Knowledge-grounded dialogue systems powered by large language models often generate responses that, while fluent, are not attributable to a relevant source of information. Progress towards models that do not exhibit this issue requires evaluation metrics that can quantify its prevalence. To this end, we introduce the Benchmark for Evaluation of Grounded INteraction (BEGIN), comprised of 12k dialogue turns generated by neural dialogue systems trained on three knowledgegrounded dialogue corpora. We collect human annotations assessing the extent to which the models' responses can be attributed to the given background information. We then use BEGIN to analyze eight evaluation metrics. We find that these metrics rely on spurious correlations, do not reliably distinguish attributable abstractive responses from unattributable ones, and perform substantially worse when the knowledge source is longer. Our findings underscore the need for more sophisticated and robust evaluation metrics for knowledge-grounded dialogue. We make BEGIN publicly available at https://github.com/ google/BEGIN-dataset.

随着近期自然语言生成（NLG）模型的各种应用程序的改进，它变得必须具有识别和评估NLG输出是否仅共享关于外部世界的可验证信息的手段。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个归属于识别的来源（AIS）的新评估框架，用于评估自然语言生成模型的输出，当这种输出涉及外部世界时。我们首先定义AIS，并引入两级注释管道，用于允许注释器根据AIS指南适当地评估模型输出。通过人为评估研究，我们在三个代数据集（会话QA域中的两个中和总结一下，概括地验证了这种方法，表明AIS可以作为测量模型生成的语句是否支持基础来源的常见框架。我们释放人类评估研究指南。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

我们介绍了Godel（接地开放对话语言模型），这是对话框的大型预训练的语言模型。与诸如Dialogpt之类的早期模型相比，Godel利用了一个新的扎根预训练阶段，旨在更好地支持将Godel适应广泛的下游对话框任务，这些任务需要当前对话外部的信息（例如，数据库或文档）到产生良好的回应。针对一系列基准测试的实验，这些基准涵盖了面向任务的对话框，对话质量质量检查和接地的开放式对话框，表明Godel在几次以上的微调设置中优于最先进的预训练的对话模型，就人类和自动评估。我们评估方法的一个新颖特征是引入了一个效用概念，该概念除了其交流特征（内在评估）外，还评估了响应的有用性（外部评估）。我们表明，外部评估提供了改进的通道间一致性和与自动指标的相关性。代码和数据处理脚本公开可用。

近年来，对话系统引起了学术界和工业的重要兴趣。特别是开放式对话系统的纪律，又名聊天，已经获得了很大的势头。然而，困扰研究人员的长期挑战是缺乏有效的自动评估指标，这导致目前研究中的障碍。评估开放式对话模型表现的常见做法涉及对最终部署模型的广泛人类评估，这是时间和成本密集的。此外，最近建立开放式聊天聊天的趋势涉及具有大量社交媒体对话数据的预训练对话模型。但是，社交媒体对话中包含的信息可能是令人反感的和不合适的。不分青红皂白种的使用可能导致不敏感和有毒的生成模型。本文介绍了对话系统技术挑战10（DSTC10）的轨道5获得的数据，基线和结果。

Recent advances in large-scale pre-training provide large models with the potential to learn knowledge from the raw text. It is thus natural to ask whether it is possible to leverage these large models as knowledge bases for downstream tasks. In this work, we answer the aforementioned question in unsupervised knowledge-grounded conversation. We explore various methods that best elicit knowledge from large models. Our human study indicates that, though hallucinations exist, large models post the unique advantage of being able to output common sense and summarize facts that cannot be directly retrieved from the search engine. To better exploit such generated knowledge in dialogue generation, we treat the generated knowledge as a noisy knowledge source and propose the posterior-based reweighing as well as the noisy training strategy. Empirical results on two benchmarks show advantages over the state-of-the-art methods.

大型语言模型可以产生流畅的对话，但往往是幻觉的事实不准确。虽然检索式增强的模型有助于缓解这个问题，但他们仍然面临着推理的艰难挑战，以便同时提供正确的知识和产生对话。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种模块化模型，知识响应（K2R），将知识纳入会话代理商，这将这个问题分解为两个更简单的步骤。 K2R首先生成一个知识序列，给定对话背景作为中间步骤。在此“推理步骤”之后，该模型随后参加自己生成的知识序列，以及对话背景，以产生最终的响应。在详细的实验中，我们发现这种模型在知识接地的对话任务中少幻觉，并且在可解释性和模块化方面具有优势。特别地，它可以用来将QA和对话系统一起融合在一起，以使对话代理能够提供知识渊博的答案，或者QA模型，以在零拍摄设置中给出对话响应。

由于人类参与者的参与，收集培训对话系统的数据可能非常昂贵，并且需要广泛的注释。特别是在文档接地的对话系统中，人类专家需要仔细阅读非结构化文件以回答用户的问题。结果，现有的文档接地对话对话数据集相对较小，并且妨碍了对话系统的有效培训。在本文中，我们提出了一种通过生成对话模型在文档上接地的自动数据增强技术。对话模型由用户BOT和代理机器人组成，可以在给定输入文档的情况下合成不同的对话，然后用于训练下游模型。在补充原始数据集时，我们的方法可以实现对传统数据增强方法的显着改进。我们还在低资源环境中实现了良好的性能。

我们提出了Blenderbot 3，这是一个175B参数对话模型，能够通过访问Internet和长期内存进行开放域对话，并接受了大量用户定义的任务的培训。我们同时发布了模型权重和代码，还将模型部署在公共网页上，以与有机用户进行交互。该技术报告描述了该模型的构建方式（建筑，模型和培训计划）以及其部署的细节，包括安全机制。人类评估表明，它优于现有的开放域对话代理，包括其前身（Roller等，2021； Komeili等，2022）。最后，我们使用部署收集的数据详细介绍了持续学习的计划，该数据也将公开发布。因此，该研究计划的目标是使社区能够研究通过互动学习的不断改进的负责任的代理商。

在寻求信息的对话中，用户与代理商进行对话，以提出一系列通常可以不足或过度指定的问题。理想的代理商首先将通过搜索其基本知识来源，然后与用户进行适当互动以解决它，从而确定他们处于这种情况。但是，大多数现有研究都无法或人为地纳入此类代理端计划。在这项工作中，我们介绍了Inscit（发音为Insight），这是一种用于与混合互动相互作用的信息寻求对话的数据集。它包含从805个人类对话中进行的4.7k用户代理转弯，代理商对Wikipedia进行搜索，并要求澄清或提供相关信息以解决用户查询。我们定义了两个子任务，即证据通过识别和响应产生，以及一种新的人类评估协议来评估模型绩效。我们根据对话知识识别和开放域问题的最新模型报告了两个强大的基线的结果。这两种模型都显着不足，并且没有产生连贯和信息丰富的反应，这表明未来的研究有足够的改进空间。

Dialogue models are able to generate coherent and fluent responses, but they can still be challenging to control and may produce non-engaging, unsafe results. This unpredictability diminishes user trust and can hinder the use of the models in the real world. To address this, we introduce DialGuide, a novel framework for controlling dialogue model behavior using natural language rules, or guidelines. These guidelines provide information about the context they are applicable to and what should be included in the response, allowing the models to generate responses that are more closely aligned with the developer's expectations and intent. We evaluate DialGuide on three tasks in open-domain dialogue response generation: guideline selection, response generation, and response entailment verification. Our dataset contains 10,737 positive and 15,467 negative dialogue context-response-guideline triplets across two domains - chit-chat and safety. We provide baseline models for the tasks and benchmark their performance. We also demonstrate that DialGuide is effective in the dialogue safety domain, producing safe and engaging responses that follow developer guidelines.

Spoken language understanding (SLU) tasks have been studied for many decades in the speech research community, but have not received as much attention as lower-level tasks like speech and speaker recognition. In particular, there are not nearly as many SLU task benchmarks, and many of the existing ones use data that is not freely available to all researchers. Recent work has begun to introduce such benchmark datasets for several tasks. In this work, we introduce several new annotated SLU benchmark tasks based on freely available speech data, which complement existing benchmarks and address gaps in the SLU evaluation landscape. We contribute four tasks: question answering and summarization involve inference over longer speech sequences; named entity localization addresses the speech-specific task of locating the targeted content in the signal; dialog act classification identifies the function of a given speech utterance. We follow the blueprint of the Spoken Language Understanding Evaluation (SLUE) benchmark suite. In order to facilitate the development of SLU models that leverage the success of pre-trained speech representations, we will be publishing for each task (i) annotations for a relatively small fine-tuning set, (ii) annotated development and test sets, and (iii) baseline models for easy reproducibility and comparisons. In this work, we present the details of data collection and annotation and the performance of the baseline models. We also perform sensitivity analysis of pipeline models' performance (speech recognizer + text model) to the speech recognition accuracy, using more than 20 state-of-the-art speech recognition models.

由于缺乏培训数据和异质知识来源，知识接地的对话系统是挑战的。由于培训数据中涵盖的有限主题，现有系统在不良主题上表现不佳。此外，异构知识源使系统概括到其他任务的系统，因为不同知识表示中的知识来源需要不同的知识编码器。为了解决这些挑战，我们呈现插头，将不同知识来源均匀化为知识接地的对话生成任务的统一知识来源的语言模型。插头在对话生成任务上进行预先培训，调节统一的基本知识表示。它可以通过一些培训示例概括到不同下游知识接地的对话一代任务。两个基准测试的实证评估表明，我们的模型越好跨越不同的知识接地任务。它可以在完全监督的设置下实现具有最先进的方法的可比性，并且显着优于零拍摄和少量拍摄设置中的其他方法。

Language models (LMs) now excel at many tasks such as few-shot learning, question answering, reasoning, and dialog. However, they sometimes generate unsupported or misleading content. A user cannot easily determine whether their outputs are trustworthy or not, because most LMs do not have any built-in mechanism for attribution to external evidence. To enable attribution while still preserving all the powerful advantages of recent generation models, we propose RARR (Retrofit Attribution using Research and Revision), a system that 1) automatically finds attribution for the output of any text generation model and 2) post-edits the output to fix unsupported content while preserving the original output as much as possible. When applied to the output of several state-of-the-art LMs on a diverse set of generation tasks, we find that RARR significantly improves attribution while otherwise preserving the original input to a much greater degree than previously explored edit models. Furthermore, the implementation of RARR requires only a handful of training examples, a large language model, and standard web search.

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive results across a variety of tasks while requiring little or no direct supervision. Further, there is mounting evidence that LLMs may have potential in information-seeking scenarios. We believe the ability of an LLM to attribute the text that it generates is likely to be crucial for both system developers and users in this setting. We propose and study Attributed QA as a key first step in the development of attributed LLMs. We develop a reproducable evaluation framework for the task, using human annotations as a gold standard and a correlated automatic metric that we show is suitable for development settings. We describe and benchmark a broad set of architectures for the task. Our contributions give some concrete answers to two key questions (How to measure attribution?, and How well do current state-of-the-art methods perform on attribution?), and give some hints as to how to address a third key question (How to build LLMs with attribution?).

Human evaluation is the foundation upon which the evaluation of both summarization systems and automatic metrics rests. However, existing human evaluation protocols and benchmarks for summarization either exhibit low inter-annotator agreement or lack the scale needed to draw statistically significant conclusions, and an in-depth analysis of human evaluation is lacking. In this work, we address the shortcomings of existing summarization evaluation along the following axes: 1) We propose a modified summarization salience protocol, Atomic Content Units (ACUs), which relies on fine-grained semantic units and allows for high inter-annotator agreement. 2) We curate the Robust Summarization Evaluation (RoSE) benchmark, a large human evaluation dataset consisting of over 22k summary-level annotations over state-of-the-art systems on three datasets. 3) We compare our ACU protocol with three other human evaluation protocols, underscoring potential confounding factors in evaluation setups. 4) We evaluate existing automatic metrics using the collected human annotations across evaluation protocols and demonstrate how our benchmark leads to more statistically stable and significant results. Furthermore, our findings have important implications for evaluating large language models (LLMs), as we show that LLMs adjusted by human feedback (e.g., GPT-3.5) may overfit unconstrained human evaluation, which is affected by the annotators' prior, input-agnostic preferences, calling for more robust, targeted evaluation methods.

在本文中，我们建议利用对话的独特特征，共享参与者的常识性知识，以解决总结它们的困难。我们提出了病态的框架，该框架使用常识推论作为其他背景。与以前仅依赖于输入对话的工作相比，Sick使用外部知识模型来生成丰富的常识推断，并选择具有基于相似性选择方法的最可能的推理。基于生病的，病人++的理解为监督，在总结多任务学习环境中的对话时，添加了产生常识推断的任务。实验结果表明，通过注入常识性知识，我们的框架比现有方法产生更多信息和一致的摘要。

在本文中，我们介绍了基于大型预训练的语言模型（PLM）pangu-alpha（Zeng等，2021）的中国预训练的开放域对话生成模型。与其他对大量对话数据进行培训的预训练的对话模型不同，我们旨在通过继承PLM的有价值的语言能力和知识来构建强大的对话模型，并以相对较少的数据和计算成本构建强大的对话模型。为此，我们训练大型PLM Pangu-Alpha的Pangu-bot，该机器人已被证明在各种中国自然语言任务上表现出色。我们研究了pangu-bot产生的响应的不同方面，包括响应质量，知识和安全性。我们表明，Pangu-Bot优于最先进的中国对话系统（CDIALGPT（Wang等，2020），Eva（Zhou等，2021），EVA2.0（Gu等，2022）） W.R.T.以上三个方面。我们还证明，可以轻松地部署pangu-bot，以在没有进一步训练的情况下产生情感反应。在整个经验分析中，我们还指出，Pangu-bot响应质量，知识正确性和安全性仍然远非完美，进一步的探索对于建立可靠且智能的对话系统是必不可少的。我们的型号和代码将在https://github.com/huawei-noah/pretretaining-language-model/tree/master/master/pangu-bot上提供。

诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中，以封装最重要的信息，从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近，随着神经体系结构的出现，已经做出了重大的研究工作，以推动自动文本摘要系统，以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中，我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述，以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估：基准数据集，汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分，我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献，并进行经验分析，以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征，摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现，我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。

生成的开放域对话系统可以从外部知识中受益，但是缺乏外部知识资源和寻找相关知识的困难限制了该技术的发展。为此，我们使用动态服务信息提出了一个知识驱动的对话任务。具体而言，我们使用大量的服务API，可以作为外部知识来源提供高覆盖范围和时空敏感性。对话系统生成查询以请求外部服务以及用户信息，获取相关知识，并基于此知识生成响应。为了实现此方法，我们收集并发布了第一个开放式域中国服务知识对话数据集Dusinc。同时，我们构建了一个基线模型柏拉图 - 线，该模型实现了对话的自动利用。自动评估和人类评估都表明，我们提出的新方法可以显着改善开放域对话的效果，并且与对话预培训模型Plato-2相比，人类评估中的会话级总数提高了59.29％。数据集和基准模型将被开源。