雷达传感器逐渐成为道路车辆的广泛设备,在自主驾驶和道路安全中发挥着至关重要的作用。广泛采用雷达传感器增加了不同车辆的传感器之间干扰的可能性,产生损坏的范围曲线和范围 - 多普勒地图。为了从范围 - 多普勒地图中提取多个目标的距离和速度,需要减轻影响每个范围分布的干扰。本文提出了一种全卷积神经网络,用于汽车雷达干扰缓解。为了在真实的方案中培训我们的网络,我们介绍了具有多个目标和多个干扰的新数据集的现实汽车雷达信号。为了我们的知识,我们是第一个在汽车雷达领域施加体重修剪的施加量,与广泛使用的辍学相比获得了优越的结果。虽然最先前的作品成功地估计了汽车雷达信号的大小,但我们提出了一种可以准确估计相位的深度学习模型。例如,我们的新方法将相对于普通采用的归零技术的相位估计误差从12.55度到6.58度降低了一半。考虑到缺乏汽车雷达干扰缓解数据库,我们将释放开源我们的大规模数据集,密切复制了多次干扰案例的现实世界汽车场景,允许其他人客观地比较他们在该域中的未来工作。我们的数据集可用于下载:http://github.com/ristea/arim-v2。
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鉴于无线频谱的有限性和对无线通信最近的技术突破产生的频谱使用不断增加的需求,干扰问题仍在继续持续存在。尽管最近解决干涉问题的进步,但干扰仍然呈现出有效使用频谱的挑战。这部分是由于Wi-Fi的无许可和管理共享乐队使用的升高,长期演进(LTE)未许可(LTE-U),LTE许可辅助访问(LAA),5G NR等机会主义频谱访问解决方案。因此,需要对干扰稳健的有效频谱使用方案的需求从未如此重要。在过去,通过使用避免技术以及非AI缓解方法(例如,自适应滤波器)来解决问题的大多数解决方案。非AI技术的关键缺陷是需要提取或开发信号特征的域专业知识,例如CycrationArity,带宽和干扰信号的调制。最近,研究人员已成功探索了AI / ML的物理(PHY)层技术,尤其是深度学习,可减少或补偿干扰信号,而不是简单地避免它。 ML基于ML的方法的潜在思想是学习来自数据的干扰或干扰特性,从而使需要对抑制干扰的域专业知识进行侧联。在本文中,我们审查了广泛的技术,这些技术已经深入了解抑制干扰。我们为干扰抑制中许多不同类型的深度学习技术提供比较和指导。此外,我们突出了在干扰抑制中成功采用深度学习的挑战和潜在的未来研究方向。
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低成本毫米波(MMWAVE)通信和雷达设备的商业可用性开始提高消费市场中这种技术的渗透,为第五代(5G)的大规模和致密的部署铺平了道路(5G) - 而且以及6G网络。同时,普遍存在MMWAVE访问将使设备定位和无设备的感测,以前所未有的精度,特别是对于Sub-6 GHz商业级设备。本文使用MMWAVE通信和雷达设备在基于设备的定位和无设备感应中进行了现有技术的调查,重点是室内部署。我们首先概述关于MMWAVE信号传播和系统设计的关键概念。然后,我们提供了MMWaves启用的本地化和感应方法和算法的详细说明。我们考虑了在我们的分析中的几个方面,包括每个工作的主要目标,技术和性能,每个研究是否达到了一定程度的实现,并且该硬件平台用于此目的。我们通过讨论消费者级设备的更好算法,密集部署的数据融合方法以及机器学习方法的受过教育应用是有前途,相关和及时的研究方向的结论。
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第五代(5G)网络和超越设想巨大的东西互联网(物联网)推出,以支持延长现实(XR),增强/虚拟现实(AR / VR),工业自动化,自主驾驶和智能所有带来的破坏性应用一起占用射频(RF)频谱的大规模和多样化的IOT设备。随着频谱嘎嘎和吞吐量挑战,这种大规模的无线设备暴露了前所未有的威胁表面。 RF指纹识别是预约的作为候选技术,可以与加密和零信任安全措施相结合,以确保无线网络中的数据隐私,机密性和完整性。在未来的通信网络中,在这项工作中,在未来的通信网络中的相关性,我们对RF指纹识别方法进行了全面的调查,从传统观点到最近的基于深度学习(DL)的算法。现有的调查大多专注于无线指纹方法的受限制呈现,然而,许多方面仍然是不可能的。然而,在这项工作中,我们通过解决信号智能(SIGINT),应用程序,相关DL算法,RF指纹技术的系统文献综述来缓解这一点,跨越过去二十年的RF指纹技术的系统文献综述,对数据集和潜在研究途径的讨论 - 必须以百科全书的方式阐明读者的必要条件。
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自动化驾驶系统(广告)开辟了汽车行业的新领域,为未来的运输提供了更高的效率和舒适体验的新可能性。然而,在恶劣天气条件下的自主驾驶已经存在,使自动车辆(AVS)长时间保持自主车辆(AVS)或更高的自主权。本文评估了天气在分析和统计方式中为广告传感器带来的影响和挑战,并对恶劣天气条件进行了解决方案。彻底报道了关于对每种天气的感知增强的最先进技术。外部辅助解决方案如V2X技术,当前可用的数据集,模拟器和天气腔室的实验设施中的天气条件覆盖范围明显。通过指出各种主要天气问题,自主驾驶场目前正在面临,近年来审查硬件和计算机科学解决方案,这项调查概述了在不利的天气驾驶条件方面的障碍和方向的障碍和方向。
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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基于RF信号的方向查找和定位系统因多径传播而受到显着影响,特别是在室内环境中。现有算法(例如音乐)在多径存在的情况下解决到达角度(AOA)或在弱信号方案中操作时表现不佳。我们注意到数字采样的RF前端允许轻松分析信号和延迟组件。低成本软件定义的无线电(SDR)模块使能跨宽频谱的通道状态信息(CSI)提取,激励增强的到达角度(AOA)解决方案的设计。我们提出了一种深入的学习方法,可以从SDR多通道数据的单一快照派生AOA。我们比较和对比基于深度学习的角度分类和回归模型,准确地估计最多两个AOA。我们已经在不同平台上实施了推理引擎,实时提取了AOA,展示了我们方法的计算途径。为了证明我们的方法的效用,我们在各种视角(LOS)和非线视线中收集了来自四元通用线性阵列(ULA)的IQ(同步和正交组件)样本( NLOS)环境,并发布了数据集。我们所提出的方法在确定撞击信号的数量并实现平均值为2 ^ {\ rIC} $ 2 ^ {\ cird} $时,我们提出的方法展示了出色的可靠性。
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信号处理是几乎任何传感器系统的基本组件,具有不同科学学科的广泛应用。时间序列数据,图像和视频序列包括可以增强和分析信息提取和量化的代表性形式的信号。人工智能和机器学习的最近进步正在转向智能,数据驱动,信号处理的研究。该路线图呈现了最先进的方法和应用程序的关键概述,旨在突出未来的挑战和对下一代测量系统的研究机会。它涵盖了广泛的主题,从基础到工业研究,以简明的主题部分组织,反映了每个研究领域的当前和未来发展的趋势和影响。此外,它为研究人员和资助机构提供了识别新前景的指导。
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基于光学传感器的运动跟踪系统通常遭受问题,例如差的照明条件,遮挡,有限的覆盖,并且可以提高隐私问题。最近,已经出现了使用商业WiFi设备的基于射频(RF)的方法,这些方法提供了低成本的普遍感感知,同时保留隐私。然而,RF感测系统的输出,例如范围多普勒谱图,不能直观地代表人类运动,并且通常需要进一步处理。在本研究中,提出了基于WiFi微多普勒签名的人类骨骼运动重建的新颖框架。它提供了一种有效的解决方案,通过重建具有17个关键点的骨架模型来跟踪人类活动,这可以帮助以更易于理解的方式解释传统的RF感测输出。具体地,MDPose具有各种增量阶段来逐渐地解决一系列挑战:首先,实现去噪算法以去除可能影响特征提取的任何不需要的噪声,并增强弱多普勒签名。其次,应用卷积神经网络(CNN)-Recurrent神经网络(RNN)架构用于从清洁微多普勒签名和恢复关键点的速度信息学习时间空间依赖性。最后,采用姿势优化机制来估计骨架的初始状态并限制误差的增加。我们在各种环境中使用了许多受试者进行了全面的测试,其中许多受试者具有单个接收器雷达系统,以展示MDPOST的性能,并在所有关键点位置报告29.4mm的绝对误差,这优于最先进的RF-基于姿势估计系统。
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未来的通信网络必须解决稀缺范围,以适应异质无线设备的广泛增长。无线信号识别对于频谱监视,频谱管理,安全通信等越来越重要。因此,对边缘的综合频谱意识有可能成为超越5G网络的新兴推动力。该领域的最新研究具有(i)仅关注单个任务 - 调制或信号(协议)分类 - 在许多情况下,该系统不足以对系统作用,(ii)考虑要么考虑雷达或通信波形(同质波形类别),(iii)在神经网络设计阶段没有解决边缘部署。在这项工作中,我们首次在无线通信域中,我们利用了基于深神经网络的多任务学习(MTL)框架的潜力,同时学习调制和信号分类任务,同时考虑异质无线信号,例如雷达和通信波形。在电磁频谱中。提出的MTL体系结构受益于两项任务之间的相互关系,以提高分类准确性以及使用轻型神经网络模型的学习效率。此外,我们还将对模型进行实验评估,并通过空中收集的样品进行了对模型压缩的第一手洞察力,以及在资源受限的边缘设备上部署的深度学习管道。我们在两个参考体系结构上展示了所提出的模型的显着计算,记忆和准确性提高。除了建模适用于资源约束的嵌入式无线电平台的轻型MTL模型外,我们还提供了一个全面的异质无线信号数据集,以供公众使用。
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The occurrence of vacuum arcs or radio frequency (rf) breakdowns is one of the most prevalent factors limiting the high-gradient performance of normal conducting rf cavities in particle accelerators. In this paper, we search for the existence of previously unrecognized features related to the incidence of rf breakdowns by applying a machine learning strategy to high-gradient cavity data from CERN's test stand for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). By interpreting the parameters of the learned models with explainable artificial intelligence (AI), we reverse-engineer physical properties for deriving fast, reliable, and simple rule-based models. Based on 6 months of historical data and dedicated experiments, our models show fractions of data with a high influence on the occurrence of breakdowns. Specifically, it is shown that the field emitted current following an initial breakdown is closely related to the probability of another breakdown occurring shortly thereafter. Results also indicate that the cavity pressure should be monitored with increased temporal resolution in future experiments, to further explore the vacuum activity associated with breakdowns.
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在实践中,非常苛刻,有时无法收集足够大的标记数据数据集以成功培训机器学习模型,并且对此问题的一个可能解决方案是转移学习。本研究旨在评估如何可转让的时间序列数据和哪些条件下的不同域之间的特征。在训练期间,在模型的预测性能和收敛速度方面观察到转移学习的影响。在我们的实验中,我们使用1,500和9,000个数据实例的减少数据集来模仿现实世界的条件。使用相同的缩小数据集,我们培训了两组机器学习模型:那些随着转移学习的培训和从头开始培训的机器学习模型。使用四台机器学习模型进行实验。在相同的应用领域(地震学)以及相互不同的应用领域(地震,语音,医学,金融)之间进行知识转移。我们在训练期间遵守模型的预测性能和收敛速度。为了确认所获得的结果的有效性,我们重复了实验七次并应用了统计测试以确认结果的重要性。我们研究的一般性结论是转移学习可能会增加或不会对模型的预测性能或其收敛速度产生负面影响。在更多细节中分析收集的数据,以确定哪些源域和目标域兼容以用于传输知识。我们还分析了目标数据集大小的效果和模型的选择及其超参数对转移学习的影响。
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使用多个麦克风进行语音增强的主要优点是,可以使用空间滤波来补充节奏光谱处理。在传统的环境中,通常单独执行线性空间滤波(波束形成)和单通道后过滤。相比之下,采用深层神经网络(DNN)有一种趋势来学习联合空间和速度 - 光谱非线性滤波器,这意味着对线性处理模型的限制以及空间和节奏单独处理的限制光谱信息可能可以克服。但是,尚不清楚导致此类数据驱动的过滤器以良好性能进行多通道语音增强的内部机制。因此,在这项工作中,我们通过仔细控制网络可用的信息源(空间,光谱和时间)来分析由DNN实现的非线性空间滤波器的性质及其与时间和光谱处理的相互依赖性。我们确认了非线性空间处理模型的优越性,该模型在挑战性的扬声器提取方案中优于Oracle线性空间滤波器,以低于0.24的POLQA得分,较少数量的麦克风。我们的分析表明,在特定的光谱信息中应与空间信息共同处理,因为这会提高过滤器的空间选择性。然后,我们的系统评估会导致一个简单的网络体系结构,该网络体系结构在扬声器提取任务上的最先进的网络体系结构优于0.22 POLQA得分,而CHIME3数据上的POLQA得分为0.32。
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射频干扰(RFI)缓解仍然是寻找无线电技术的主要挑战。典型的缓解策略包括原点方向(DOO)滤波器,如果在天空上的多个方向上检测到信号,则将信号分类为RFI。这些分类通常依赖于信号属性的估计,例如频率和频率漂移速率。卷积神经网络(CNNS)提供了对现有过滤器的有希望的补充,因为它们可以接受培训以直接分析动态光谱,而不是依赖于推断的信号属性。在这项工作中,我们编译了由标记的动态谱的图像组组成的几个数据集,并且我们设计和训练了可以确定在另一扫描中检测到的信号是否在另一扫描中检测到的CNN。基于CNN的DOO滤波器优于基线2D相关模型以及现有的DOO过滤器在一系列指标范围内,分别具有99.15%和97.81%的精度和召回值。我们发现CNN在标称情况下将传统的DOO过滤器施加6-16倍,减少了需要目视检查的信号数。
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Channel estimation is a critical task in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) digital communications that substantially effects end-to-end system performance. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for channel estimation using deep score-based generative models. A model is trained to estimate the gradient of the logarithm of a distribution and is used to iteratively refine estimates given measurements of a signal. We introduce a framework for training score-based generative models for wireless MIMO channels and performing channel estimation based on posterior sampling at test time. We derive theoretical robustness guarantees for channel estimation with posterior sampling in single-input single-output scenarios, and experimentally verify performance in the MIMO setting. Our results in simulated channels show competitive in-distribution performance, and robust out-of-distribution performance, with gains of up to $5$ dB in end-to-end coded communication performance compared to supervised deep learning methods. Simulations on the number of pilots show that high fidelity channel estimation with $25$% pilot density is possible for MIMO channel sizes of up to $64 \times 256$. Complexity analysis reveals that model size can efficiently trade performance for estimation latency, and that the proposed approach is competitive with compressed sensing in terms of floating-point operation (FLOP) count.
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Deep neural networks provide unprecedented performance gains in many real world problems in signal and image processing. Despite these gains, future development and practical deployment of deep networks is hindered by their blackbox nature, i.e., lack of interpretability, and by the need for very large training sets. An emerging technique called algorithm unrolling or unfolding offers promise in eliminating these issues by providing a concrete and systematic connection between iterative algorithms that are used widely in signal processing and deep neural networks. Unrolling methods were first proposed to develop fast neural network approximations for sparse coding. More recently, this direction has attracted enormous attention and is rapidly growing both in theoretic investigations and practical applications. The growing popularity of unrolled deep networks is due in part to their potential in developing efficient, high-performance and yet interpretable network architectures from reasonable size training sets. In this article, we review algorithm unrolling for signal and image processing. We extensively cover popular techniques for algorithm unrolling in various domains of signal and image processing including imaging, vision and recognition, and speech processing. By reviewing previous works, we reveal the connections between iterative algorithms and neural networks and present recent theoretical results. Finally, we provide a discussion on current limitations of unrolling and suggest possible future research directions.
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在本文中,提出了一种新的方法,该方法允许基于神经网络(NN)均衡器的低复杂性发展,以缓解高速相干光学传输系统中的损伤。在这项工作中,我们提供了已应用于馈电和经常性NN设计的各种深层模型压缩方法的全面描述和比较。此外,我们评估了这些策略对每个NN均衡器的性能的影响。考虑量化,重量聚类,修剪和其他用于模型压缩的尖端策略。在这项工作中,我们提出并评估贝叶斯优化辅助压缩,其中选择了压缩的超参数以同时降低复杂性并提高性能。总之,通过使用模拟和实验数据来评估每种压缩方法的复杂性及其性能之间的权衡,以完成分析。通过利用最佳压缩方法,我们表明可以设计基于NN的均衡器,该均衡器比传统的数字背部传播(DBP)均衡器具有更好的性能,并且只有一个步骤。这是通过减少使用加权聚类和修剪算法后在NN均衡器中使用的乘数数量来完成的。此外,我们证明了基于NN的均衡器也可以实现卓越的性能,同时仍然保持与完整的电子色色散补偿块相同的复杂性。我们通过强调开放问题和现有挑战以及未来的研究方向来结束分析。
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Time Series Classification (TSC) is an important and challenging problem in data mining. With the increase of time series data availability, hundreds of TSC algorithms have been proposed. Among these methods, only a few have considered Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to perform this task. This is surprising as deep learning has seen very successful applications in the last years. DNNs have indeed revolutionized the field of computer vision especially with the advent of novel deeper architectures such as Residual and Convolutional Neural Networks. Apart from images, sequential data such as text and audio can also be processed with DNNs to reach state-of-the-art performance for document classification and speech recognition. In this article, we study the current state-ofthe-art performance of deep learning algorithms for TSC by presenting an empirical study of the most recent DNN architectures for TSC. We give an overview of the most successful deep learning applications in various time series domains under a unified taxonomy of DNNs for TSC. We also provide an open source deep learning framework to the TSC community where we implemented each of the compared approaches and evaluated them on a univariate TSC benchmark (the UCR/UEA archive) and 12 multivariate time series datasets. By training 8,730 deep learning models on 97 time series datasets, we propose the most exhaustive study of DNNs for TSC to date.
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In this article we present SHARP, an original approach for obtaining human activity recognition (HAR) through the use of commercial IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) devices. SHARP grants the possibility to discern the activities of different persons, across different time-spans and environments. To achieve this, we devise a new technique to clean and process the channel frequency response (CFR) phase of the Wi-Fi channel, obtaining an estimate of the Doppler shift at a radio monitor device. The Doppler shift reveals the presence of moving scatterers in the environment, while not being affected by (environment-specific) static objects. SHARP is trained on data collected as a person performs seven different activities in a single environment. It is then tested on different setups, to assess its performance as the person, the day and/or the environment change with respect to those considered at training time. In the worst-case scenario, it reaches an average accuracy higher than 95%, validating the effectiveness of the extracted Doppler information, used in conjunction with a learning algorithm based on a neural network, in recognizing human activities in a subject and environment independent way. The collected CFR dataset and the code are publicly available for replicability and benchmarking purposes.
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State-of-the-art performance for many emerging edge applications is achieved by deep neural networks (DNNs). Often, these DNNs are location and time sensitive, and the parameters of a specific DNN must be delivered from an edge server to the edge device rapidly and efficiently to carry out time-sensitive inference tasks. In this paper, we introduce AirNet, a novel training and transmission method that allows efficient wireless delivery of DNNs under stringent transmit power and latency constraints. We first train the DNN with noise injection to counter the wireless channel noise. Then we employ pruning to reduce the network size to the available channel bandwidth, and perform knowledge distillation from a larger model to achieve satisfactory performance, despite pruning. We show that AirNet achieves significantly higher test accuracy compared to digital alternatives under the same bandwidth and power constraints. The accuracy of the network at the receiver also exhibits graceful degradation with channel quality, which reduces the requirement for accurate channel estimation. We further improve the performance of AirNet by pruning the network below the available bandwidth, and using channel expansion to provide better robustness against channel noise. We also benefit from unequal error protection (UEP) by selectively expanding more important layers of the network. Finally, we develop an ensemble training approach, which trains a whole spectrum of DNNs, each of which can be used at different channel condition, resolving the impractical memory requirements.
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