The open-radio access network (O-RAN) embraces cloudification and network function virtualization for base-band function processing by dis-aggregated radio units (RUs), distributed units (DUs), and centralized units (CUs). These enable the cloud-RAN vision in full, where multiple mobile network operators (MNOs) can install their proprietary or open RUs, but lease on-demand computational resources for DU-CU functions from commonly available open-clouds via open x-haul interfaces. In this paper, we propose and compare the performances of min-max fairness and Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auction-based x-haul and DU-CU resource allocation mechanisms to create a multi-tenant O-RAN ecosystem that is sustainable for small, medium, and large MNOs. The min-max fair approach minimizes the maximum OPEX of RUs through cost-sharing proportional to their demands, whereas the VCG auction-based approach minimizes the total OPEX for all resources utilized while extracting truthful demands from RUs. We consider time-wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) passive optical network (PON)-based x-haul interfaces where PON virtualization technique is used to flexibly provide optical connections among RUs and edge-clouds at macro-cell RU locations as well as open-clouds at the central office locations. Moreover, we design efficient heuristics that yield significantly better economic efficiency and network resource utilization than conventional greedy resource allocation algorithms and reinforcement learning-based algorithms.

未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术，例如5G和5G网络，车辆网络，无人机（UAV）网络和物联网（IOT）。此外，未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定，以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法，例如单药强化学习（RL）或深入强化学习（DRL），以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是，这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模，而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习（MARL）允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境，还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果，MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率，并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中，我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是，我们提供了MARL的教程，以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是，我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后，我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问，传输电源控制，计算卸载，内容缓存，数据包路由，无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。

In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.

In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.

近年来，物联网设备的数量越来越快，这导致了用于管理，存储，分析和从不同物联网设备的原始数据做出决定的具有挑战性的任务，尤其是对于延时敏感的应用程序。在车辆网络（VANET）环境中，由于常见的拓扑变化，车辆的动态性质使当前的开放研究发出更具挑战性，这可能导致车辆之间断开连接。为此，已经在5G基础设施上计算了云和雾化的背景下提出了许多研究工作。另一方面，有多种研究提案旨在延长车辆之间的连接时间。已经定义了车辆社交网络（VSN）以减少车辆之间的连接时间的负担。本调查纸首先提供了关于雾，云和相关范例，如5G和SDN的必要背景信息和定义。然后，它将读者介绍给车辆社交网络，不同的指标和VSN和在线社交网络之间的主要差异。最后，本调查调查了在展示不同架构的VANET背景下的相关工作，以解决雾计算中的不同问题。此外，它提供了不同方法的分类，并在雾和云的上下文中讨论所需的指标，并将其与车辆社交网络进行比较。与VSN和雾计算领域的新研究挑战和趋势一起讨论了相关相关工程的比较。

With the increasing growth of information through smart devices, increasing the quality level of human life requires various computational paradigms presentation including the Internet of Things, fog, and cloud. Between these three paradigms, the cloud computing paradigm as an emerging technology adds cloud layer services to the edge of the network so that resource allocation operations occur close to the end-user to reduce resource processing time and network traffic overhead. Hence, the resource allocation problem for its providers in terms of presenting a suitable platform, by using computational paradigms is considered a challenge. In general, resource allocation approaches are divided into two methods, including auction-based methods(goal, increase profits for service providers-increase user satisfaction and usability) and optimization-based methods(energy, cost, network exploitation, Runtime, reduction of time delay). In this paper, according to the latest scientific achievements, a comprehensive literature study (CLS) on artificial intelligence methods based on resource allocation optimization without considering auction-based methods in various computing environments are provided such as cloud computing, Vehicular Fog Computing, wireless, IoT, vehicular networks, 5G networks, vehicular cloud architecture,machine-to-machine communication(M2M),Train-to-Train(T2T) communication network, Peer-to-Peer(P2P) network. Since deep learning methods based on artificial intelligence are used as the most important methods in resource allocation problems; Therefore, in this paper, resource allocation approaches based on deep learning are also used in the mentioned computational environments such as deep reinforcement learning, Q-learning technique, reinforcement learning, online learning, and also Classical learning methods such as Bayesian learning, Cummins clustering, Markov decision process.

互联网连接系统的指数增长产生了许多挑战，例如频谱短缺问题，需要有效的频谱共享（SS）解决方案。复杂和动态的SS系统可以接触不同的潜在安全性和隐私问题，需要保护机制是自适应，可靠和可扩展的。基于机器学习（ML）的方法经常提议解决这些问题。在本文中，我们对最近的基于ML的SS方法，最关键的安全问题和相应的防御机制提供了全面的调查。特别是，我们详细说明了用于提高SS通信系统的性能的最先进的方法，包括基于ML基于ML的基于的数据库辅助SS网络，ML基于基于的数据库辅助SS网络，包括基于ML的数据库辅助的SS网络，基于ML的LTE-U网络，基于ML的环境反向散射网络和其他基于ML的SS解决方案。我们还从物理层和基于ML算法的相应防御策略的安全问题，包括主要用户仿真（PUE）攻击，频谱感测数据伪造（SSDF）攻击，干扰攻击，窃听攻击和隐私问题。最后，还给出了对ML基于ML的开放挑战的广泛讨论。这种全面的审查旨在为探索新出现的ML的潜力提供越来越复杂的SS及其安全问题，提供基础和促进未来的研究。

随着移动网络的增殖，我们正在遇到强大的服务多样化，这需要从现有网络的更大灵活性。建议网络切片作为5G和未来网络的资源利用解决方案，以解决这种可怕需求。在网络切片中，动态资源编排和网络切片管理对于最大化资源利用率至关重要。不幸的是，由于缺乏准确的模型和动态隐藏结构，这种过程对于传统方法来说太复杂。在不知道模型和隐藏结构的情况下，我们将问题作为受约束的马尔可夫决策过程（CMDP）制定。此外，我们建议使用Clara解决问题，这是一种基于钢筋的基于资源分配算法。特别是，我们分别使用自适应内部点策略优化和投影层分析累积和瞬时约束。评估表明，Clara明显优于资源配置的基线，通过服务需求保证。

5G及以后的移动网络将以前所未有的规模支持异质用例，从而要求自动控制和优化针对单个用户需求的网络功能。当前的蜂窝体系结构不可能对无线电访问网络（RAN）进行这种细粒度控制。为了填补这一空白，开放式运行范式及其规范引入了一个带有抽象的开放体系结构，该架构可以启用闭环控制并提供数据驱动和智能优化RAN在用户级别上。这是通过在网络边缘部署在近实时RAN智能控制器（接近RT RIC）上的自定义RAN控制应用程序（即XAPP）获得的。尽管有这些前提，但截至今天，研究界缺乏用于构建数据驱动XAPP的沙箱，并创建大型数据集以有效的AI培训。在本文中，我们通过引入NS-O-RAN来解决此问题，NS-O-RAN是一个软件框架，该框架将现实世界中的生产级近距离RIC与NS-3上的基于3GPP的模拟环境集成在一起，从而实现了XAPPS和XAPPS的开发自动化的大规模数据收集和深入强化学习驱动的控制策略的测试，以在用户级别的优化中进行优化。此外，我们提出了第一个特定于用户的O-RAN交通转向（TS）智能移交框架。它使用随机的合奏混合物，结合了最先进的卷积神经网络体系结构，以最佳地为网络中的每个用户分配服务基站。我们的TS XAPP接受了NS-O-RAN收集的超过4000万个数据点的培训，该数据点在近距离RIC上运行，并控制其基站。我们在大规模部署中评估了性能，这表明基于XAPP的交换可以使吞吐量和频谱效率平均比传统的移交启发式方法提高50％，而动机性开销较少。

联邦学习（FL）变得流行，并在训练大型机器学习（ML）模型的情况下表现出很大的潜力，而不会使所有者的原始数据曝光。在FL中，数据所有者可以根据其本地数据培训ML模型，并且仅将模型更新发送到模型更新，而不是原始数据到模型所有者进行聚合。为了提高模型准确性和培训完成时间的学习绩效，招募足够的参与者至关重要。同时，数据所有者是理性的，可能不愿意由于资源消耗而参与协作学习过程。为了解决这些问题，最近有各种作品旨在激励数据业主贡献其资源。在本文中，我们为文献中提出的经济和游戏理论方法提供了全面的审查，以设计刺激数据业主参加流程培训过程的各种计划。特别是，我们首先在激励机制设计中常用的佛罗里达州的基础和背景，经济理论。然后，我们审查博弈理论和经济方法应用于FL的激励机制的应用。最后，我们突出了一些开放的问题和未来关于FL激励机制设计的研究方向。

Recent technological advancements in space, air and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called "space-air-ground integrated network" (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, the real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a major barrier for realizing such SAGINs. Compared to the space and terrestrial components, UAVs are expected to meet performance requirements with high flexibility and dynamics using limited resources. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent learning-based algorithmic approaches. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit (MAB), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, which can be applicable to various UAV-assisted missions on a SAGIN using these algorithms. We simulate users and environments according to real-world scenarios and compare the learning-based and PSO-based methods in terms of throughput, load, fairness, computation time, etc. We also implement and evaluate the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) variations of these algorithms to reflect different deployment cases. Our simulation suggests that the $3$D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms the other approaches for various metrics in most cases. We discuss some open challenges at the end and our findings aim to provide design guidelines for algorithm selections while optimizing the deployment of UAV-assisted SAGINs.

智能物联网环境（iiote）由可以协作执行半自动的IOT应用的异构装置，其示例包括高度自动化的制造单元或自主交互收获机器。能量效率是这种边缘环境中的关键，因为它们通常基于由无线和电池运行设备组成的基础设施，例如电子拖拉机，无人机，自动引导车辆（AGV）S和机器人。总能源消耗从多种技术技术汲取贡献，使得能够实现边缘计算和通信，分布式学习以及分布式分区和智能合同。本文提供了本技术的最先进的概述，并说明了它们的功能和性能，特别关注资源，延迟，隐私和能源消耗之间的权衡。最后，本文提供了一种在节能IIOTE和路线图中集成这些能力技术的愿景，以解决开放的研究挑战

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.

车辆到车辆（V2V）通信的性能在很大程度上取决于使用的调度方法。虽然集中式网络调度程序提供高V2V通信可靠性，但它们的操作通常仅限于具有完整的蜂窝网络覆盖范围的区域。相比之下，在细胞外覆盖区域中，使用了相对效率低下的分布式无线电资源管理。为了利用集中式方法的好处来增强V2V通信在缺乏蜂窝覆盖的道路上的可靠性，我们建议使用VRLS（车辆加固学习调度程序），这是一种集中的调度程序，该调度程序主动为覆盖外的V2V Communications主动分配资源，以前}车辆离开蜂窝网络覆盖范围。通过在模拟的车辆环境中进行培训，VRL可以学习一项适应环境变化的调度策略，从而消除了在复杂的现实生活环境中对有针对性（重新）培训的需求。我们评估了在不同的移动性，网络负载，无线通道和资源配置下VRL的性能。 VRL的表现优于最新的区域中最新分布式调度算法，而无需蜂窝网络覆盖，通过在高负载条件下将数据包错误率降低了一半，并在低负载方案中实现了接近最大的可靠性。

无线电接入网络（RAN）技术继续见证巨大的增长，开放式运行越来越最近的势头。在O-RAN规范中，RAN智能控制器（RIC）用作自动化主机。本文介绍了对O-RAN堆栈相关的机器学习（ML）的原则，特别是加强学习（RL）。此外，我们审查无线网络的最先进的研究，并将其投入到RAN框架和O-RAN架构的层次结构上。我们在整个开发生命周期中提供ML / RL模型面临的挑战的分类：从系统规范到生产部署（数据采集，模型设计，测试和管理等）。为了解决挑战，我们将一组现有的MLOPS原理整合，当考虑RL代理时，具有独特的特性。本文讨论了系统的生命周期模型开发，测试和验证管道，称为：RLOPS。我们讨论了RLOP的所有基本部分，包括：模型规范，开发和蒸馏，生产环境服务，运营监控，安全/安全和数据工程平台。根据这些原则，我们提出了最佳实践，以实现自动化和可重复的模型开发过程。

Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.

网络切片（NS）对于有效启用下一代网络中的发散网络应用至关重要。尽管如此，网络服务中的复杂服务质量（QoS）要求和多样性的异质性需要网络切片供应（NSP）优化的高计算时间。传统优化方法在满足网络应用程序的低潜伏期和高可靠性方面具有挑战性。为此，我们将实时NSP建模为在线网络切片配置（ONSP）问题。具体而言，我们将ONSP问题作为在线多目标整数编程优化（MOIPO）问题。然后，我们通过将近端策略优化（PPO）方法应用于交通需求预测来近似于Moipo问题的解决方案。我们的仿真结果表明，与最先进的Moipo求解器相比，该方法的有效性具有较低的SLA违规率和网络操作成本。

随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行，因此与机器学习（ML）相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明，传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML，这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中，我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查，这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前，文献中有两个明确的主题，模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍，回顾了最重要的作品，突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.

用于配置虚拟化基站（VBS）的开放无线接入网络（O-RAN）的设计对网络运营商来说至关重要。此任务具有挑战性，因为优化VBS调度程序需要了解参数的知识，这些参数是不稳定且要求提前获得的。在本文中，我们提出了一种在线学习算法，用于平衡VBS的性能和能耗。该算法在不可预见的条件下（例如非平稳交通和网络状态）提供了性能保证，并且忽略了VBS操作配置文件。我们以最通用的形式研究了该问题，并证明所提出的技术即使在快速变化的环境中也能达到次线性遗憾（即零平均最佳差距）。通过使用现实世界数据和各种跟踪驱动的评估，我们的发现表明，与最先进的基准相比，VB的功耗最高可节省74.3％。