This paper presents a novel approach to the acquisition of language models from corpora. The framework builds on Cobweb, an early system for constructing taxonomic hierarchies of probabilistic concepts that used a tabular, attribute-value encoding of training cases and concepts, making it unsuitable for sequential input like language. In response, we explore three new extensions to Cobweb -- the Word, Leaf, and Path variants. These systems encode each training case as an anchor word and surrounding context words, and they store probabilistic descriptions of concepts as distributions over anchor and context information. As in the original Cobweb, a performance element sorts a new instance downward through the hierarchy and uses the final node to predict missing features. Learning is interleaved with performance, updating concept probabilities and hierarchy structure as classification occurs. Thus, the new approaches process training cases in an incremental, online manner that it very different from most methods for statistical language learning. We examine how well the three variants place synonyms together and keep homonyms apart, their ability to recall synonyms as a function of training set size, and their training efficiency. Finally, we discuss related work on incremental learning and directions for further research.
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Natural Language Understanding has seen an increasing number of publications in the last few years, especially after robust word embeddings models became prominent, when they proved themselves able to capture and represent semantic relationships from massive amounts of data. Nevertheless, traditional models often fall short in intrinsic issues of linguistics, such as polysemy and homonymy. Any expert system that makes use of natural language in its core, can be affected by a weak semantic representation of text, resulting in inaccurate outcomes based on poor decisions. To mitigate such issues, we propose a novel approach called Most Suitable Sense Annotation (MSSA), that disambiguates and annotates each word by its specific sense, considering the semantic effects of its context. Our approach brings three main contributions to the semantic representation scenario: (i) an unsupervised technique that disambiguates and annotates words by their senses, (ii) a multi-sense embeddings model that can be extended to any traditional word embeddings algorithm, and (iii) a recurrent methodology that allows our models to be re-used and their representations refined. We test our approach on six different benchmarks for the word similarity task, showing that our approach can produce state-of-the-art results and outperforms several more complex state-of-the-art systems.
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Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a recently proposed search method that combines the precision of tree search with the generality of random sampling. It has received considerable interest due to its spectacular success in the difficult problem of computer Go, but has also proved beneficial in a range of other domains. This paper is a survey of the literature to date, intended to provide a snapshot of the state of the art after the first five years of MCTS research. We outline the core algorithm's derivation, impart some structure on the many variations and enhancements that have been proposed, and summarise the results from the key game and non-game domains to which MCTS methods have been applied. A number of open research questions indicate that the field is ripe for future work.
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建模法检索和检索作为预测问题最近被出现为法律智能的主要方法。专注于法律文章检索任务,我们展示了一个名为Lamberta的深度学习框架,该框架被设计用于民法代码,并在意大利民法典上专门培训。为了我们的知识,这是第一项研究提出了基于伯特(来自变压器的双向编码器表示)学习框架的意大利法律制度对意大利法律制度的高级法律文章预测的研究,最近引起了深度学习方法的增加,呈现出色的有效性在几种自然语言处理和学习任务中。我们通过微调意大利文章或其部分的意大利预先训练的意大利预先训练的伯爵来定义Lamberta模型,因为法律文章作为分类任务检索。我们Lamberta框架的一个关键方面是我们构思它以解决极端的分类方案,其特征在于课程数量大,少量学习问题,以及意大利法律预测任务的缺乏测试查询基准。为了解决这些问题,我们为法律文章的无监督标签定义了不同的方法,原则上可以应用于任何法律制度。我们提供了深入了解我们Lamberta模型的解释性和可解释性,并且我们对单一标签以及多标签评估任务进行了广泛的查询模板实验分析。经验证据表明了Lamberta的有效性,以及对广泛使用的深度学习文本分类器和一些构思的几次学习者来说,其优越性是对属性感知预测任务的优势。
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在本文中,我们试图通过引入深度学习模型的句法归纳偏见来建立两所学校之间的联系。我们提出了两个归纳偏见的家族,一个家庭用于选区结构,另一个用于依赖性结构。选区归纳偏见鼓励深度学习模型使用不同的单位(或神经元)分别处理长期和短期信息。这种分离为深度学习模型提供了一种方法,可以从顺序输入中构建潜在的层次表示形式,即更高级别的表示由高级表示形式组成,并且可以分解为一系列低级表示。例如,在不了解地面实际结构的情况下,我们提出的模型学会通过根据其句法结构组成变量和运算符的表示来处理逻辑表达。另一方面,依赖归纳偏置鼓励模型在输入序列中找到实体之间的潜在关系。对于自然语言,潜在关系通常被建模为一个定向依赖图,其中一个单词恰好具有一个父节点和零或几个孩子的节点。将此约束应用于类似变压器的模型之后,我们发现该模型能够诱导接近人类专家注释的有向图,并且在不同任务上也优于标准变压器模型。我们认为,这些实验结果为深度学习模型的未来发展展示了一个有趣的选择。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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We review clustering as an analysis tool and the underlying concepts from an introductory perspective. What is clustering and how can clusterings be realised programmatically? How can data be represented and prepared for a clustering task? And how can clustering results be validated? Connectivity-based versus prototype-based approaches are reflected in the context of several popular methods: single-linkage, spectral embedding, k-means, and Gaussian mixtures are discussed as well as the density-based protocols (H)DBSCAN, Jarvis-Patrick, CommonNN, and density-peaks.
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基于变压器的语言模型最近在许多自然语言任务中取得了显着的结果。但是,通常通过利用大量培训数据来实现排行榜的性能,并且很少通过将明确的语言知识编码为神经模型。这使许多人质疑语言学对现代自然语言处理的相关性。在本文中,我介绍了几个案例研究,以说明理论语言学和神经语言模型仍然相互关联。首先,语言模型通过提供一个客观的工具来测量语义距离,这对语言学家很有用,语义距离很难使用传统方法。另一方面,语言理论通过提供框架和数据源来探究我们的语言模型,以了解语言理解的特定方面,从而有助于语言建模研究。本论文贡献了三项研究,探讨了语言模型中语法 - 听觉界面的不同方面。在论文的第一部分中,我将语言模型应用于单词类灵活性的问题。我将Mbert作为语义距离测量的来源,我提供了有利于将单词类灵活性分析为方向过程的证据。在论文的第二部分中,我提出了一种方法来测量语言模型中间层的惊奇方法。我的实验表明,包含形态句法异常的句子触发了语言模型早期的惊喜,而不是语义和常识异常。最后,在论文的第三部分中,我适应了一些心理语言学研究,以表明语言模型包含了论证结构结构的知识。总而言之,我的论文在自然语言处理,语言理论和心理语言学之间建立了新的联系,以为语言模型的解释提供新的观点。
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我们提出了一个系统,用于对应于有意义的字符串的无数概念以及它们的零件相关和预测边缘的累积累积学习系统。该学习是自我监督的,因为发现的概念被用作预测器以及预测的目标。我们设计了与源自与基线预测系统相比的学习概念进行分割的目标,该概念促进制作和使用更大的概念,这反过来允许预测更大的文本跨度,并且我们描述了一种促进探索的简单技术,即促进探索,即在分段过程中尝试新生成的概念。我们激励并解释概念的分层,以帮助分开概念之间学习的(条件)分布。概念的分层大致对应于一部分整体概念层次结构。通过基本的分割和学习算法,该系统具有很大的承诺,即它获取许多概念(在我们的小型实验中成千上万),并且它将良好地学习文本:当用删除空格的英文文本喂食时,开始级别,知之甚少,尊重单词或短语界限,而且随着时间的推移,分段内的平均“坏”分裂数量,即在单词内部拆分,随着发现更大的概念而减少,并且系统在分段期间使用它们何时使用它们。我们在将输入文本转换为二进制文件时,我们报告了有希望的实验,并且系统从只有两个概念,“0”和“1”开始。系统是透明的,从而易于识别所学到的概念对应的概念,并且哪些在分段中是活动的,或者系统如何“看到”其输入。我们预计此框架将是可扩展的,我们讨论当前限制和许多用于增强学习和推理功能的方向。
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我们研究了原则上的程度,原则上,语言图表表示可以补充和改进神经语言建模。通过一个由7种不同的形式主义之一的预磨削变压器和地面真相图组成的集合设置,我们发现,总体而言,语义构成结构对语言建模性能最有用 - 超越句法选区结构以及句法和语义依赖结构。此外,效果取决于语音级别的级别大大变化。总而言之,我们的调查结果指出了神经象征性语言建模的有希望的趋势,并邀请未来的研究量化不同形式主义所制作的设计选择。
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在本文中,我们使用一系列建模技术来调查抽象手机是否可以从接触语音声音中出现。实际上,该研究代表了尝试从语言使用的抽象出现的基于使用的语言学理论设备的尝试。我们的任务侧重于最简单的这样的假设抽象。我们测试了两个关于语言知识在语言上的语言知识的反对原则:基于内存的学习(MBL)和纠错学习(ECL)。泛化的过程得到了抽象语言学家与之运作,我们探讨了MBL和ECL是否可以产生类似语言抽象的语言知识。每个模型都有一个由一个扬声器产生的大量预处理语音。我们评估了这些简单模型所学到的一致性或稳定性以及它们引起抽象类别的能力。两种类型的模型在这些测试方面的票价不同。我们表明ECL模型可以从输入中可靠地识别了ECL模型可以学习抽象,并且至少可以从输入中可靠地识别到传统类型中的电话库存和分组。
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在过去十年中,图形内核引起了很多关注,并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中,该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核,每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中,从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是,我们概述了各种图形内核。此外,我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估,并提供了比较研究。最后,我们讨论图形内核的关键应用,并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。
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Alphazero,Leela Chess Zero和Stockfish Nnue革新了计算机国际象棋。本书对此类引擎的技术内部工作进行了完整的介绍。该书分为四个主要章节 - 不包括第1章(简介)和第6章(结论):第2章引入神经网络,涵盖了所有用于构建深层网络的基本构建块,例如Alphazero使用的网络。内容包括感知器,后传播和梯度下降,分类,回归,多层感知器,矢量化技术,卷积网络,挤压网络,挤压和激发网络,完全连接的网络,批处理归一化和横向归一化和跨性线性单位,残留层,剩余层,过度效果和底漆。第3章介绍了用于国际象棋发动机以及Alphazero使用的经典搜索技术。内容包括minimax,alpha-beta搜索和蒙特卡洛树搜索。第4章展示了现代国际象棋发动机的设计。除了开创性的Alphago,Alphago Zero和Alphazero我们涵盖Leela Chess Zero,Fat Fritz,Fat Fritz 2以及有效更新的神经网络(NNUE)以及MAIA。第5章是关于实施微型α。 Shexapawn是国际象棋的简约版本,被用作为此的示例。 Minimax搜索可以解决六ap峰,并产生了监督学习的培训位置。然后,作为比较,实施了类似Alphazero的训练回路,其中通过自我游戏进行训练与强化学习结合在一起。最后,比较了类似α的培训和监督培训。
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神经网络(NNS)和决策树(DTS)都是机器学习的流行模型,但具有相互排斥的优势和局限性。为了带来两个世界中的最好,提出了各种方法来明确或隐式地集成NN和DTS。在这项调查中,这些方法是在我们称为神经树(NTS)的学校中组织的。这项调查旨在对NTS进行全面审查,并尝试确定它们如何增强模型的解释性。我们首先提出了NTS的彻底分类学,该分类法表达了NNS和DTS的逐步整合和共同进化。之后,我们根据NTS的解释性和绩效分析,并建议解决其余挑战的可能解决方案。最后,这项调查以讨论有条件计算和向该领域的有希望的方向进行讨论结束。该调查中审查的论文列表及其相应的代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/zju-vipa/awesome-neural-trees
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Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.
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决策树学习是机器学习中广泛使用的方法,在需要简洁明了的模型的应用中受到青睐。传统上,启发式方法用于快速生产具有相当高准确性的模型。然而,一个普遍的批评是,从精度和大小方面,所产生的树可能不一定是数据的最佳表示。近年来,这激发了最佳分类树算法的发展,这些算法与执行一系列本地最佳决策的启发式方法相比,在全球范围内优化决策树。我们遵循这一工作线,并提供了一种基于动态编程和搜索的最佳分类树的新颖算法。我们的算法支持对树的深度和节点数量的约束。我们方法的成功归因于一系列专门技术,这些技术利用了分类树独有的属性。传统上,最佳分类树的算法受到了高运行时的困扰和有限的可伸缩性,但我们在一项详细的实验研究中表明,我们的方法仅使用最先进的时间所需的时间,并且可以处理数十个数据集的数据集在数千个实例中,提供了几个数量级的改进,并特别有助于实现最佳决策树的实现。
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语言是协调问题的强大解决方案:他们提供了稳定的,有关我们所说的单词如何对应于我们头脑中的信仰和意图的共同期望。然而,在变量和非静止社会环境中的语言使用需要语言表征来灵活:旧词在飞行中获取新的临时或合作伙伴特定含义。在本文中,我们介绍了柴(通过推理的连续分层适应),一个分层贝叶斯的协调理论和会议组织,旨在在这两个基本观察之间调和长期张力。我们认为,沟通的中央计算问题不仅仅是传输,如在经典配方中,而是在多个时间尺度上持续学习和适应。合作伙伴特定的共同点迅速出现在数型互动中的社会推论中,而社群范围内的社会公约是稳定的前锋,这些前锋已经抽象出与多个合作伙伴的互动。我们展示了新的实证数据,展示了我们的模型为多个现象提供了对先前账户挑战的计算基础:(1)与同一合作伙伴的重复互动的更有效的参考表达的融合(2)将合作伙伴特定的共同基础转移到陌生人,并(3)交际范围的影响最终会形成。
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Domain-specific internet portals are growing in popularity because they gather content from the Web and organize it for easy access, retrieval and search. For example, www.campsearch.com allows complex queries by age, location, cost and specialty over summer camps. This functionality is not possible with general, Web-wide search engines. Unfortunately these portals are difficult and time-consuming to maintain. This paper advocates the use of machine learning techniques to greatly automate the creation and maintenance of domain-specific Internet portals. We describe new research in reinforcement learning, information extraction and text classification that enables efficient spidering, the identification of informative text segments, and the population of topic hierarchies. Using these techniques, we have built a demonstration system: a portal for computer science research papers. It already contains over 50,000 papers and is publicly available at www.cora.justresearch.com. These techniques are widely applicable to portal creation in other domains.
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Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.
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内容的离散和连续表示(例如,语言或图像)具有有趣的属性,以便通过机器的理解或推理此内容来探索或推理。该职位论文提出了我们关于离散和持续陈述的作用及其在深度学习领域的作用的意见。目前的神经网络模型计算连续值数据。信息被压缩成密集,分布式嵌入式。通过Stark对比,人类在他们的语言中使用离散符号。此类符号代表了来自共享上下文信息的含义的世界的压缩版本。此外,人工推理涉及在认知水平处符号操纵,这促进了抽象的推理,知识和理解的构成,泛化和高效学习。通过这些见解的动机,在本文中,我们认为,结合离散和持续的陈述及其处理对于构建展示一般情报形式的系统至关重要。我们建议并讨论了几个途径,可以在包含离散元件来结合两种类型的陈述的优点来改进当前神经网络。
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