有大规模和多样化的数据集可用于评估面部识别算法的性能,但许多现代数据集仅结合了影响面部识别的不同因素,例如面部姿势,遮挡,照明,面部表情和图像质量。当算法在这些数据集上产生错误时,尚不清楚哪些因素导致了此错误,因此,没有指导需要多个方向进行更多的研究。这项工作是我们以前在2014年开发的作品的后续作品,最终于2016年发表,显示了各种面部方面对面部识别算法的影响。通过将当前的最新技术与过去的最佳系统进行比较,我们证明了在强烈的遮挡下,某些类型的照明和强烈表达的面孔是深入学习算法所掌握的问题,而具有低分辨率图像的识别,极端的姿势变化和开放式识别仍然是一个开放的问题。为了证明这一点,我们使用六个不同的数据集和五种不同的面部识别算法以开源和可重现的方式运行一系列实验。我们提供了运行所有实验的源代码,这很容易扩展,因此在我们的评估中利用自己的深网只有几分钟的路程。
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