面部合成的进步已经提出了关于合成面的欺骗性使用的警报。合成综合性可以有效地用于欺骗人类观察者吗?在本文中,我们介绍了使用不同策略产生的合成面的人类感知的研究,包括基于最先进的深学的GaN模型。这是第一次严格研究从心理学的实验技术接地的合成面代发电技术的有效性研究。我们回答了重要的问题,如GaN的频率和更传统的图像处理的技术混淆人类观察者,并且在综合性脸部图像中有细微的线索,导致人类将其视为假冒,而无需寻找明显的线索还为了回答这些问题,我们进行了一系列大规模众群行为实验,具有不同的面膜。结果表明,人类无法在几个不同的情况下区分真实面的合成面。这一发现对面部图像呈现给人类用户的许多不同应用具有严重影响。
translated by 谷歌翻译
深度学习已成功地用于解决从大数据分析到计算机视觉和人级控制的各种复杂问题。但是,还采用了深度学习进步来创建可能构成隐私,民主和国家安全威胁的软件。最近出现的那些深度学习驱动的应用程序之一是Deepfake。 DeepFake算法可以创建人类无法将它们与真实图像区分开的假图像和视频。因此,可以自动检测和评估数字视觉媒体完整性的技术的建议是必不可少的。本文介绍了一项用于创造深击的算法的调查,更重要的是,提出的方法旨在检测迄今为止文献中的深击。我们对与Deepfake技术有关的挑战,研究趋势和方向进行了广泛的讨论。通过回顾深层味和最先进的深层检测方法的背景,本研究提供了深入的深层技术的概述,并促进了新的,更强大的方法的发展,以应对日益挑战性的深击。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Several face de-identification methods have been proposed to preserve users' privacy by obscuring their faces. These methods, however, can degrade the quality of photos, and they usually do not preserve the utility of faces, e.g., their age, gender, pose, and facial expression. Recently, advanced generative adversarial network models, such as StyleGAN, have been proposed, which generate realistic, high-quality imaginary faces. In this paper, we investigate the use of StyleGAN in generating de-identified faces through style mixing, where the styles or features of the target face and an auxiliary face get mixed to generate a de-identified face that carries the utilities of the target face. We examined this de-identification method with respect to preserving utility and privacy, by implementing several face detection, verification, and identification attacks. Through extensive experiments and also comparing with two state-of-the-art face de-identification methods, we show that StyleGAN preserves the quality and utility of the faces much better than the other approaches and also by choosing the style mixing levels correctly, it can preserve the privacy of the faces much better than other methods.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Privacy of machine learning models is one of the remaining challenges that hinder the broad adoption of Artificial Intelligent (AI). This paper considers this problem in the context of image datasets containing faces. Anonymization of such datasets is becoming increasingly important due to their central role in the training of autonomous cars, for example, and the vast amount of data generated by surveillance systems. While most prior work de-identifies facial images by modifying identity features in pixel space, we instead project the image onto the latent space of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model, find the features that provide the biggest identity disentanglement, and then manipulate these features in latent space, pixel space, or both. The main contribution of the paper is the design of a feature-preserving anonymization framework, StyleID, which protects the individuals' identity, while preserving as many characteristics of the original faces in the image dataset as possible. As part of the contribution, we present a novel disentanglement metric, three complementing disentanglement methods, and new insights into identity disentanglement. StyleID provides tunable privacy, has low computational complexity, and is shown to outperform current state-of-the-art solutions.
translated by 谷歌翻译
深度神经网络在人类分析中已经普遍存在,增强了应用的性能,例如生物识别识别,动作识别以及人重新识别。但是,此类网络的性能通过可用的培训数据缩放。在人类分析中,对大规模数据集的需求构成了严重的挑战,因为数据收集乏味,廉价,昂贵,并且必须遵守数据保护法。当前的研究研究了\ textit {合成数据}的生成,作为在现场收集真实数据的有效且具有隐私性的替代方案。这项调查介绍了基本定义和方法,在生成和采用合成数据进行人类分析时必不可少。我们进行了一项调查,总结了当前的最新方法以及使用合成数据的主要好处。我们还提供了公开可用的合成数据集和生成模型的概述。最后,我们讨论了该领域的局限性以及开放研究问题。这项调查旨在为人类分析领域的研究人员和从业人员提供。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Our goal with this survey is to provide an overview of the state of the art deep learning technologies for face generation and editing. We will cover popular latest architectures and discuss key ideas that make them work, such as inversion, latent representation, loss functions, training procedures, editing methods, and cross domain style transfer. We particularly focus on GAN-based architectures that have culminated in the StyleGAN approaches, which allow generation of high-quality face images and offer rich interfaces for controllable semantics editing and preserving photo quality. We aim to provide an entry point into the field for readers that have basic knowledge about the field of deep learning and are looking for an accessible introduction and overview.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Deepfakes are computationally-created entities that falsely represent reality. They can take image, video, and audio modalities, and pose a threat to many areas of systems and societies, comprising a topic of interest to various aspects of cybersecurity and cybersafety. In 2020 a workshop consulting AI experts from academia, policing, government, the private sector, and state security agencies ranked deepfakes as the most serious AI threat. These experts noted that since fake material can propagate through many uncontrolled routes, changes in citizen behaviour may be the only effective defence. This study aims to assess human ability to identify image deepfakes of human faces (StyleGAN2:FFHQ) from nondeepfake images (FFHQ), and to assess the effectiveness of simple interventions intended to improve detection accuracy. Using an online survey, 280 participants were randomly allocated to one of four groups: a control group, and 3 assistance interventions. Each participant was shown a sequence of 20 images randomly selected from a pool of 50 deepfake and 50 real images of human faces. Participants were asked if each image was AI-generated or not, to report their confidence, and to describe the reasoning behind each response. Overall detection accuracy was only just above chance and none of the interventions significantly improved this. Participants' confidence in their answers was high and unrelated to accuracy. Assessing the results on a per-image basis reveals participants consistently found certain images harder to label correctly, but reported similarly high confidence regardless of the image. Thus, although participant accuracy was 62% overall, this accuracy across images ranged quite evenly between 85% and 30%, with an accuracy of below 50% for one in every five images. We interpret the findings as suggesting that there is a need for an urgent call to action to address this threat.
translated by 谷歌翻译
如果通过参考人类感知能力,他们的培训可以实现深度学习模型可以实现更大的概括吗?我们如何以实际的方式实现这一目标?本文提出了一种首次培训策略来传达大脑监督,以提高泛化(机器人)。这种新的训练方法将人类注释的显着性图纳入了一种机器人损失函数,指导了在求解给定视觉任务时从图像区域的学习特征的模型。类激活映射(CAM)机制用于探测模型在每个训练批处理中的电流显着性,与人为显着性,并惩罚模型以实现大差异。结果综合面检测任务表明,Cyborg损失导致看不见的样本的性能显着改善,这些样本由多种分类网络架构中的六个生成对抗网络(GANS)产生的面部图像组成。我们还表明,与标准损失的培训数据缩放到甚至七次甚至不能击败机器人损失的准确性。作为副作用,我们观察到,在合成面检测的任务方面增加了显式区域注释增加了人类分类性能。这项工作开启了关于如何将人类视力置于损失功能的新研究领域。本文提供了本工作中使用的所有数据,代码和预训练型号。
translated by 谷歌翻译
面部图像合成已经超出了人类可以有效区分真实面孔和合成产生的面孔的进展。最近开发的合成面部图像探测器具有“比人类更好”的判别能力,尤其是那些在模型训练过程中受到人类感知智能的指导的能力。在本文中,我们研究了这些人类引导的合成面探测器是否可以帮助非专业人类操作员在合成图像检测的任务中与没有人类施用的模型相比。我们进行了一项大规模实验,对1,560多个受试者进行了分类,该试验是否显示出真实或合成生成的面部,并注释支持其决策的区域。总共收集了3,780张独特面部图像的56,015个注释。所有受试者首先检查了没有任何AI支持的样品,然后给出了(a)AI的决定(“合成”或“真实”),(b)类激活图,说明了模型对其决策的显着性,或(c) AI的决定和AI的显着性图。合成面是由六个现代生成对抗网络产生的。该实验的有趣观察结果包括:(1)接受人类实力训练的模型为人类对面部图像的检查提供了更好的支持,与传统上使用跨凝性损失训练的模型相比,(2)向人类提出的二进制决策提供了比显着性更好的支持。地图,(3)理解AI的准确性有助于人类增加对特定模型的信任,从而提高其整体准确性。这项工作表明,尽管由机器支持的人类实现了合成面部检测的准确性,但向人类提供AI支持和建立信任的方式是决定人类串联的高效性的关键因素。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Although Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have made significant progress in face synthesis, there lacks enough understanding of what GANs have learned in the latent representation to map a random code to a photo-realistic image. In this work, we propose a framework called InterFaceGAN to interpret the disentangled face representation learned by the state-of-the-art GAN models and study the properties of the facial semantics encoded in the latent space. We first find that GANs learn various semantics in some linear subspaces of the latent space. After identifying these subspaces, we can realistically manipulate the corresponding facial attributes without retraining the model. We then conduct a detailed study on the correlation between different semantics and manage to better disentangle them via subspace projection, resulting in more precise control of the attribute manipulation. Besides manipulating the gender, age, expression, and presence of eyeglasses, we can even alter the face pose and fix the artifacts accidentally made by GANs. Furthermore, we perform an in-depth face identity analysis and a layer-wise analysis to evaluate the editing results quantitatively. Finally, we apply our approach to real face editing by employing GAN inversion approaches and explicitly training feed-forward models based on the synthetic data established by InterFaceGAN. Extensive experimental results suggest that learning to synthesize faces spontaneously brings a disentangled and controllable face representation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文的目标是对面部素描合成(FSS)问题进行全面的研究。然而,由于获得了手绘草图数据集的高成本,因此缺乏完整的基准,用于评估过去十年的FSS算法的开发。因此,我们首先向FSS引入高质量的数据集,名为FS2K,其中包括2,104个图像素描对,跨越三种类型的草图样式,图像背景,照明条件,肤色和面部属性。 FS2K与以前的FSS数据集不同于难度,多样性和可扩展性,因此应促进FSS研究的进展。其次,我们通过调查139种古典方法,包括34个手工特征的面部素描合成方法,37个一般的神经式传输方法,43个深映像到图像翻译方法,以及35个图像 - 素描方法。此外,我们详细说明了现有的19个尖端模型的综合实验。第三,我们为FSS提供了一个简单的基准,名为FSGAN。只有两个直截了当的组件,即面部感知屏蔽和风格矢量扩展,FSGAN将超越所提出的FS2K数据集的所有先前最先进模型的性能,通过大边距。最后,我们在过去几年中汲取的经验教训,并指出了几个未解决的挑战。我们的开源代码可在https://github.com/dengpingfan/fsgan中获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
横梁面部识别(CFR)旨在识别个体,其中比较面部图像源自不同的感测模式,例如红外与可见的。虽然CFR由于与模态差距相关的面部外观的显着变化,但CFR具有比经典的面部识别更具挑战性,但它在具有有限或挑战的照明的场景中,以及在呈现攻击的情况下,它是优越的。与卷积神经网络(CNNS)相关的人工智能最近的进展使CFR的显着性能提高了。由此激励,这项调查的贡献是三倍。我们提供CFR的概述,目标是通过首先正式化CFR然后呈现具体相关的应用来比较不同光谱中捕获的面部图像。其次,我们探索合适的谱带进行识别和讨论最近的CFR方法,重点放在神经网络上。特别是,我们提出了提取和比较异构特征以及数据集的重新访问技术。我们枚举不同光谱和相关算法的优势和局限性。最后,我们讨论了研究挑战和未来的研究线。
translated by 谷歌翻译
很少有研究重点是研究人们如何识别变形攻击,即使有一些出版物已经检查了自动化FRS的敏感性并提供了变形攻击检测(MAD)方法。 MAD接近他们的决策要么基于单个图像,因此没有参考以比较(S-MAD)或使用参考图像(D-MAD)。一个普遍的误解是,审查员或观察者的面部变体检测能力取决于他们的主题专业知识,经验和对这个问题的熟悉程度,并且没有任何作品报告了定期验证身份(ID)文档的观察者的具体结果。当人类观察者参与检查具有面部图像的ID文件时,其能力的失误可能会面临重大的社会挑战。为了评估观察者的熟练程度,这项工作首先构建了来自48位不同受试者的现实变形攻击的新基准数据库,从而产生了400个变形图像。我们还捕获了从自动边界控制(ABC)门的图像,以模仿D-MAD设置中现实的边界横断场景,并使用400个探针图像研究人类观察者检测变形图像的能力。还生产了一个新的180个变形图像的数据集,以研究S-MAD环境中的人类能力。除了创建一个新的评估平台来进行S-MAD和D-MAD分析外,该研究还雇用了469位D-MAD的观察员,S-MAD的410位观察员和410位观察员,他们主要是来自40多个国家 /地区的政府雇员,以及103个科目谁不是考官。该分析提供了有趣的见解,并突出了缺乏专业知识和未能认识到专家大量变形攻击的缺乏。这项研究的结果旨在帮助制定培训计划,以防止安全失败,同时确定图像是真正的还是改变了图像。
translated by 谷歌翻译
使用社交媒体网站和应用程序已经变得非常受欢迎,人们在这些网络上分享他们的照片。在这些网络上自动识别和标记人们的照片已经提出了隐私保存问题,用户寻求隐藏这些算法的方法。生成的对抗网络(GANS)被证明是非常强大的在高多样性中产生面部图像以及编辑面部图像。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于GAN的生成掩模引导的面部图像操纵(GMFIM)模型,以将无法察觉的编辑应用于输入面部图像以保护图像中的人的隐私。我们的模型由三个主要组件组成:a)面罩模块将面积从输入图像中切断并省略背景,b)用于操纵面部图像并隐藏身份的GaN的优化模块,并覆盖身份和c)用于组合输入图像的背景和操纵的去识别的面部图像的合并模块。在优化步骤的丢失功能中考虑了不同的标准,以产生与输入图像一样类似的高质量图像,同时不能通过AFR系统识别。不同数据集的实验结果表明,与最先进的方法相比,我们的模型可以实现对自动面部识别系统的更好的性能,并且它在大多数实验中捕获更高的攻击成功率。此外,我们提出的模型的产生图像具有最高的质量,更令人愉悦。
translated by 谷歌翻译
变形攻击是一种表现攻击的一种形式,近年来引起了人们越来越多的关注。可以成功验证变形图像到多个身份。因此,此操作提出了与旅行或身份文件的能力有关的严重安全问题,该文件被证实属于多个人。以前的作品涉及了变形攻击图像质量的问题,但是,主要目标是定量证明产生的变形攻击的现实外观。我们认为,与真正的样品相比,变形过程可能会影响面部识别(FR)中的感知图像质量和图像实用程序。为了研究这一理论,这项工作对变形对面部图像质量的影响进行了广泛的分析,包括一般图像质量度量和面部图像实用程序测量。该分析不仅限于单个变形技术,而是使用十种不同的质量度量来研究六种不同的变形技术和五个不同的数据源。该分析揭示了变形攻击的质量得分与通过某些质量度量测量的真正样品的质量得分之间的一致性。我们的研究进一步建立在这种效果的基础上,并研究基于质量得分进行无监督的变形攻击检测(MAD)的可能性。我们的研究探索了intra和数据库间的可检测性,以评估这种检测概念在不同的变形技术和真正的源源源上的普遍性。我们的最终结果指出,一组质量措施(例如岩石和CNNIQA)可用于执行无监督和普遍的MAD,正确的分类精度超过70%。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Online media data, in the forms of images and videos, are becoming mainstream communication channels. However, recent advances in deep learning, particularly deep generative models, open the doors for producing perceptually convincing images and videos at a low cost, which not only poses a serious threat to the trustworthiness of digital information but also has severe societal implications. This motivates a growing interest of research in media tampering detection, i.e., using deep learning techniques to examine whether media data have been maliciously manipulated. Depending on the content of the targeted images, media forgery could be divided into image tampering and Deepfake techniques. The former typically moves or erases the visual elements in ordinary images, while the latter manipulates the expressions and even the identity of human faces. Accordingly, the means of defense include image tampering detection and Deepfake detection, which share a wide variety of properties. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current media tampering detection approaches, and discuss the challenges and trends in this field for future research.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们分析了面部图像中基本身份的基本3D形状如何扭曲其整体外观,尤其是从深面识别的角度来看。正如在流行的训练数据增强方案中所做的那样,我们以随机选择或最合适的3D面部模型的形式渲染真实和合成的面部图像,以产生基本身份的新视图。我们比较了这些图像产生的深度特征,以评估这些渲染引入原始身份的扰动。我们以各种程度的面部偏航进行了这种分析,基本身份的性别和种族各不相同。此外,我们调查在这些渲染图像中添加某种形式的上下文和背景像素,当用作训练数据时,进一步改善了面部识别模型的下游性能。我们的实验证明了面部形状在准确的面部匹配中的重要性,并基于上下文数据对网络训练的重要性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
编辑和操纵视频中的面部特征是一种有趣而重要的研究领域,具有夸张的应用,从电影生产和视觉效果到视频游戏和虚拟助手的现实头像。据我们所知,本文提出了第一种在视频中进行了对面部表情的照相型式操纵的方法。我们的方法支持基于神经渲染和基于3D的面部表情建模的语义视频操纵。我们专注于通过改变和控制面部表情来互动操纵视频,实现有前途的光电温度效果。该方法基于用于3D面部形状和活动的脱屑表示和估计,为用户提供对输入视频中的面部表情的直观且易于使用的控制。我们还介绍了一个用户友好的交互式AI工具,该工具处理有关输入视频的特定部分的所需情绪操纵的人类可读的语义标签,并合成光电环境拟人的操纵视频。我们通过将情绪标签映射到价值(VA)值来实现这一点,又通过特别设计和训练的表达式解码器网络映射到解开的3D面部表达式。本文提出了详细的定性和定量实验,展示了我们系统的有效性以及它实现的有希望的结果。可以在补充材料中找到其他结果和视频(https://github.com/girish-03/deepsemmanipulation)。
translated by 谷歌翻译
人们对出于各种目的的人交谈的综合视频图像产生了浓厚的兴趣,包括娱乐,交流,培训和广告。随着深层伪造的模型的发展,合成视频图像很快将在视觉上与自然捕获视频的肉眼无法区分。此外,许多方法正在继续改进,以避免更谨慎,法医视觉分析。通过使用面部木偶来制作一些深层的虚假视频,该视频通过演员的动作直接控制合成图像的头部和面部,使演员可以将其“木偶”“木偶”“木偶”“木偶”“木偶”相同。在本文中,我们解决了一个问题,即是否可以通过控制扬声器的视觉外观,但从另一个来源转移行为信号来将一个人的动作与原始扬声器区分开。我们通过比较综合图像来进行研究:1)源自另一个人说不同话语的人,2)起源于同一人说的话不同,3)源自另一个人说相同的话语。我们的研究表明,在所有三种情况下,合成视频都比原始源视频不那么真实和吸引力。我们的结果表明,可以从一个人的动作中检测到​​与视觉外观分开的行为签名,并且可以使用这种行为签名来区分深处的伪造与正确捕获的视频。
translated by 谷歌翻译