Nature-inspired optimization Algorithms (NIOAs) are nowadays a popular choice for community detection in social networks. Community detection problem in social network is treated as optimization problem, where the objective is to either maximize the connection within the community or minimize connections between the communities. To apply NIOAs, either of the two, or both objectives are explored. Since NIOAs mostly exploit randomness in their strategies, it is necessary to analyze their performance for specific applications. In this paper, NIOAs are analyzed on the community detection problem. A direct comparison approach is followed to perform pairwise comparison of NIOAs. The performance is measured in terms of five scores designed based on prasatul matrix and also with average isolability. Three widely used real-world social networks and four NIOAs are considered for analyzing the quality of communities generated by NIOAs.

The performance of individual evolutionary optimization algorithms is mostly measured in terms of statistics such as mean, median and standard deviation etc., computed over the best solutions obtained with few trails of the algorithm. To compare the performance of two algorithms, the values of these statistics are compared instead of comparing the solutions directly. This kind of comparison lacks direct comparison of solutions obtained with different algorithms. For instance, the comparison of best solutions (or worst solution) of two algorithms simply not possible. Moreover, ranking of algorithms is mostly done in terms of solution quality only, despite the fact that the convergence of algorithm is also an important factor. In this paper, a direct comparison approach is proposed to analyze the performance of evolutionary optimization algorithms. A direct comparison matrix called \emph{Prasatul Matrix} is prepared, which accounts direct comparison outcome of best solutions obtained with two algorithms for a specific number of trials. Five different performance measures are designed based on the prasatul matrix to evaluate the performance of algorithms in terms of Optimality and Comparability of solutions. These scores are utilized to develop a score-driven approach for comparing performance of multiple algorithms as well as for ranking both in the grounds of solution quality and convergence analysis. Proposed approach is analyzed with six evolutionary optimization algorithms on 25 benchmark functions. A non-parametric statistical analysis, namely Wilcoxon paired sum-rank test is also performed to verify the outcomes of proposed direct comparison approach.

通常，通过比较使用不同算法获得的社区的评估度量值来评估社区检测算法。用于衡量社区质量的评估指标结合了实体的拓扑信息，例如社区内部或外部节点的连接性。但是，在比较度量值的同时，它失去了社区拓扑信息在比较过程中的直接参与。在本文中，提出了一种直接比较方法，直接比较了两种算法获得的社区的拓扑信息。质量度量是基于社区拓扑信息的直接比较而设计的。考虑到新设计的质量度量，开发了两个排名方案。研究了八种广泛使用的现实世界数据集和六种社区检测算法的拟议质量指标以及排名方案的功效。

Online Social Networks have embarked on the importance of connection strength measures which has a broad array of applications such as, analyzing diffusion behaviors, community detection, link predictions, recommender systems. Though there are some existing connection strength measures, the density that a connection shares with it's neighbors and the directionality aspect has not received much attention. In this paper, we have proposed an asymmetric edge similarity measure namely, Neighborhood Density-based Edge Similarity (NDES) which provides a fundamental support to derive the strength of connection. The time complexity of NDES is $O(nk^2)$. An application of NDES for community detection in social network is shown. We have considered a similarity based community detection technique and substituted its similarity measure with NDES. The performance of NDES is evaluated on several small real-world datasets in terms of the effectiveness in detecting communities and compared with three widely used similarity measures. Empirical results show NDES enables detecting comparatively better communities both in terms of accuracy and quality.

Community detection in Social Networks is associated with finding and grouping the most similar nodes inherent in the network. These similar nodes are identified by computing tie strength. Stronger ties indicates higher proximity shared by connected node pairs. This work is motivated by Granovetter's argument that suggests that strong ties lies within densely connected nodes and the theory that community cores in real-world networks are densely connected. In this paper, we have introduced a novel method called \emph{Disjoint Community detection using Cascades (DCC)} which demonstrates the effectiveness of a new local density based tie strength measure on detecting communities. Here, tie strength is utilized to decide the paths followed for propagating information. The idea is to crawl through the tuple information of cascades towards the community core guided by increasing tie strength. Considering the cascade generation step, a novel preferential membership method has been developed to assign community labels to unassigned nodes. The efficacy of $DCC$ has been analyzed based on quality and accuracy on several real-world datasets and baseline community detection algorithms.

Network structure evolves with time in the real world, and the discovery of changing communities in dynamic networks is an important research topic that poses challenging tasks. Most existing methods assume that no significant change in the network occurs; namely, the difference between adjacent snapshots is slight. However, great change exists in the real world usually. The great change in the network will result in the community detection algorithms are difficulty obtaining valuable information from the previous snapshot, leading to negative transfer for the next time steps. This paper focuses on dynamic community detection with substantial changes by integrating higher-order knowledge from the previous snapshots to aid the subsequent snapshots. Moreover, to improve search efficiency, a higher-order knowledge transfer strategy is designed to determine first-order and higher-order knowledge by detecting the similarity of the adjacency matrix of snapshots. In this way, our proposal can better keep the advantages of previous community detection results and transfer them to the next task. We conduct the experiments on four real-world networks, including the networks with great or minor changes. Experimental results in the low-similarity datasets demonstrate that higher-order knowledge is more valuable than first-order knowledge when the network changes significantly and keeps the advantage even if handling the high-similarity datasets. Our proposal can also guide other dynamic optimization problems with great changes.

信息科学的快速发展引起的“维度诅咒”在处理大数据集时可能会产生负面影响。在本文中，我们提出了Sparrow搜索算法（SSA）的一种变体，称为帐篷L \'evy飞行麻雀搜索算法（TFSSA），并使用它来选择包装模式中最佳的特征子集以进行分类。 SSA是最近提出的算法，尚未系统地应用于特征选择问题。通过CEC2020基准函数进行验证后，TFSSA用于选择最佳功能组合，以最大化分类精度并最大程度地减少所选功能的数量。将拟议的TFSSA与文献中的九种算法进行了比较。 9个评估指标用于正确评估和比较UCI存储库中21个数据集上这些算法的性能。此外，该方法应用于冠状病毒病（COVID-19）数据集，分别获得最佳的平均分类精度和特征选择的平均数量，为93.47％和2.1。实验结果证实了所提出的算法在提高分类准确性和减少与其他基于包装器的算法相比的选定特征数量方面的优势。

传感器节点（SNS）的部署总是在无线传感器网络（WSN）的系统性能中起决定性作用。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种实用异构WSN的最佳部署方法，该方法可以深入了解可靠性和部署成本之间的权衡。具体而言，这项工作旨在提供SNS的最佳部署，以最大程度地提高覆盖率和连接学位，同时最大程度地减少整体部署成本。此外，这项工作充分考虑了SNS的异质性（即差异化的传感范围和部署成本）和三维（3-D）部署方案。这是一个多目标优化问题，非凸，多模态和NP-HARD。为了解决它，我们开发了一种新型的基于群体的多目标优化算法，称为竞争性多目标海洋掠食者算法（CMOMPA），其性能通过与十种其他多个多目标优化的全面比较实验验证算法。计算结果表明，在收敛性和准确性方面，CMOMPA优于他人，并且在多模式多目标优化问题上表现出卓越的性能。还进行了足够的模拟来评估基于CMOMPA的最佳SNS部署方法的有效性。结果表明，优化的部署可以平衡部署成本，感知可靠性和网络可靠性之间的权衡平衡。源代码可在https://github.com/inet-wzu/cmompa上找到。

Metaheuristics are popularly used in various fields, and they have attracted much attention in the scientific and industrial communities. In recent years, the number of new metaheuristic names has been continuously growing. Generally, the inventors attribute the novelties of these new algorithms to inspirations from either biology, human behaviors, physics, or other phenomena. In addition, these new algorithms, compared against basic versions of other metaheuristics using classical benchmark problems without shift/rotation, show competitive performances. In this study, we exhaustively tabulate more than 500 metaheuristics. To comparatively evaluate the performance of the recent competitive variants and newly proposed metaheuristics, 11 newly proposed metaheuristics and 4 variants of established metaheuristics are comprehensively compared on the CEC2017 benchmark suite. In addition, whether these algorithms have a search bias to the center of the search space is investigated. The results show that the performance of the newly proposed EBCM (effective butterfly optimizer with covariance matrix adaptation) algorithm performs comparably to the 4 well performing variants of the established metaheuristics and possesses similar properties and behaviors, such as convergence, diversity, exploration and exploitation trade-offs, in many aspects. The performance of all 15 of the algorithms is likely to deteriorate due to certain transformations, while the 4 state-of-the-art metaheuristics are less affected by transformations such as the shifting of the global optimal point away from the center of the search space. It should be noted that, except EBCM, the other 10 new algorithms proposed mostly during 2019-2020 are inferior to the well performing 2017 variants of differential evolution and evolution strategy in terms of convergence speed and global search ability on CEC 2017 functions.

大约400年前的国际象棋游戏始于大约400年前的统治图，这引发了对统治图的分析，最初是相对松散的，直到1960年代开始，当时该问题给出了数学描述。这是图理论中最重要的问题之一，也是在多项式时间无法解决的NP完整问题。结果，我们描述了一种新的混合杜鹃搜索技术，以解决这项工作中的MDS问题。杜鹃搜索是一种著名的元神经，其能力探索了巨大的搜索空间，使其对多元化有用。但是，为了提高性能，我们除了遗传跨界操作员外，还将强化技术纳入了建议的方法。在详尽的实验测试中介绍了我们的方法与文献中相应的最新技术的比较。根据获得的结果，建议的算法优于当前的最新状态。

空间优化问题（SOP）的特征是管理决策变量，目标和/或约束功能的空间关系。在本文中，我们关注一种称为空间分区的特定类型的SOP，这是一个组合问题，这是由于存在离散空间单元。精确的优化方法不会随着问题的大小而扩展，尤其是在可行的时间限制内。这促使我们开发基于人群的元启发式学来解决此类SOP。但是，这些基于人群的方法采用的搜索操作员主要是为实参与者连续优化问题而设计的。为了使这些方法适应SOP，我们将域知识应用于设计空间感知的搜索操作员，以在保留空间约束的同时有效地通过离散搜索空间进行有效搜索。为此，我们提出了一种简单而有效的算法，称为基于群的空间模因算法（空间），并在学校（RE）区域问题上进行测试。对现实世界数据集进行了详细的实验研究，以评估空间的性能。此外，进行消融研究以了解空间各个组成部分的作用。此外，我们讨论空间〜如何在现实生活计划过程及其对不同方案的适用性并激发未来的研究方向有帮助。

在进化多目标聚类方法（EMOC）中，已将各种聚类标准应用于目标函数。但是，大多数EMOC并未提供有关目标功能的选择和使用的详细分析。旨在支持eMOC中目标的更好的选择和定义，本文提出了通过检查搜索方向及其在寻找最佳结果的潜力来分析进化优化中聚类标准的可采性的分析。结果，我们证明了目标函数的可接受性如何影响优化。此外，我们还提供有关eMOC中聚类标准的组合和使用的见解。

肺炎是儿童死亡率的主要原因之一，尤其是在全球收入的地区。尽管可以通过不太复杂的仪器和药物进行检测和治疗，但肺炎检测仍然是发展中国家的主要关注点。基于计算机辅助的诊断（CAD）系统可在此类国家 /地区使用，因为其运营成本低于专业医疗专家。在本文中，我们使用深度学习的概念和一种元神父算法提出了一个从胸部X射线检测的CAD系统，以检测胸部X射线。我们首先从预先训练的RESNET50中提取深度功能，该功能在目标肺炎数据集上进行了微调。然后，我们提出了一种基于粒子群优化（PSO）的特征选择技术，该技术使用基于内存的适应参数进行了修改，并通过将利他行为纳入代理人而丰富。我们将功能选择方法命名为自适应和利他的PSO（AAPSO）。提出的方法成功地消除了从RESNET50模型获得的非信息性特征，从而提高了整体框架的肺炎检测能力。对公开可用的肺炎数据集进行了广泛的实验和彻底分析，确定了所提出的方法比用于肺炎检测的其他几个框架的优越性。除了肺炎检测外，AAPSO还可以在某些标准的UCI数据集，用于癌症预测的基因表达数据集和COVID-19预测数据集上进行评估。总体结果令人满意，从而确认AAPSO在处理各种现实生活问题方面的实用性。可以在https://github.com/rishavpramanik/aapso上找到此工作的支持源代码

随着技术的快速提升，出现了迫切需要以最高的准确性和效率来微调或优化某些过程，软件，模型或结构。优化算法比通过实验或仿真的其他优化方法优选，因为它们的通用问题解决能力和最少的人类干预效果有望有望。近来，自然现象诱导算法设计已经极大地触发了优化过程的效率，即使是复杂的多维，不连续，非差异和嘈杂的问题搜索空间。本章介绍了基于群体智能（SI）的算法或群优化算法，这些算法是更大的受启发性优化算法（NIOAS）的子集。群体智能涉及对个人及其相互作用的集体研究，从而导致群体的智能行为。本章介绍了各种基于人群的SI算法，它们的基本结构以及其数学模型。

社区检测是社会网络分析中最重要而有趣的问题之一。近年来，同时考虑社区检测过程中社交网络的节点的属性和拓扑结构，吸引了许多学者的关注，最近在一些社区检测方法中使用了这一考虑，以增加他们的效率并增强他们的效率寻找有意义和相关社区的表演。但问题是，大多数这些方法都倾向于找到非重叠的社区，而许多现实网络包括在某种程度上经常重叠的社区。为了解决这个问题，在本文中提出了一种称为Mobbo-OCD的进化算法，该算法基于基于多目标生物地理学的优化（BBO），以在同步地考虑中自动查找与节点属性的社交网络中的重叠社区网络中的连接密度和节点属性的相似性。在Mobbo-OCD中，引入称为OLAR的扩展基于轨迹的邻接邻接，以编码和解码重叠的社区。基于OLAR，基于秩的迁移操作员以及新的两相突变策略和新的双点交叉在Mobbo-OCD的演化过程中使用，以有效地将人群引导到进化路径中。为了评估mobbo-ocd的性能，本文提出了一种名为Alpha_Saem的新度量，这是考虑节点属性和链接结构的两个方面，可以评估重叠和非重叠分区的良好。量化评估表明，Mobbo-ocd实现了有利的结果，这些结果非常优于文献中的15个相关群落检测算法的结果。

排名汇总旨在将许多替代品的偏好排名与不同选民的偏替排名组合成单一共识排名。然而，作为各种实际应用的有用模型，它是一个计算上有挑战性的问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种有效的混合进化排名算法来解决完整和部分排名的排名聚集问题。该算法具有基于协调对的语义交叉，并通过有效的增量评估技术加强了较晚的验收本地搜索。进行实验以评估算法，与最先进的算法相比，表明基准实例上具有高度竞争性能。为了展示其实际有用性，算法应用于标签排名，这是一个重要的机器学习任务。

作为解决复杂优化问题的有效算法，人造蜜蜂菌落（ABC）算法表明竞争，但与其他基于人口的算法相同，它难以平衡整个解决方案空间中全球搜索的能力（命名作为探索）和快速搜索定义为剥削的本地解决方案空间。为了提高ABC的性能，引入了自适应组协作ABC（AGABC）算法，其中不同阶段的群体划分为特定的组，并且分配给成员的不同能力的不同搜索策略，以及成员或策略获得最佳解决方案将采用进一步搜索。基准函数的实验结果表明，具有动态机制的提议算法优于其他搜索精度和稳定性的算法。此外，数值实验表明，该方法可以为复杂调度问题产生最佳解决方案。

本文提出了一种名为Duck Sharm算法（DSA）的群体智能的优化算法。该算法通过寻找鸭子群的食物来源和觅食行为的启发。通过使用十八个基准函数来验证DSA的性能，其中统计（最佳，平均值，标准偏差和平均运行时间）结果与粒子群优化（PSO），Firefly算法（FA ），鸡肉群优化（CSO），灰狼优化器（GWO），正弦余弦算法（SCA）和海洋捕食者算法（MPA）和ArchImedes优化算法（AOA）。此外，使用比较结果的Wilcoxon Rank-Sum测试，Friedman测试和收敛曲线来证明DSA对其他算法的优越性。结果表明，DSA是在收敛速度和勘探开发平衡方面是求解高维优化功能的高性能优化方法。此外，DSA应用于两个约束工程问题的最佳设计（三条桁架问题，以及锯木厂运行问题）。此外，还用于分析所提出的DSA的性能的四个工程约束问题。总体而言，比较结果表明，DSA是一种有前途和非常竞争力的算法，用于解决不同的优化问题。

The JPEG standard is widely used in different image processing applications. One of the main components of the JPEG standard is the quantisation table (QT) since it plays a vital role in the image properties such as image quality and file size. In recent years, several efforts based on population-based metaheuristic (PBMH) algorithms have been performed to find the proper QT(s) for a specific image, although they do not take into consideration the user's opinion. Take an android developer as an example, who prefers a small-size image, while the optimisation process results in a high-quality image, leading to a huge file size. Another pitfall of the current works is a lack of comprehensive coverage, meaning that the QT(s) can not provide all possible combinations of file size and quality. Therefore, this paper aims to propose three distinct contributions. First, to include the user's opinion in the compression process, the file size of the output image can be controlled by a user in advance. Second, to tackle the lack of comprehensive coverage, we suggest a novel representation. Our proposed representation can not only provide more comprehensive coverage but also find the proper value for the quality factor for a specific image without any background knowledge. Both changes in representation and objective function are independent of the search strategies and can be used with any type of population-based metaheuristic (PBMH) algorithm. Therefore, as the third contribution, we also provide a comprehensive benchmark on 22 state-of-the-art and recently-introduced PBMH algorithms on our new formulation of JPEG image compression. Our extensive experiments on different benchmark images and in terms of different criteria show that our novel formulation for JPEG image compression can work effectively.

在生物启发群体的成群制中拥挤的环境中，最近出现了SALP群优化（SSO）算法并立即获得了很多动量。灵感来自Salp殖民地的特殊空间排列，在领导者之后的长链中移位，该算法似乎提供了有趣的优化性能。然而，原创作品的特点是一些概念和数学缺陷，影响了对象的所有作品。在本手稿中，我们对SSO进行了一次关键审查，突出了文献中存在的所有问题及其对通过该算法进行的优化过程的负面影响。我们还提出了一个数学上正确的SSO版本，名为“修正的SALP Swarm Optimizer（ASSO）”，该SALP Swarm Optimizer（ASSO）修复了所有讨论的问题。我们在一系列定制的实验上基准测试ASOO的表现，表明它能够实现比原始SSO更好的结果。最后，我们进行了广泛的研究，旨在了解SSO及其变体是否提供与其他美术学相比的优势。实验结果，其中SSO不能优于简单的众所周知的核心学，表明科学界可以安全地放弃SSO。