Power dynamics in human-human communication can impact rapport-building and learning gains, but little is known about how power impacts human-agent communication. In this paper, we examine dominance behavior in utterances between middle-school students and a teachable robot as they work through math problems, as coded by Rogers and Farace's Relational Communication Control Coding Scheme (RCCCS). We hypothesize that relatively dominant students will show increased learning gains, as will students with greater dominance agreement with the robot. We also hypothesize that gender could be an indicator of difference in dominance behavior. We present a preliminary analysis of dominance characteristics in some of the transactions between robot and student. Ultimately, we hope to determine if manipulating the dominance behavior of a learning robot could support learning.

Intelligent agents have great potential as facilitators of group conversation among older adults. However, little is known about how to design agents for this purpose and user group, especially in terms of agent embodiment. To this end, we conducted a mixed methods study of older adults' reactions to voice and body in a group conversation facilitation agent. Two agent forms with the same underlying artificial intelligence (AI) and voice system were compared: a humanoid robot and a voice assistant. One preliminary study (total n=24) and one experimental study comparing voice and body morphologies (n=36) were conducted with older adults and an experienced human facilitator. Findings revealed that the artificiality of the agent, regardless of its form, was beneficial for the socially uncomfortable task of conversation facilitation. Even so, talkative personality types had a poorer experience with the "bodied" robot version. Design implications and supplementary reactions, especially to agent voice, are also discussed.

扬声器在彼此保持一致的过程中建立了融洽的关系。在指导域材料的同时，已经证明了与教师的融洽关系，以促进学习。过去关于教育领域的词汇一致性的工作都在量化对齐方式的措施和与代理对齐的相互作用的类型中都遭受了限制。在本文中，我们采用基于数据驱动的共享表达式概念（可能由多个单词组成）的对齐措施，并比较一对一的人类机器人（H-R）相互作用的对齐方式与协作人类人类的H-R部分中的对齐方式-Orobot（H-H-R）相互作用。我们发现，H-R设置中的学生与H-H-R设置相比，与可教的机器人保持一致，并且词汇一致性和融洽关系之间的关系比以前的理论和经验工作所预测的要复杂。

聊天机器人在商业和科学环境中越来越普遍。他们帮助客户抱怨产品或服务或支持他们找到最佳旅行交易。其他机器人提供心理健康支持或帮助预订医疗预约。本文认为，可以洞悉用户的语言意识形态及其融洽的期望，可用于告知受众群体的语言和互动模式，并确保公平地访问机器人提供的服务。该论点的基础是三种数据的基础：与聊天机器人相互交互，促进健康约会预订，用户对其交互的内省评论以及用户的定性调查评论在与预订机器人交战后。最后，我将定义对话式AI的受众设计，并讨论如何以用户为中心的聊天机器人互动和社会语言知识的理论方法（例如融洽的理论管理）来支持受众设计。

在这里，我询问我们可以了解如何了解性别如何影响人们如何与机器人互动。我回顾了2018年或更早发布的46个社会机器人的实证研究，报告了其参与者的性别，机器人的感知或预期性别，或两者兼而有之，并对参与者或机器人性别进行了一些分析。从这些研究中，我发现机器人默认被认为是男性，机器人吸收了人类的性别刻板印象，并且男性倾向于比女性更多地与机器人互动。我强调了关于年轻参与者中这种性别影响如何有何不同的开放问题，以及是否应该寻求将机器人的性别与参与者的性别相匹配，以确保积极的互动结果。我的结论是建议未来的研究应：包括性别多样化的参与者池，包括非二进制参与者，依靠自我认同来辨别性别而不是研究人员的感知，控制已知的性别协变量，测试有关性​​别的不同研究结果，并测试使用的机器人是否被参与者视为性别。我包括一个附录，其中包含46篇论文中每一篇与性别相关的发现的叙述摘要，以帮助未来的文学评论。

大规模的语言技术越来越多地用于与人类在不同情况下的各种形式的交流中。这些技术的一种特殊用例是对话剂，它会根据提示和查询输出自然语言文本。这种参与方式提出了许多社会和道德问题。例如，将对话剂与人类规范或价值观相结合意味着什么？它们应该与哪些规范或价值观保持一致？如何实现这一目标？在本文中，我们提出了许多步骤来帮助回答这些问题。我们首先要对对话代理人和人类对话者之间语言交流的基础进行哲学分析。然后，我们使用此分析来识别和制定理想的对话规范，这些规范可以控制人类与对话代理之间的成功语言交流。此外，我们探讨了如何使用这些规范来使对话剂与在一系列不同的话语领域中的人类价值相结合。最后，我们讨论了我们对与这些规范和价值观一致的对话代理设计的建议的实际含义。

在过去的几年中，围绕种族类人体机器人的有问题实践的讨论已经上升。为了彻底理解机器人在人类机器人互动（HRI）社区中如何理解机器人的“性别” - 即如何被操纵，在哪些环境中以及其对人们的看法和人们产生哪些影响的影响，为基础建立基础。与机器人的互动 - 我们对文献进行了范围的评论。我们确定了553篇与我们从5个不同数据库中检索的评论相关的论文。审查论文的最终样本包括2005年至2021年之间的35篇论文，其中涉及3902名参与者。在本文中，我们通过报告有关其性别的目标和假设的信息（即操纵性别的定义和理由），对机器人的“性别”（即性别提示和操纵检查），对性别的定义和理由进行彻底总结这些论文。 （例如，参与者的人口统计学，受雇的机器人）及其结果（即主要和互动效应）。该评论表明，机器人的“性别”不会影响HRI的关键构建，例如可爱和接受，而是对刻板印象产生最强烈的影响。我们利用社会机器人技术和性别研究中的不同认识论背景来提供有关审查结果的全面跨学科观点，并提出了在HRI领域前进的方法。

最近十年表明，人们对机器人作为福祉教练的兴趣越来越大。但是，尚未提出针对机器人设计作为促进心理健康的教练的凝聚力和全面的准则。本文详细介绍了基于基于扎根理论方法的定性荟萃分析的设计和道德建议，该方法是通过三项以用户为中心的涉及机器人福祉教练的三个不同的以用户为中心进行的，即：（1）与参与性设计研究一起进行的。 11名参与者由两位潜在用户组成，他们与人类教练一起参加了简短的专注于解决方案的实践研究，以及不同学科的教练，（2）半结构化的个人访谈数据，这些数据来自20名参加积极心理学干预研究的参与者借助机器人福祉教练胡椒，（3）与3名积极心理学研究的参与者以及2名相关的福祉教练进行了一项参与式设计研究。在进行主题分析和定性荟萃分析之后，我们将收集到收敛性和不同主题的数据整理在一起，并从这些结果中提炼了一套设计准则和道德考虑。我们的发现可以在设计机器人心理福祉教练时考虑到关键方面的关键方面。

There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.

由于社会机器人在日常环境中越来越普遍，因此他们将参加对话并适当地管理与他们共享的信息。然而，关于机器人如何适当地辨别信息的敏感性，这几乎都知道，这对人机信任具有重大影响。作为解决此问题的一部分的第一步，我们设计了隐私控制员，知己，用于对话社会机器人，能够使用与对话中的对话中的上下文元数据（例如，情绪，关系，主题）进行模型隐私边界。之后，我们进行了两项众群用户研究。第一项研究（n = 174）重点是，是否被认为是私人/敏感或非私人/非敏感性的各种人类互动情景。我们第一次研究的调查结果用于生成关联规则。我们的第二个研究（n = 95）通过比较使用我们的隐私控制器对基线机器人的机器人来评估人机交互情景中隐私控制器的有效性和准确性，这些机器人对基线机器人没有隐私控制。我们的结果表明，没有隐私控制器的机器人在没有隐私控制器的隐私权，可信度和社会意识中占有于机器人。我们得出结论，隐私控制器在真实的人机对话中的整合可以允许更可靠的机器人。此初始隐私控制员将作为更复杂的解决方案作为基础。

诸如说服力之类的复杂对话设置涉及交流态度或行为的变化，因此即使与主题没有直接相关，用户的观点也需要解决。在这项工作中，我们贡献了一个新颖的模块化对话系统框架，该框架将事实信息和社会内容无缝地整合到有说服力的对话中。我们的框架可以推广到任何混合社交和任务内容的对话任务。我们进行了一项研究，将用户对框架的评估与基线端到端生成模型进行了比较。我们发现，与没有明确处理社交内容或事实问题的端到端模型相比，我们的框架在包括能力和友善的各个方面更受欢迎。

Using chatbots to deliver recommendations is increasingly popular. The design of recommendation chatbots has primarily been taking an information-centric approach by focusing on the recommended content per se. Limited attention is on how social connection and relational strategies, such as self-disclosure from a chatbot, may influence users' perception and acceptance of the recommendation. In this work, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a social chatbot capable of performing three different levels of self-disclosure: factual information (low), cognitive opinions (medium), and emotions (high). In the evaluation, we recruited 372 participants to converse with the chatbot on two topics: movies and COVID-19 experiences. In each topic, the chatbot performed small talks and made recommendations relevant to the topic. Participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions where the chatbot used factual, cognitive, emotional, and adaptive strategies to perform self-disclosures. By training a text classifier to identify users' level of self-disclosure in real-time, the adaptive chatbot can dynamically match its self-disclosure to the level of disclosure exhibited by the users. Our results show that users reciprocate with higher-level self-disclosure when a recommendation chatbot consistently displays emotions throughout the conversation. Chatbot's emotional disclosure also led to increased interactional enjoyment and more positive interpersonal perception towards the bot, fostering a stronger human-chatbot relationship and thus leading to increased recommendation effectiveness, including a higher tendency to accept the recommendation. We discuss the understandings obtained and implications to future design.

我们提出了研究，这是一种新的演讲语料库，用于开发一个可以以友好方式讲话的语音代理。人类自然会控制他们的言语韵律以相互同情。通过将这种“同情对话”行为纳入口语对话系统，我们可以开发一个可以自然响应用户的语音代理。我们设计了研究语料库，以包括一位演讲者，他明确地对对话者的情绪表示同情。我们描述了构建善解人意的对话语音语料库的方法论，并报告研究语料库的分析结果。我们进行了文本到语音实验，以最初研究如何开发更多的自然语音代理，以调整其口语风格，以对应对话者的情绪。结果表明，对话者的情绪标签和对话上下文嵌入的使用可以与使用代理商的情感标签相同的自然性产生语音。我们的研究项目页面是http://sython.org/corpus/studies。

最后，这项工作将包括对解释的上下文形式的调查。在这项研究中，我们将包括一个时间障碍的方案，其中将测试不同水平的理解水平，以使我们能够评估合适且可理解的解释。为此，我们提出了不同的理解水平（lou）。用户研究将旨在比较不同的LOU在不同的互动环境中。将研究同时医院环境的用户研究。

可以通过串联协作来启用第二语言学习，在该协作中，学生在呼叫中学习其他学生的母语时，将学生分组为视频电话会议。这使学生处于在线环境中，更外向的人可以积极贡献和进行对话，而那些更害羞和不确定其第二语言技能的人可以通过电话坐下来坐下来。我们已经构建并部署了L2L系统，该系统记录了所有参与者在呼叫中的对话说话的时间。我们生成可视化的，包括每个呼叫中​​每个学生的参与率和时间表，并在仪表板上呈现。我们最近制定了一种称为个人对话波动率的措施，以表明每个学生在每个呼叫中​​对对话的贡献如何。我们介绍了来自大学学习Frenchm的19个讲英语的学生的样本的对话波动率措施的分析，在一个教学学期的86个串联电信呼叫中。我们的分析表明，有必要研究互动的本质，看看分配给他们的讨论主题的选择是否太难了，这可能会以某种方式影响他们的参与。

Incivility remains a major challenge for online discussion platforms, to such an extent that even conversations between well-intentioned users can often derail into uncivil behavior. Traditionally, platforms have relied on moderators to -- with or without algorithmic assistance -- take corrective actions such as removing comments or banning users. In this work we propose a complementary paradigm that directly empowers users by proactively enhancing their awareness about existing tension in the conversation they are engaging in and actively guides them as they are drafting their replies to avoid further escalation. As a proof of concept for this paradigm, we design an algorithmic tool that provides such proactive information directly to users, and conduct a user study in a popular discussion platform. Through a mixed methods approach combining surveys with a randomized controlled experiment, we uncover qualitative and quantitative insights regarding how the participants utilize and react to this information. Most participants report finding this proactive paradigm valuable, noting that it helps them to identify tension that they may have otherwise missed and prompts them to further reflect on their own replies and to revise them. These effects are corroborated by a comparison of how the participants draft their reply when our tool warns them that their conversation is at risk of derailing into uncivil behavior versus in a control condition where the tool is disabled. These preliminary findings highlight the potential of this user-centered paradigm and point to concrete directions for future implementations.

Gender/ing guides how we view ourselves, the world around us, and each other--including non-humans. Critical voices have raised the alarm about stereotyped gendering in the design of socially embodied artificial agents like voice assistants, conversational agents, and robots. Yet, little is known about how this plays out in research and to what extent. As a first step, we critically reviewed the case of Pepper, a gender-ambiguous humanoid robot. We conducted a systematic review (n=75) involving meta-synthesis and content analysis, examining how participants and researchers gendered Pepper through stated and unstated signifiers and pronoun usage. We found that ascriptions of Pepper's gender were inconsistent, limited, and at times discordant, with little evidence of conscious gendering and some indication of researcher influence on participant gendering. We offer six challenges driving the state of affairs and a practical framework coupled with a critical checklist for centering gender in research on artificial agents.

我们介绍了Sparrow，这是一个寻求信息的对话代理，与提示的语言模型基线相比，训练有素，更有帮助，正确和无害。我们使用从人类反馈中的强化学习来培训我们的模型，以帮助人类评估者判断代理人的行为。首先，为了使我们的代理人更有帮助和无害，我们将良好对话的要求分解为代理人应遵循的自然语言规则，并分别向评估者询问每个规则。我们证明，这种崩溃使我们能够收集对代理行为的更多针对性的人类判断，并允许更有效的规则条件奖励模型。其次，我们的代理商在收集对模型声明的偏好判决时提供了支持事实主张的来源的证据。对于事实问题，麻雀提供的证据支持了78％的时间。比基线比基线更享受麻雀，同时对人类的对抗性探测更具弹性，在探测时只有8％的时间违反了我们的规则。最后，我们进行了广泛的分析，表明尽管我们的模型学会遵守我们的规则，但它可以表现出分布偏见。

Charisma is considered as one's ability to attract and potentially also influence others. Clearly, there can be considerable interest from an artificial intelligence's (AI) perspective to provide it with such skill. Beyond, a plethora of use cases opens up for computational measurement of human charisma, such as for tutoring humans in the acquisition of charisma, mediating human-to-human conversation, or identifying charismatic individuals in big social data. A number of models exist that base charisma on various dimensions, often following the idea that charisma is given if someone could and would help others. Examples include influence (could help) and affability (would help) in scientific studies or power (could help), presence, and warmth (both would help) as a popular concept. Modelling high levels in these dimensions for humanoid robots or virtual agents, seems accomplishable. Beyond, also automatic measurement appears quite feasible with the recent advances in the related fields of Affective Computing and Social Signal Processing. Here, we, thereforem present a blueprint for building machines that can appear charismatic, but also analyse the charisma of others. To this end, we first provide the psychological perspective including different models of charisma and behavioural cues of it. We then switch to conversational charisma in spoken language as an exemplary modality that is essential for human-human and human-computer conversations. The computational perspective then deals with the recognition and generation of charismatic behaviour by AI. This includes an overview of the state of play in the field and the aforementioned blueprint. We then name exemplary use cases of computational charismatic skills before switching to ethical aspects and concluding this overview and perspective on building charisma-enabled AI.

以任务为导向的对话系统（TODS）继续升高，因为各种行业发现有效地利用其能力，节省时间和金钱。然而，即使是最先进的TOD尚未达到其全部潜力。TOD通常具有主要设计专注于完成手头的任务，因此任务分辨率的度量应优先考虑。可能会忽略可能指向对话的其他可能指向成功或其他方面的会话质量属性。这可能导致人类和对话系统之间的相互作用，让用户不满意或沮丧。本文探讨了对话系统的评价框架的文献，以及对话系统中的会话质量属性的作用，看起来，如何以及在与对话系统的性能相关的情况下，如何相关。