Identifying named entities such as a person, location or organization, in documents can highlight key information to readers. Training Named Entity Recognition (NER) models requires an annotated data set, which can be a time-consuming labour-intensive task. Nevertheless, there are publicly available NER data sets for general English. Recently there has been interest in developing NER for legal text. However, prior work and experimental results reported here indicate that there is a significant degradation in performance when NER methods trained on a general English data set are applied to legal text. We describe a publicly available legal NER data set, called E-NER, based on legal company filings available from the US Securities and Exchange Commission's EDGAR data set. Training a number of different NER algorithms on the general English CoNLL-2003 corpus but testing on our test collection confirmed significant degradations in accuracy, as measured by the F1-score, of between 29.4\% and 60.4\%, compared to training and testing on the E-NER collection.
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我们展示了哈萨克克坦命名实体识别的数据集的开发。该数据集是在哈萨克公开可用的注释Corpora的情况下建立的,以及包含简单但严谨的规则和示例的注释指南。基于IOB2计划的数据集注释是在第一个作者的监督下由两个本土哈萨克演讲者进行电视新闻文本。生成的数据集包含112,702个句子和25个实体类的136,333注释。最先进的机器学习模型自动化哈萨克人命名实体识别,具有最佳性能模型,在测试集上实现了97.22%的精确匹配。用于培训模型的注释数据集,指南和代码可从HTTPS://github.com/kaznerd自由下载4.0许可。
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在法律文本中预先培训的基于变压器的预训练语言模型(PLM)的出现,法律领域中的自然语言处理受益匪浅。有经过欧洲和美国法律文本的PLM,最著名的是Legalbert。但是,随着印度法律文件的NLP申请量的迅速增加以及印度法律文本的区别特征,也有必要在印度法律文本上预先培训LMS。在这项工作中,我们在大量的印度法律文件中介绍了基于变压器的PLM。我们还将这些PLM应用于印度法律文件的几个基准法律NLP任务,即从事实,法院判决的语义细分和法院判决预测中的法律法规识别。我们的实验证明了这项工作中开发的印度特定PLM的实用性。
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We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.
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The application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to specialized domains, such as the law, has recently received a surge of interest. As many legal services rely on processing and analyzing large collections of documents, automating such tasks with NLP tools emerges as a key challenge. Many popular language models, such as BERT or RoBERTa, are general-purpose models, which have limitations on processing specialized legal terminology and syntax. In addition, legal documents may contain specialized vocabulary from other domains, such as medical terminology in personal injury text. Here, we propose LegalRelectra, a legal-domain language model that is trained on mixed-domain legal and medical corpora. We show that our model improves over general-domain and single-domain medical and legal language models when processing mixed-domain (personal injury) text. Our training architecture implements the Electra framework, but utilizes Reformer instead of BERT for its generator and discriminator. We show that this improves the model's performance on processing long passages and results in better long-range text comprehension.
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Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly elaborate as these collections grow in size. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can be a valuable tool to support legal practitioners in these endeavors. Their usefulness, however, largely depends on whether current state-of-the-art models can generalize across various tasks in the legal domain. To answer this currently open question, we introduce the Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark, a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks in a standardized way. We also provide an evaluation and analysis of several generic and legal-oriented models demonstrating that the latter consistently offer performance improvements across multiple tasks.
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我们提出了一个针对德国医学自然语言处理的统计模型,该模型训练了命名实体识别(NER),作为开放的公开模型。这项工作是我们第一个Gernerm模型的精致继任者,我们的工作大大优于我们的工作。我们证明了结合多种技术的有效性,以通过在预审预测的深度语言模型(LM),单词平衡和神经机器翻译上转移学习的方式来实现实体识别绩效。由于开放的公共医疗实体识别模型在德国文本上的稀疏情况,这项工作为医疗NLP作为基线模型的德国研究社区提供了好处。由于我们的模型基于公共英语数据,因此提供了其权重,而无需法律限制使用和分发。示例代码和统计模型可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/frankkramer-lab/gernermed-pp
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我们介绍ASNER,这是一种使用基线阿萨姆语NER模型的低资源阿萨姆语言的命名实体注释数据集。该数据集包含大约99k代币,其中包括印度总理和阿萨姆人戏剧演讲中的文字。它还包含个人名称,位置名称和地址。拟议的NER数据集可能是基于深神经的阿萨姆语言处理的重要资源。我们通过训练NER模型进行基准测试数据集并使用最先进的体系结构评估被监督的命名实体识别(NER),例如FastText,Bert,XLM-R,Flair,Muril等。我们实施了几种基线方法,标记BI-LSTM-CRF体系结构的序列。当使用Muril用作单词嵌入方法时,所有基线中最高的F1得分的准确性为80.69%。带注释的数据集和最高性能模型公开可用。
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在人口稠密的国家中,悬而未决的法律案件呈指数增长。需要开发处理和组织法律文件的技术。在本文中,我们引入了一个新的语料库来构建法律文件。特别是,我们介绍了用英语的法律判断文件进行的,这些文件被分割为局部和连贯的部分。这些零件中的每一个都有注释,标签来自预定义角色的列表。我们开发基线模型,以根据注释语料库自动预测法律文档中的修辞角色。此外,我们展示了修辞角色在提高总结和法律判断预测任务的绩效方面的应用。我们发布了语料库和基线模型代码以及纸张。
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虽然罕见疾病的特征在于患病率低,但大约3亿人受到罕见疾病的影响。对这些条件的早期和准确诊断是一般从业者的主要挑战,没有足够的知识来识别它们。除此之外,罕见疾病通常会显示各种表现形式,这可能会使诊断更加困难。延迟的诊断可能会对患者的生命产生负面影响。因此,迫切需要增加关于稀有疾病的科学和医学知识。自然语言处理(NLP)和深度学习可以帮助提取有关罕见疾病的相关信息,以促进其诊断和治疗。本文探讨了几种深度学习技术,例如双向长期内存(BILSTM)网络或基于来自变压器(BERT)的双向编码器表示的深层语境化词表示,以识别罕见疾病及其临床表现(症状和症状) Raredis语料库。该毒品含有超过5,000名罕见疾病和近6,000个临床表现。 Biobert,基于BERT和培训的生物医学Corpora培训的域特定语言表示,获得了最佳结果。特别是,该模型获得罕见疾病的F1分数为85.2%,表现优于所有其他模型。
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Motivation: Biomedical text mining is becoming increasingly important as the number of biomedical documents rapidly grows. With the progress in natural language processing (NLP), extracting valuable information from biomedical literature has gained popularity among researchers, and deep learning has boosted the development of effective biomedical text mining models. However, directly applying the advancements in NLP to biomedical text mining often yields unsatisfactory results due to a word distribution shift from general domain corpora to biomedical corpora. In this article, we investigate how the recently introduced pre-trained language model BERT can be adapted for biomedical corpora. Results: We introduce BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining), which is a domain-specific language representation model pre-trained on large-scale biomedical corpora. With almost the same architecture across tasks, BioBERT largely outperforms BERT and previous state-of-the-art models in a variety of biomedical text mining tasks when pre-trained on biomedical corpora. While BERT obtains performance comparable to that of previous state-of-the-art models, BioBERT significantly outperforms them on the following three representative biomedical text mining tasks: biomedical named entity recognition (0.62% F1 score improvement), biomedical relation extraction (2.80% F1 score improvement) and biomedical question answering (12.24% MRR improvement). Our analysis results show that pre-training BERT on biomedical corpora helps it to understand complex biomedical texts.
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NLP是与计算机或机器理解和解释人类语言的能力有关的人工智能和机器学习的一种形式。语言模型在文本分析和NLP中至关重要,因为它们允许计算机解释定性输入并将其转换为可以在其他任务中使用的定量数据。从本质上讲,在转移学习的背景下,语言模型通常在大型通用语料库上进行培训,称为预训练阶段,然后对特定的基本任务进行微调。结果,预训练的语言模型主要用作基线模型,该模型包含了对上下文的广泛掌握,并且可以进一步定制以在新的NLP任务中使用。大多数预训练的模型都经过来自Twitter,Newswire,Wikipedia和Web等通用领域的Corpora培训。在一般文本中训练的现成的NLP模型可能在专业领域效率低下且不准确。在本文中,我们提出了一个名为Securebert的网络安全语言模型,该模型能够捕获网络安全域中的文本含义,因此可以进一步用于自动化,用于许多重要的网络安全任务,否则这些任务将依靠人类的专业知识和繁琐的手动努力。 Securebert受到了我们从网络安全和一般计算域的各种来源收集和预处理的大量网络安全文本培训。使用我们提出的令牌化和模型权重调整的方法,Securebert不仅能够保留对一般英语的理解,因为大多数预训练的语言模型都可以做到,而且在应用于具有网络安全含义的文本时也有效。
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命名实体识别是一项信息提取任务,可作为其他自然语言处理任务的预处理步骤,例如机器翻译,信息检索和问题答案。命名实体识别能够识别专有名称以及开放域文本中的时间和数字表达式。对于诸如阿拉伯语,阿姆哈拉语和希伯来语之类的闪族语言,由于这些语言的结构严重变化,指定的实体识别任务更具挑战性。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于双向长期记忆的Amharic命名实体识别系统,并带有条件随机字段层。我们注释了一种新的Amharic命名实体识别数据集(8,070个句子,具有182,691个令牌),并将合成少数群体过度采样技术应用于我们的数据集,以减轻不平衡的分类问题。我们命名的实体识别系统的F_1得分为93%,这是Amharic命名实体识别的新最新结果。
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自论证挖掘领域成立以来,在法律话语中识别,分类和分析的论点一直是研究的重要领域。但是,自然语言处理(NLP)研究人员的模型模型与法院决策中的注释论点与法律专家理解和分析法律论证的方式之间存在重大差异。尽管计算方法通常将论点简化为通用的前提和主张,但法律研究中的论点通常表现出丰富的类型,对于获得一般法律的特定案例和应用很重要。我们解决了这个问题,并做出了一些实质性的贡献,以推动该领域的前进。首先,我们在欧洲人权法院(ECHR)诉讼中为法律论点设计了新的注释计划,该计划深深植根于法律论证研究的理论和实践中。其次,我们编译和注释了373项法院判决(230万令牌和15K注释的论点跨度)的大量语料库。最后,我们训练一个论证挖掘模型,该模型胜过法律NLP领域中最先进的模型,并提供了彻底的基于专家的评估。所有数据集和源代码均可在https://github.com/trusthlt/mining-legal-arguments的开放lincenses下获得。
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我们利用预训练的语言模型来解决两种低资源语言的复杂NER任务:中文和西班牙语。我们使用整个单词掩码(WWM)的技术来提高大型和无监督的语料库的掩盖语言建模目标。我们在微调的BERT层之上进行多个神经网络体系结构,将CRF,Bilstms和线性分类器结合在一起。我们所有的模型都优于基线,而我们的最佳性能模型在盲目测试集的评估排行榜上获得了竞争地位。
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用于探索美国国家航空航天局的搜索工具(广告)可以相当丰富和赋予(例如,类似和趋势的运营商),但研究人员尚未允许完全杠杆语义搜索。例如,对“普朗克任务的结果”查询应该能够区分普朗克(人,任务,常量,机构和更多)的所有各种含义,而无需从用户进一步澄清。在广告中,我们正在将现代机器学习和自然语言处理技术应用于我们最近的天文出版物的数据集,以培训Astrobert,这是一种基于Google研究的深刻语境语言模型。使用AstrBert,我们的目标是丰富广告数据集并提高其可发现性,特别是我们正在开发自己的命名实体识别工具。我们在这里展示我们初步的结果和经验教训。
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确保适当的标点符号和字母外壳是朝向应用复杂的自然语言处理算法的关键预处理步骤。这对于缺少标点符号和壳体的文本源,例如自动语音识别系统的原始输出。此外,简短的短信和微博的平台提供不可靠且经常错误的标点符号和套管。本调查概述了历史和最先进的技术,用于恢复标点符号和纠正单词套管。此外,突出了当前的挑战和研究方向。
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与生物医学命名实体识别任务有关的挑战是:现有方法考虑了较少数量的生物医学实体(例如疾病,症状,蛋白质,基因);这些方法不考虑健康的社会决定因素(年龄,性别,就业,种族),这是与患者健康有关的非医学因素。我们提出了一条机器学习管道,该管道通过以下方式改善了以前的努力:首先,它认识到标准类型以外的许多生物医学实体类型;其次,它考虑了与患者健康有关的非临床因素。该管道还包括阶段,例如预处理,令牌化,映射嵌入查找和命名实体识别任务,以从自由文本中提取生物医学命名实体。我们提出了一个新的数据集,我们通过策划COVID-19案例报告来准备。所提出的方法的表现优于五个基准数据集上的基线方法,其宏观和微平均F1得分约为90,而我们的数据集则分别为95.25和93.18的宏观和微平均F1得分。
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法律文件是非结构化的,使用法律术语,并且具有相当长的长度,使得难以通过传统文本处理技术自动处理。如果文档可以在语义上分割成连贯的信息单位,法律文件处理系统将基本上受益。本文提出了一种修辞职位(RR)系统,用于将法律文件分组成语义连贯的单位:事实,论点,法规,问题,先例,裁决和比例。在法律专家的帮助下,我们提出了一套13个细粒度的修辞标志标签,并创建了与拟议的RR批发的新的法律文件有条件。我们开发一个系统,以将文件分段为修辞职位单位。特别是,我们开发了一种基于多任务学习的深度学习模型,文档修辞角色标签作为分割法律文件的辅助任务。我们在广泛地尝试各种深度学习模型,用于预测文档中的修辞角色,并且所提出的模型对现有模型显示出卓越的性能。此外,我们应用RR以预测法律案件的判断,并表明与基于变压器的模型相比,使用RR增强了预测。
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Biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) seeks to automatically recognize biomedical entities in natural language text, serving as a necessary foundation for downstream text mining tasks and applications such as information extraction and question answering. Manually labeling training data for the BioNER task is costly, however, due to the significant domain expertise required for accurate annotation. The resulting data scarcity causes current BioNER approaches to be prone to overfitting, to suffer from limited generalizability, and to address a single entity type at a time (e.g., gene or disease). We therefore propose a novel all-in-one (AIO) scheme that uses external data from existing annotated resources to improve generalization. We further present AIONER, a general-purpose BioNER tool based on cutting-edge deep learning and our AIO schema. We evaluate AIONER on 14 BioNER benchmark tasks and show that AIONER is effective, robust, and compares favorably to other state-of-the-art approaches such as multi-task learning. We further demonstrate the practical utility of AIONER in three independent tasks to recognize entity types not previously seen in training data, as well as the advantages of AIONER over existing methods for processing biomedical text at a large scale (e.g., the entire PubMed data).
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