We present a new method which provides object location priors for previously unseen object 6D pose estimation. Existing approaches build upon a template matching strategy and convolve a set of reference images with the query. Unfortunately, their performance is affected by the object scale mismatches between the references and the query. To address this issue, we present a finer-grained correlation estimation module, which handles the object scale mismatches by computing correlations with adjustable receptive fields. We also propose to decouple the correlations into scale-robust and scale-aware representations to estimate the object location and size, respectively. Our method achieves state-of-the-art unseen object localization and 6D pose estimation results on LINEMOD and GenMOP. We further construct a challenging synthetic dataset, where the results highlight the better robustness of our method to varying backgrounds, illuminations, and object sizes, as well as to the reference-query domain gap.

在本文中，我们解决了从单眼图像估算以前未见对象的3D方向的任务。该任务与大多数现有深度学习方法所考虑的任务形成对比，后者通常假设在训练过程中观察到测试对象。为了处理看不见的对象，我们遵循基于检索的策略，并通过计算查询图像和合成生成的参考图像之间的多尺度局部相似性来防止网络学习特定于对象的特征。然后，我们引入了一个自适应融合模块，该模块可稳健地将局部相似性汇总到成对图像的全局相似性评分中。此外，我们通过制定快速检索策略来加快检索过程。我们在LineMod，LineMod-Ocluded和T-less数据集上进行的实验表明，与以前的工作相比，我们的方法对看不见的对象产生了明显的概括。我们的代码和预训练模型可在https://sailor-z.github.io/projects/unseen_object_pose.html上找到。

The goal of this paper is to estimate the 6D pose and dimensions of unseen object instances in an RGB-D image. Contrary to "instance-level" 6D pose estimation tasks, our problem assumes that no exact object CAD models are available during either training or testing time. To handle different and unseen object instances in a given category, we introduce Normalized Object Coordinate Space (NOCS)-a shared canonical representation for all possible object instances within a category. Our region-based neural network is then trained to directly infer the correspondence from observed pixels to this shared object representation (NOCS) along with other object information such as class label and instance mask. These predictions can be combined with the depth map to jointly estimate the metric 6D pose and dimensions of multiple objects in a cluttered scene. To train our network, we present a new contextaware technique to generate large amounts of fully annotated mixed reality data. To further improve our model and evaluate its performance on real data, we also provide a fully annotated real-world dataset with large environment and instance variation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is able to robustly estimate the pose and size of unseen object instances in real environments while also achieving state-of-the-art performance on standard 6D pose estimation benchmarks.

We propose a single-shot approach for simultaneously detecting an object in an RGB image and predicting its 6D pose without requiring multiple stages or having to examine multiple hypotheses. Unlike a recently proposed single-shot technique for this task [11] that only predicts an approximate 6D pose that must then be refined, ours is accurate enough not to require additional post-processing. As a result, it is much faster -50 fps on a Titan X (Pascal) GPU -and more suitable for real-time processing. The key component of our method is a new CNN architecture inspired by [28,29] that directly predicts the 2D image locations of the projected vertices of the object's 3D bounding box. The object's 6D pose is then estimated using a PnP algorithm.For single object and multiple object pose estimation on the LINEMOD and OCCLUSION datasets, our approach substantially outperforms other recent 26] when they are all used without postprocessing. During post-processing, a pose refinement step can be used to boost the accuracy of these two methods, but at 10 fps or less, they are much slower than our method.

Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.

In this paper, we propose a novel 3D graph convolution based pipeline for category-level 6D pose and size estimation from monocular RGB-D images. The proposed method leverages an efficient 3D data augmentation and a novel vector-based decoupled rotation representation. Specifically, we first design an orientation-aware autoencoder with 3D graph convolution for latent feature learning. The learned latent feature is insensitive to point shift and size thanks to the shift and scale-invariance properties of the 3D graph convolution. Then, to efficiently decode the rotation information from the latent feature, we design a novel flexible vector-based decomposable rotation representation that employs two decoders to complementarily access the rotation information. The proposed rotation representation has two major advantages: 1) decoupled characteristic that makes the rotation estimation easier; 2) flexible length and rotated angle of the vectors allow us to find a more suitable vector representation for specific pose estimation task. Finally, we propose a 3D deformation mechanism to increase the generalization ability of the pipeline. Extensive experiments show that the proposed pipeline achieves state-of-the-art performance on category-level tasks. Further, the experiments demonstrate that the proposed rotation representation is more suitable for the pose estimation tasks than other rotation representations.

估计没有先验知识的新对象的相对姿势是一个困难的问题，而它是机器人技术和增强现实中非常需要的能力。我们提出了一种方法，可以在训练图像和对象的3D几何形状都没有可用时跟踪对象中对象的6D运动。因此，与以前的作品相反，我们的方法可以立即考虑开放世界中的未知对象，而无需任何先前的信息或特定的培训阶段。我们考虑两个架构，一个基于两个帧，另一个依赖于变压器编码器，它们可以利用任意数量的过去帧。我们仅使用具有域随机化的合成渲染训练架构。我们在具有挑战性的数据集上的结果与以前需要更多信息的作品（训练目标对象，3D模型和/或深度数据的培训图像）相当。我们的源代码可从https://github.com/nv-nguyen/pizza获得

We introduce MegaPose, a method to estimate the 6D pose of novel objects, that is, objects unseen during training. At inference time, the method only assumes knowledge of (i) a region of interest displaying the object in the image and (ii) a CAD model of the observed object. The contributions of this work are threefold. First, we present a 6D pose refiner based on a render&compare strategy which can be applied to novel objects. The shape and coordinate system of the novel object are provided as inputs to the network by rendering multiple synthetic views of the object's CAD model. Second, we introduce a novel approach for coarse pose estimation which leverages a network trained to classify whether the pose error between a synthetic rendering and an observed image of the same object can be corrected by the refiner. Third, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset of photorealistic images of thousands of objects with diverse visual and shape properties and show that this diversity is crucial to obtain good generalization performance on novel objects. We train our approach on this large synthetic dataset and apply it without retraining to hundreds of novel objects in real images from several pose estimation benchmarks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the ModelNet and YCB-Video datasets. An extensive evaluation on the 7 core datasets of the BOP challenge demonstrates that our approach achieves performance competitive with existing approaches that require access to the target objects during training. Code, dataset and trained models are available on the project page: https://megapose6d.github.io/.

Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.

虽然最近出现了类别级的9DOF对象姿势估计，但由于较大的对象形状和颜色等类别内差异，因此，先前基于对应的或直接回归方法的准确性均受到限制。 - 级别的物体姿势和尺寸炼油机Catre，能够迭代地增强点云的姿势估计以产生准确的结果。鉴于初始姿势估计，Catre通过对齐部分观察到的点云和先验的抽象形状来预测初始姿势和地面真理之间的相对转换。具体而言，我们提出了一种新颖的分离体系结构，以了解旋转与翻译/大小估计之间的固有区别。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法在REAL275，Camera25和LM基准测试中的最先进方法高达〜85.32Hz，并在类别级别跟踪上取得了竞争成果。我们进一步证明，Catre可以对看不见的类别进行姿势改进。可以使用代码和训练有素的型号。

我们提出了一种称为DPODV2（密集姿势对象检测器）的三个阶段6 DOF对象检测方法，该方法依赖于致密的对应关系。我们将2D对象检测器与密集的对应关系网络和多视图姿势细化方法相结合，以估计完整的6 DOF姿势。与通常仅限于单眼RGB图像的其他深度学习方法不同，我们提出了一个统一的深度学习网络，允许使用不同的成像方式（RGB或DEPTH）。此外，我们提出了一种基于可区分渲染的新型姿势改进方法。主要概念是在多个视图中比较预测并渲染对应关系，以获得与所有视图中预测的对应关系一致的姿势。我们提出的方法对受控设置中的不同数据方式和培训数据类型进行了严格的评估。主要结论是，RGB在对应性估计中表现出色，而如果有良好的3D-3D对应关系，则深度有助于姿势精度。自然，他们的组合可以实现总体最佳性能。我们进行广泛的评估和消融研究，以分析和验证几个具有挑战性的数据集的结果。 DPODV2在所有这些方面都取得了出色的成果，同时仍然保持快速和可扩展性，独立于使用的数据模式和培训数据的类型

对象姿态估计有多个重要应用，例如机器人抓握和增强现实。我们提出了一种估计了提高当前提案的准确性的6D对象的6D姿势，仍然可以实时使用。我们的方法使用RGB-D数据作为段对象的输入并估计它们的姿势。它使用具有多个头部的神经网络，一个头估计对象分类并生成掩码，第二估计转换向量的值，最后一个头估计表示对象旋转的四元轴的值。这些头部利用特征提取和特征融合期间使用的金字塔架构。我们的方法可以实时使用，其低推理时间为0.12秒并具有高精度。通过这种快速推理和良好准确性的组合，可以在机器人挑选和放置任务和/或增强现实应用中使用我们的方法。

最先进的对象姿势估计通过使用多模型公式来处理测试图像中的多个实例：检测作为第一阶段，然后每个对象单独训练的网络，以作为第二阶段的2d-3d几何对应关系预测。随后，使用Perspective-N点算法在运行时估算姿势。不幸的是，多模型配方很慢，并且与所涉及的对象实例的数量相比不能很好地扩展。最近的方法表明，直接6D对象姿势估计是可行的，当时是从上述几何对应关系得出的。我们提出了一种方法，该方法学习了多个对象的中间几何表示，以直接回归测试图像中所有实例的6D姿势。固有的端到端训练性克服了单独处理单个对象实例的要求。通过计算相互关联的联合会，将姿势假设聚集在不同的实例中，从而相对于对象实例的数量实现了可忽略的运行时开销。多个挑战性标准数据集的结果表明，尽管姿势估计的性能快于35倍以上，但姿势估计性能优于单模最先进的方法。我们还提供了一个分析，显示存在90多个对象实例的图像实时适用性（> 24 fps）。进一步的结果表明，用6D姿势监督基于几何相应的对象姿势估计的优势。

我们的方法从单个RGB-D观察中研究了以对象为中心的3D理解的复杂任务。由于这是一个不适的问题，因此现有的方法在3D形状和6D姿势和尺寸估计中都遭受了遮挡的复杂多对象方案的尺寸估计。我们提出了Shapo，这是一种联合多对象检测的方法，3D纹理重建，6D对象姿势和尺寸估计。 Shapo的关键是一条单杆管道，可回归形状，外观和构成潜在的代码以及每个对象实例的口罩，然后以稀疏到密集的方式进一步完善。首先学到了一种新颖的剖面形状和前景数据库，以将对象嵌入各自的形状和外观空间中。我们还提出了一个基于OCTREE的新颖的可区分优化步骤，使我们能够以分析的方式进一步改善对象形状，姿势和外观。我们新颖的联合隐式纹理对象表示使我们能够准确地识别和重建新颖的看不见的对象，而无需访问其3D网格。通过广泛的实验，我们表明我们的方法在模拟的室内场景上进行了训练，可以准确地回归现实世界中新颖物体的形状，外观和姿势，并以最小的微调。我们的方法显着超过了NOCS数据集上的所有基准，对于6D姿势估计，MAP的绝对改进为8％。项目页面：https：//zubair-irshad.github.io/projects/shapo.html

We introduce a novel method for 3D object detection and pose estimation from color images only. We first use segmentation to detect the objects of interest in 2D even in presence of partial occlusions and cluttered background. By contrast with recent patch-based methods, we rely on a "holistic" approach: We apply to the detected objects a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained to predict their 3D poses in the form of 2D projections of the corners of their 3D bounding boxes. This, however, is not sufficient for handling objects from the recent T-LESS dataset: These objects exhibit an axis of rotational symmetry, and the similarity of two images of such an object under two different poses makes training the CNN challenging. We solve this problem by restricting the range of poses used for training, and by introducing a classifier to identify the range of a pose at run-time before estimating it. We also use an optional additional step that refines the predicted poses. We improve the state-of-the-art on the LINEMOD dataset from 73.7% [2] to 89.3% of correctly registered RGB frames. We are also the first to report results on the Occlusion dataset [1] using color images only. We obtain 54% of frames passing the Pose 6D criterion on average on several sequences of the T-LESS dataset, compared to the 67% of the state-of-the-art [10] on the same sequences which uses both color and depth. The full approach is also scalable, as a single network can be trained for multiple objects simultaneously.

We present a novel method for detecting 3D model instances and estimating their 6D poses from RGB data in a single shot. To this end, we extend the popular SSD paradigm to cover the full 6D pose space and train on synthetic model data only. Our approach competes or surpasses current state-of-the-art methods that leverage RGB-D data on multiple challenging datasets. Furthermore, our method produces these results at around 10Hz, which is many times faster than the related methods. For the sake of reproducibility, we make our trained networks and detection code publicly available. 1

This paper addresses the challenge of 6DoF pose estimation from a single RGB image under severe occlusion or truncation. Many recent works have shown that a two-stage approach, which first detects keypoints and then solves a Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem for pose estimation, achieves remarkable performance. However, most of these methods only localize a set of sparse keypoints by regressing their image coordinates or heatmaps, which are sensitive to occlusion and truncation. Instead, we introduce a Pixel-wise Voting Network (PVNet) to regress pixel-wise unit vectors pointing to the keypoints and use these vectors to vote for keypoint locations using RANSAC. This creates a flexible representation for localizing occluded or truncated keypoints. Another important feature of this representation is that it provides uncertainties of keypoint locations that can be further leveraged by the PnP solver. Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the state of the art on the LINEMOD, Occlusion LINEMOD and YCB-Video datasets by a large margin, while being efficient for real-time pose estimation. We further create a Truncation LINEMOD dataset to validate the robustness of our approach against truncation. The code will be avaliable at https://zju-3dv.github.io/pvnet/.

While object reconstruction has made great strides in recent years, current methods typically require densely captured images and/or known camera poses, and generalize poorly to novel object categories. To step toward object reconstruction in the wild, this work explores reconstructing general real-world objects from a few images without known camera poses or object categories. The crux of our work is solving two fundamental 3D vision problems -- shape reconstruction and pose estimation -- in a unified approach. Our approach captures the synergies of these two problems: reliable camera pose estimation gives rise to accurate shape reconstruction, and the accurate reconstruction, in turn, induces robust correspondence between different views and facilitates pose estimation. Our method FORGE predicts 3D features from each view and leverages them in conjunction with the input images to establish cross-view correspondence for estimating relative camera poses. The 3D features are then transformed by the estimated poses into a shared space and are fused into a neural radiance field. The reconstruction results are rendered by volume rendering techniques, enabling us to train the model without 3D shape ground-truth. Our experiments show that FORGE reliably reconstructs objects from five views. Our pose estimation method outperforms existing ones by a large margin. The reconstruction results under predicted poses are comparable to the ones using ground-truth poses. The performance on novel testing categories matches the results on categories seen during training. Project page: https://ut-austin-rpl.github.io/FORGE/

6D对象姿势估计是计算机视觉和机器人研究中的基本问题之一。尽管最近在同一类别内将姿势估计概括为新的对象实例（即类别级别的6D姿势估计）方面已做出了许多努力，但考虑到有限的带注释数据，它仍然在受限的环境中受到限制。在本文中，我们收集了Wild6D，这是一种具有不同实例和背景的新的未标记的RGBD对象视频数据集。我们利用这些数据在野外概括了类别级别的6D对象姿势效果，并通过半监督学习。我们提出了一个新模型，称为呈现姿势估计网络reponet，该模型使用带有合成数据的自由地面真实性共同训练，以及在现实世界数据上具有轮廓匹配的目标函数。在不使用实际数据上的任何3D注释的情况下，我们的方法优于先前数据集上的最先进方法，而我们的WILD6D测试集（带有手动注释进行评估）则优于较大的边距。带有WILD6D数据的项目页面：https：//oasisyang.github.io/semi-pose。

We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5