Language models (LMs) now excel at many tasks such as few-shot learning, question answering, reasoning, and dialog. However, they sometimes generate unsupported or misleading content. A user cannot easily determine whether their outputs are trustworthy or not, because most LMs do not have any built-in mechanism for attribution to external evidence. To enable attribution while still preserving all the powerful advantages of recent generation models, we propose RARR (Retrofit Attribution using Research and Revision), a system that 1) automatically finds attribution for the output of any text generation model and 2) post-edits the output to fix unsupported content while preserving the original output as much as possible. When applied to the output of several state-of-the-art LMs on a diverse set of generation tasks, we find that RARR significantly improves attribution while otherwise preserving the original input to a much greater degree than previously explored edit models. Furthermore, the implementation of RARR requires only a handful of training examples, a large language model, and standard web search.

随着近期自然语言生成（NLG）模型的各种应用程序的改进，它变得必须具有识别和评估NLG输出是否仅共享关于外部世界的可验证信息的手段。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个归属于识别的来源（AIS）的新评估框架，用于评估自然语言生成模型的输出，当这种输出涉及外部世界时。我们首先定义AIS，并引入两级注释管道，用于允许注释器根据AIS指南适当地评估模型输出。通过人为评估研究，我们在三个代数据集（会话QA域中的两个中和总结一下，概括地验证了这种方法，表明AIS可以作为测量模型生成的语句是否支持基础来源的常见框架。我们释放人类评估研究指南。

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive results across a variety of tasks while requiring little or no direct supervision. Further, there is mounting evidence that LLMs may have potential in information-seeking scenarios. We believe the ability of an LLM to attribute the text that it generates is likely to be crucial for both system developers and users in this setting. We propose and study Attributed QA as a key first step in the development of attributed LLMs. We develop a reproducable evaluation framework for the task, using human annotations as a gold standard and a correlated automatic metric that we show is suitable for development settings. We describe and benchmark a broad set of architectures for the task. Our contributions give some concrete answers to two key questions (How to measure attribution?, and How well do current state-of-the-art methods perform on attribution?), and give some hints as to how to address a third key question (How to build LLMs with attribution?).

我们介绍了Sparrow，这是一个寻求信息的对话代理，与提示的语言模型基线相比，训练有素，更有帮助，正确和无害。我们使用从人类反馈中的强化学习来培训我们的模型，以帮助人类评估者判断代理人的行为。首先，为了使我们的代理人更有帮助和无害，我们将良好对话的要求分解为代理人应遵循的自然语言规则，并分别向评估者询问每个规则。我们证明，这种崩溃使我们能够收集对代理行为的更多针对性的人类判断，并允许更有效的规则条件奖励模型。其次，我们的代理商在收集对模型声明的偏好判决时提供了支持事实主张的来源的证据。对于事实问题，麻雀提供的证据支持了78％的时间。比基线比基线更享受麻雀，同时对人类的对抗性探测更具弹性，在探测时只有8％的时间违反了我们的规则。最后，我们进行了广泛的分析，表明尽管我们的模型学会遵守我们的规则，但它可以表现出分布偏见。

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

我们微调GPT-3使用基于文本的Web浏览环境来回答长形问题，允许模型搜索和导航Web。通过建立任务，以便通过人类执行，我们能够使用模仿学习培训在任务上的模型，然后通过人体反馈优化答案质量。为了使人为评估事实精度更容易，模型必须在浏览支持答案时收集引用。我们在ELI5上培训并评估我们的模型，Reddit用户提出的问题数据集。我们的最佳模型是通过使用行为克隆进行微调GPT-3获得的，然后对训练训练的奖励模型进行拒绝采样来获得以预测人类偏好。这种模式的答案是人类56％的答案，我们的人类示威者的时间和69％的时间到Reddit的最高投票答复。

最近已被证明大型语言模型在各种任务集中获得合理的零射普通化（Brown等，2020）。它已经假设这是语言模型的隐式多任务学习的结果，在语言模型中的预押（Radford等，2019）。可以通过明确的多任务学习直接引起零拍常规化？为了以缩放测试这个问题，我们开发一个系统，以便轻松地将任何自然语言任务映射到人类可读的提示表单中。我们转换一组大量的监督数据集，每个数据集都有多个提示，具有不同的措辞。这些提示的数据集允许基准测试模型执行完全看不见的任务的能力。我们介绍了一个普拉克尔编码器 - 解码器模型（Raffel等，2020; Lester等，2021），覆盖各种任务。该模型在多个标准数据集中达到强大的零点性能，通常优于其尺寸的型号超过16倍。此外，我们的方法对来自Big-替补基准测试的任务子集具有强烈性能，优于其尺寸的6倍。所有提示和培训的型号都可以在https://github.com/ bigscience-workshop / protectsource / httpsource / https：//huggingface.co/bigscience/t0pp。

Recent work has shown that large language models are capable of generating natural language reasoning steps or Chains-of-Thoughts (CoT) to answer a multi-step question when prompted to do so. This is insufficient, however, when the necessary knowledge is not available or up-to-date within a model's parameters. A straightforward approach to address this is to retrieve text from an external knowledge source using the question as a query and prepend it as context to the model's input. This, however, is also insufficient for multi-step QA where \textit{what to retrieve} depends on \textit{what has already been derived}. To address this issue we propose IRCoT, a new approach that interleaves retrieval with CoT for multi-step QA, guiding the retrieval with CoT and in turn using retrieved results to improve CoT. Our experiments with GPT3 show substantial improvements in retrieval (up to 22 points) and downstream QA (up to 16 points) over the baselines on four datasets: HotpotQA, 2WikiMultihopQA, MuSiQue, and IIRC. Notably, our method also works well for much smaller models such as T5-Flan-large (0.7B) without any additional training.

GPT-3等模型的零和少量提示的最新成功导致了NLP研究的范式转移。在本文中，我们研究了其对文本摘要的影响，重点是新闻摘要的经典基准领域。首先，我们研究了零击GPT-3与在大型摘要数据集中训练的微调模型的比较。我们表明，不仅人类压倒性地更喜欢GPT-3摘要，而且这些摘要也不遭受普通数据集特异性问题（例如事实差的问题）。接下来，我们研究这对评估意味着什么，尤其是黄金标准测试集的作用。我们的实验表明，基于参考和无参考的自动指标，例如最近提出的基于质量检查或基于质量的事实方法无法可靠地评估零击摘要。最后，我们讨论了未来的研究挑战，除了通用摘要之外，特别是基于关键字和方面的摘要，表明了优势微调方法与零拍的提示相比如何。为了支持进一步的研究，我们发布：（a）在4个标准摘要基准中，从微调和零摄像模型中产生的10K生成的摘要，（b）1K人类偏好判断和比较不同系统的普通系统，以进行通用和关键字的不同系统。基于摘要。

Recent work has shown that fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on a collection of tasks described via instructions, a.k.a. instruction-tuning, improves their zero and few-shot generalization to unseen tasks. However, there is a limited understanding of the performance trade-offs of different decisions made during the instruction-tuning process. These decisions include the scale and diversity of the instruction-tuning benchmark, different task sampling strategies, fine-tuning with and without demonstrations, training using specialized datasets for reasoning and dialogue, and finally, the fine-tuning objectives themselves. In this paper, we characterize the effect of instruction-tuning decisions on downstream task performance when scaling both model and benchmark sizes. To this end, we create OPT-IML Bench: a large benchmark for Instruction Meta-Learning (IML) of 2000 NLP tasks consolidated into task categories from 8 existing benchmarks, and prepare an evaluation framework to measure three types of model generalizations: to tasks from fully held-out categories, to held-out tasks from seen categories, and to held-out instances from seen tasks. Through the lens of this framework, we first present insights about instruction-tuning decisions as applied to OPT-30B and further exploit these insights to train OPT-IML 30B and 175B, which are instruction-tuned versions of OPT. OPT-IML demonstrates all three generalization abilities at both scales on four different evaluation benchmarks with diverse tasks and input formats -- PromptSource, FLAN, Super-NaturalInstructions, and UnifiedSKG. Not only does it significantly outperform OPT on all benchmarks but is also highly competitive with existing models fine-tuned on each specific benchmark. We release OPT-IML at both scales, together with the OPT-IML Bench evaluation framework.

Recent work pre-training Transformers with self-supervised objectives on large text corpora has shown great success when fine-tuned on downstream NLP tasks including text summarization. However, pre-training objectives tailored for abstractive text summarization have not been explored. Furthermore there is a lack of systematic evaluation across diverse domains. In this work, we propose pre-training large Transformer-based encoder-decoder models on massive text corpora with a new selfsupervised objective. In PEGASUS, important sentences are removed/masked from an input document and are generated together as one output sequence from the remaining sentences, similar to an extractive summary. We evaluated our best PEGASUS model on 12 downstream summarization tasks spanning news, science, stories, instructions, emails, patents, and legislative bills. Experiments demonstrate it achieves state-of-the-art performance on all 12 downstream datasets measured by ROUGE scores. Our model also shows surprising performance on low-resource summarization, surpassing previous state-of-the-art results on 6 datasets with only 1000 examples. Finally we validated our results using human evaluation and show that our model summaries achieve human performance on multiple datasets.

在该职位论文中，我们提出了一种新方法，以基于问题的产生和实体链接来生成文本的知识库（KB）。我们认为，所提出的KB类型具有传统符号KB的许多关键优势：尤其是由小型模块化组件组成，可以在组合上合并以回答复杂的查询，包括涉及“多跳跃”的关系查询和查询。“推论。但是，与传统的KB不同，该信息商店与常见的用户信息需求相符。

NLP研究人员需要更多，更高质量的文本数据集。收集人类标记的数据集是昂贵的，而通过从诸如维基的网络的自动检索收集的数据集是嘈杂的，并且可以包括不希望的偏差。此外，来自网络的数据通常包括在用于预先rain模型的数据集中，导致无意地交叉污染训练和测试集。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一种用于高效数据集策策的新方法：我们使用大型语言模型来为人类评估者提供种子几代，从而将数据集从写入任务转换为编辑任务。我们使用我们的方法来策划SynthBio - Wikibio的一个新的评估集 - 由描述虚构个人的结构化属性列表组成，映射到自然语言传记。我们表明，我们的虚构传记数据集比Wikibiiiiiiiiii远低，也更加均衡，而且对性别和国籍更加平衡。

新闻文章修订历史为新闻文章中的叙事和事实演变提供了线索。为了促进对这一进化的分析，我们介绍了新闻修订历史记录的第一个公开可用的数据集。我们的数据集是大规模和多语言的；它包含120万篇文章，其中有460万款来自三个国家 /地区的英语和法语报纸来源，涵盖了15年的报道（2006 - 2021年）。我们定义文章级的编辑操作：加法，删除，编辑和重构，并开发高准确性提取算法以识别这些动作。为了强调许多编辑操作的事实性质，我们进行的分析表明，添加和删除的句子更可能包含更新事件，主要内容和报价，而不是不变的句子。最后，为了探索编辑操作是否可以预测，我们介绍了三个旨在预测版本更新过程中执行的动作的新任务。我们表明，这些任务对于人类专业而言是可能的，但对于大型NLP模型而言，这些任务具有挑战性。我们希望这可以刺激叙事框架的研究，并为追逐突发新闻的记者提供预测工具。

为了实现长文档理解的构建和测试模型，我们引入质量，具有中文段的多项选择QA DataSet，具有约5,000个令牌的平均长度，比典型的当前模型更长。与经过段落的事先工作不同，我们的问题是由阅读整个段落的贡献者编写和验证的，而不是依赖摘要或摘录。此外，只有一半的问题是通过在紧缩时间限制下工作的注释器来应答，表明略读和简单的搜索不足以一直表现良好。目前的模型在此任务上表现不佳（55.4％），并且落后于人类性能（93.5％）。

As large language models (LLMs) grow larger and more sophisticated, assessing their "reasoning" capabilities in natural language grows more challenging. Recent question answering (QA) benchmarks that attempt to assess reasoning are often limited by a narrow scope of covered situations and subject matters. We introduce WikiWhy, a QA dataset built around a novel auxiliary task: explaining why an answer is true in natural language. WikiWhy contains over 9,000 "why" question-answer-rationale triples, grounded on Wikipedia facts across a diverse set of topics. Each rationale is a set of supporting statements connecting the question to the answer. WikiWhy serves as a benchmark for the reasoning capabilities of LLMs because it demands rigorous explicit rationales for each answer to demonstrate the acquisition of implicit commonsense knowledge, which is unlikely to be easily memorized. GPT-3 baselines achieve only 38.7% human-evaluated correctness in the end-to-end answer & explain condition, leaving significant room for future improvements.

We study the problem of retrieval with instructions, where users of a retrieval system explicitly describe their intent along with their queries. We aim to develop a general-purpose task-aware retrieval system using multi-task instruction tuning, which can follow human-written instructions to find the best documents for a given query. We introduce the first large-scale collection of approximately 40 retrieval datasets with instructions, BERRI, and present TART, a multi-task retrieval system trained on BERRI with instructions. TART shows strong capabilities to adapt to a new retrieval task via instructions and advances the state of the art on two zero-shot retrieval benchmarks, BEIR and LOTTE, outperforming models up to three times larger. We further introduce a new evaluation setup, X^2-Retrieval to better reflect real-world scenarios, where diverse domains and tasks are pooled and a system needs to find documents aligning users' intents. In this setup, TART significantly outperforms competitive baselines, further demonstrating the effectiveness of guiding retrieval with instructions.

We propose the Detailed Outline Control (DOC) framework for improving long-range plot coherence when automatically generating several-thousand-word-long stories. DOC consists of two complementary components: a detailed outliner and a detailed controller. The detailed outliner creates a more detailed, hierarchically structured outline, shifting creative burden from the main drafting procedure to the planning stage. The detailed controller ensures the more detailed outline is still respected during generation by controlling story passages to align with outline details. In human evaluations of automatically generated stories, DOC substantially outperforms a strong Re3 baseline (Yang et al., 2022) on plot coherence (22.5% absolute gain), outline relevance (28.2%), and interestingness (20.7%). Humans also judged DOC to be much more controllable in an interactive generation setting.

在寻求信息的对话中，用户与代理商进行对话，以提出一系列通常可以不足或过度指定的问题。理想的代理商首先将通过搜索其基本知识来源，然后与用户进行适当互动以解决它，从而确定他们处于这种情况。但是，大多数现有研究都无法或人为地纳入此类代理端计划。在这项工作中，我们介绍了Inscit（发音为Insight），这是一种用于与混合互动相互作用的信息寻求对话的数据集。它包含从805个人类对话中进行的4.7k用户代理转弯，代理商对Wikipedia进行搜索，并要求澄清或提供相关信息以解决用户查询。我们定义了两个子任务，即证据通过识别和响应产生，以及一种新的人类评估协议来评估模型绩效。我们根据对话知识识别和开放域问题的最新模型报告了两个强大的基线的结果。这两种模型都显着不足，并且没有产生连贯和信息丰富的反应，这表明未来的研究有足够的改进空间。