在本文中,使用Resnet-34作为功能提取器,将基于LSTM的基于LSTM自动编码器的体系结构用于嗜睡。该问题被认为是单个受试者的异常检测。因此,只有普通的驾驶表示形式,并且可以根据网络的知识来区分嗜睡表征,从而产生更高的重建损失。在我们的研究中,通过标签分配的方法研究了正常和异常夹的置信度水平,以便根据不同的置信率分析LSTM自动编码器的训练性能以及测试过程中遇到的异常情况的解释。我们的方法在NTHU-DDD上进行了实验,并通过最先进的异常检测方法进行基准测试,以使驱动器嗜睡。结果表明,所提出的模型在曲线(AUC)下达到0.8740面积的检测率,并能够在某些情况下提供重大改进。
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Surveillance videos are able to capture a variety of realistic anomalies. In this paper, we propose to learn anomalies by exploiting both normal and anomalous videos. To avoid annotating the anomalous segments or clips in training videos, which is very time consuming, we propose to learn anomaly through the deep multiple instance ranking framework by leveraging weakly labeled training videos, i.e. the training labels (anomalous or normal) are at videolevel instead of clip-level. In our approach, we consider normal and anomalous videos as bags and video segments as instances in multiple instance learning (MIL), and automatically learn a deep anomaly ranking model that predicts high anomaly scores for anomalous video segments. Furthermore, we introduce sparsity and temporal smoothness constraints in the ranking loss function to better localize anomaly during training.We also introduce a new large-scale first of its kind dataset of 128 hours of videos. It consists of 1900 long and untrimmed real-world surveillance videos, with 13 realistic anomalies such as fighting, road accident, burglary, robbery, etc. as well as normal activities. This dataset can be used for two tasks. First, general anomaly detection considering all anomalies in one group and all normal activities in another group. Second, for recognizing each of 13 anomalous activities. Our experimental results show that our MIL method for anomaly detection achieves significant improvement on anomaly detection performance as compared to the state-of-the-art approaches. We provide the results of several recent deep learning baselines on anomalous activity recognition. The low recognition performance of these baselines reveals that our dataset is very challenging and opens more opportunities for future work. The dataset is
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视频异常检测是现在计算机视觉中的热门研究主题之一,因为异常事件包含大量信息。异常是监控系统中的主要检测目标之一,通常需要实时行动。关于培训的标签数据的可用性(即,没有足够的标记数据进行异常),半监督异常检测方法最近获得了利益。本文介绍了该领域的研究人员,以新的视角,并评论了最近的基于深度学习的半监督视频异常检测方法,基于他们用于异常检测的共同策略。我们的目标是帮助研究人员开发更有效的视频异常检测方法。由于选择右深神经网络的选择对于这项任务的几个部分起着重要作用,首先准备了对DNN的快速比较审查。与以前的调查不同,DNN是从时空特征提取观点审查的,用于视频异常检测。这部分审查可以帮助本领域的研究人员选择合适的网络,以获取其方法的不同部分。此外,基于其检测策略,一些最先进的异常检测方法受到严格调查。审查提供了一种新颖,深入了解现有方法,并导致陈述这些方法的缺点,这可能是未来作品的提示。
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The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.
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在当代社会中,监视异常检测,即在监视视频中发现异常事件,例如犯罪或事故,是一项关键任务。由于异常发生很少发生,大多数培训数据包括没有标记的视频,没有异常事件,这使得任务具有挑战性。大多数现有方法使用自动编码器(AE)学习重建普通视频;然后,他们根据未能重建异常场景的出现来检测异常。但是,由于异常是通过外观和运动来区分的,因此许多先前的方法使用预训练的光流模型明确分开了外观和运动信息,例如。这种明确的分离限制了两种类型的信息之间的相互表示功能。相比之下,我们提出了一个隐式的两路AE(ITAE),其中两个编码器隐含模型外观和运动特征以及一个将它们组合在一起以学习正常视频模式的结构。对于正常场景的复杂分布,我们建议通过归一化流量(NF)的生成模型对ITAE特征的正常密度估计,以学习可拖动的可能性,并使用无法分布的检测来识别异常。 NF模型通过隐式学习的功能通过学习正常性来增强ITAE性能。最后,我们在六个基准测试中演示了ITAE及其特征分布建模的有效性,包括在现实世界中包含各种异常的数据库。
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In recent years, we have seen a significant interest in data-driven deep learning approaches for video anomaly detection, where an algorithm must determine if specific frames of a video contain abnormal behaviors. However, video anomaly detection is particularly context-specific, and the availability of representative datasets heavily limits real-world accuracy. Additionally, the metrics currently reported by most state-of-the-art methods often do not reflect how well the model will perform in real-world scenarios. In this article, we present the Charlotte Anomaly Dataset (CHAD). CHAD is a high-resolution, multi-camera anomaly dataset in a commercial parking lot setting. In addition to frame-level anomaly labels, CHAD is the first anomaly dataset to include bounding box, identity, and pose annotations for each actor. This is especially beneficial for skeleton-based anomaly detection, which is useful for its lower computational demand in real-world settings. CHAD is also the first anomaly dataset to contain multiple views of the same scene. With four camera views and over 1.15 million frames, CHAD is the largest fully annotated anomaly detection dataset including person annotations, collected from continuous video streams from stationary cameras for smart video surveillance applications. To demonstrate the efficacy of CHAD for training and evaluation, we benchmark two state-of-the-art skeleton-based anomaly detection algorithms on CHAD and provide comprehensive analysis, including both quantitative results and qualitative examination.
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现代高性能计算(HPC)系统的复杂性日益增加,需要引入自动化和数据驱动的方法,以支持系统管理员为增加系统可用性的努力。异常检测是改善可用性不可或缺的一部分,因为它减轻了系统管理员的负担,并减少了异常和解决方案之间的时间。但是,对当前的最新检测方法进行了监督和半监督,因此它们需要具有异常的人体标签数据集 - 在生产HPC系统中收集通常是不切实际的。基于聚类的无监督异常检测方法,旨在减轻准确的异常数据的需求,到目前为止的性能差。在这项工作中,我们通过提出RUAD来克服这些局限性,RUAD是一种新型的无监督异常检测模型。 Ruad比当前的半监督和无监督的SOA方法取得了更好的结果。这是通过考虑数据中的时间依赖性以及在模型体系结构中包括长短期限内存单元的实现。提出的方法是根据tier-0系统(带有980个节点的Cineca的Marconi100的完整历史)评估的。 RUAD在半监督训练中达到曲线(AUC)下的区域(AUC)为0.763,在无监督的训练中达到了0.767的AUC,这改进了SOA方法,在半监督训练中达到0.747的AUC,无需训练的AUC和0.734的AUC在无处不在的AUC中提高了AUC。训练。它还大大优于基于聚类的当前SOA无监督的异常检测方法,其AUC为0.548。
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The detection of anomalies in time series data is crucial in a wide range of applications, such as system monitoring, health care or cyber security. While the vast number of available methods makes selecting the right method for a certain application hard enough, different methods have different strengths, e.g. regarding the type of anomalies they are able to find. In this work, we compare six unsupervised anomaly detection methods with different complexities to answer the questions: Are the more complex methods usually performing better? And are there specific anomaly types that those method are tailored to? The comparison is done on the UCR anomaly archive, a recent benchmark dataset for anomaly detection. We compare the six methods by analyzing the experimental results on a dataset- and anomaly type level after tuning the necessary hyperparameter for each method. Additionally we examine the ability of individual methods to incorporate prior knowledge about the anomalies and analyse the differences of point-wise and sequence wise features. We show with broad experiments, that the classical machine learning methods show a superior performance compared to the deep learning methods across a wide range of anomaly types.
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视频中的战斗检测是当今监视系统和流媒体的流行率的新兴深度学习应用程序。以前的工作主要依靠行动识别技术来解决这个问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种简单但有效的方法,该方法从新的角度解决了任务:我们将战斗检测模型设计为动作感知功能提取器和异常得分生成器的组成。另外,考虑到视频收集帧级标签太费力了,我们设计了一个弱监督的两阶段训练计划,在此我们使用在视频级别标签上计算出的多个实体学习损失来培训得分生成器,并采用自我训练的技术以进一步提高其性能。在公开可用的大规模数据集(UBI-Fights)上进行了广泛的实验,证明了我们方法的有效性,并且数据集的性能超过了几种先前的最先进的方法。此外,我们收集了一个新的数据集VFD-2000,该数据集专门研究视频战斗检测,比现有数据集更大,场景更大。我们的方法的实现和拟议的数据集将在https://github.com/hepta-col/videofightdetection上公开获得。
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鉴于在现实世界应用中缺乏异常情况,大多数文献一直集中在建模正态上。学到的表示形式可以将异常检测作为正态性模型进行训练,以捕获正常情况下的某些密钥数据规律性。在实际环境中,尤其是工业时间序列异常检测中,我们经常遇到有大量正常操作数据以及随时间收集的少量异常事件的情况。这种实际情况要求方法学来利用这些少量的异常事件来创建更好的异常检测器。在本文中,我们介绍了两种方法来满足这种实际情况的需求,并将其与最近开发的最新技术进行了比较。我们提出的方法锚定在具有自回归(AR)模型的正常运行的代表性学习以及损失组件上,以鼓励表示正常与几个积极示例的表示形式。我们将提出的方法应用于两个工业异常检测数据集,并与文献相比表现出有效的性能。我们的研究还指出了在实际应用中采用此类方法的其他挑战。
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我们考虑了在自主移动机器人的视觉传感数据流中检测的问题,这些语义模式相对于机器人在类似环境中的先前经验而言是不寻常的(即异常)。这些异常可能表明危害不可预见,并且在失败昂贵的情况下,可以用来触发避免行为。我们贡献了在机器人勘探方案中获得的三个基于图像的新型数据集,其中包括超过200k的标记帧,涵盖了各种类型的异常。在这些数据集上,我们研究了基于以不同尺度运行的自动编码器的异常检测方法的性能。
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时间序列的异常提供了各个行业的关键方案的见解,从银行和航空航天到信息技术,安全和医学。但是,由于异常的定义,经常缺乏标签以及此类数据中存在的极为复杂的时间相关性,因此识别时间序列数据中的异常尤其具有挑战性。LSTM自动编码器是基于长期短期内存网络的异常检测的编码器传统方案,该方案学会重建时间序列行为,然后使用重建错误来识别异常。我们将Denoising Architecture作为对该LSTM编码模型模型的补充,并研究其对现实世界以及人为生成的数据集的影响。我们证明了所提出的体系结构既提高了准确性和训练速度,从而使LSTM自动编码器更有效地用于无监督的异常检测任务。
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视频异常检测是视觉中的核心问题。正确检测和识别视频数据中行人中的异常行为将使安全至关重要的应用,例如监视,活动监测和人类机器人的互动。在本文中,我们建议利用无监督的行人异常事件检测的轨迹定位和预测。与以前的基于重建的方法不同,我们提出的框架依赖于正常和异常行人轨迹的预测误差来在空间和时间上检测异常。我们介绍了有关不同时间尺度的现实基准数据集的实验结果,并表明我们提出的基于轨迹预言的异常检测管道在识别视频中行人的异常活动方面有效有效。代码将在https://github.com/akanuasiegbu/leveraging-trajectory-prediction-for-pedestrian-video-anomaly-detection上提供。
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Weakly supervised video anomaly detection aims to identify abnormal events in videos using only video-level labels. Recently, two-stage self-training methods have achieved significant improvements by self-generating pseudo labels and self-refining anomaly scores with these labels. As the pseudo labels play a crucial role, we propose an enhancement framework by exploiting completeness and uncertainty properties for effective self-training. Specifically, we first design a multi-head classification module (each head serves as a classifier) with a diversity loss to maximize the distribution differences of predicted pseudo labels across heads. This encourages the generated pseudo labels to cover as many abnormal events as possible. We then devise an iterative uncertainty pseudo label refinement strategy, which improves not only the initial pseudo labels but also the updated ones obtained by the desired classifier in the second stage. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the proposed method performs favorably against state-of-the-art approaches on the UCF-Crime, TAD, and XD-Violence benchmark datasets.
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这项工作的目的是检测并自动生成视频中异常事件的高级解释。了解异常事件的原因至关重要,因为所需的响应取决于其性质和严重程度。最近的作品通常使用对象或操作分类器来检测和提供异常事件的标签。然而,这将检测系统限制为有限的已知类别,并防止到未知物体或行为的概括。在这里,我们展示了如何在不使用对象或操作分类器的情况下稳健地检测异组织,但仍然恢复事件背后的高级原因。我们提出以下贡献:(1)一种使用显着性图来解除对象和动作分类器的异常事件解释的方法,(2)显示如何使用新的神经架构来学习视频的离散表示来提高显着图的质量通过预测未来帧和(3)将最先进的异常解释方法击败60 \%在公共基准X-MAN数据集的子集上。
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Anomaly detection on time series data is increasingly common across various industrial domains that monitor metrics in order to prevent potential accidents and economic losses. However, a scarcity of labeled data and ambiguous definitions of anomalies can complicate these efforts. Recent unsupervised machine learning methods have made remarkable progress in tackling this problem using either single-timestamp predictions or time series reconstructions. While traditionally considered separately, these methods are not mutually exclusive and can offer complementary perspectives on anomaly detection. This paper first highlights the successes and limitations of prediction-based and reconstruction-based methods with visualized time series signals and anomaly scores. We then propose AER (Auto-encoder with Regression), a joint model that combines a vanilla auto-encoder and an LSTM regressor to incorporate the successes and address the limitations of each method. Our model can produce bi-directional predictions while simultaneously reconstructing the original time series by optimizing a joint objective function. Furthermore, we propose several ways of combining the prediction and reconstruction errors through a series of ablation studies. Finally, we compare the performance of the AER architecture against two prediction-based methods and three reconstruction-based methods on 12 well-known univariate time series datasets from NASA, Yahoo, Numenta, and UCR. The results show that AER has the highest averaged F1 score across all datasets (a 23.5% improvement compared to ARIMA) while retaining a runtime similar to its vanilla auto-encoder and regressor components. Our model is available in Orion, an open-source benchmarking tool for time series anomaly detection.
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开放式视频异常检测(OpenVAD)旨在从视频数据中识别出异常事件,在测试中都存在已知的异常和新颖的事件。无监督的模型仅从普通视频中学到的模型适用于任何测试异常,但遭受高误报率的损失。相比之下,弱监督的方法可有效检测已知的异常情况,但在开放世界中可能会失败。我们通过将证据深度学习(EDL)和将流量(NFS)归一化为多个实例学习(MIL)框架来开发出一种新颖的OpenVAD问题的弱监督方法。具体而言,我们建议使用图形神经网络和三重态损失来学习训练EDL分类器的区分特征,在该特征中,EDL能够通过量化不确定性来识别未知异常。此外,我们制定了一种不确定性感知的选择策略,以获取清洁异常实例和NFS模块以生成伪异常。我们的方法通过继承无监督的NF和弱监督的MIL框架的优势来优于现有方法。多个现实世界视频数据集的实验结果显示了我们方法的有效性。
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异常检测是确定不符合正常数据分布的样品。由于异常数据的无法获得,培训监督的深神经网络是一项繁琐的任务。因此,无监督的方法是解决此任务的常见方法。深度自动编码器已被广泛用作许多无监督的异常检测方法的基础。但是,深层自动编码器的一个显着缺点是,它们通过概括重建异常值来提供不足的表示异常检测的表示。在这项工作中,我们设计了一个对抗性框架,该框架由两个竞争组件组成,一个对抗性变形者和一个自动编码器。对抗性变形器是一种卷积编码器,学会产生有效的扰动,而自动编码器是一个深层卷积神经网络,旨在重建来自扰动潜在特征空间的图像。这些网络经过相反的目标训练,在这种目标中,对抗性变形者会产生用于编码器潜在特征空间的扰动,以最大化重建误差,并且自动编码器试图中和这些扰动的效果以最大程度地减少它。当应用于异常检测时,该提出的方法会由于对特征空间的扰动应用而学习语义上的富裕表示。所提出的方法在图像和视频数据集上的异常检测中优于现有的最新方法。
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我们考虑为移动机器人构建视觉异常检测系统的问题。标准异常检测模型是使用仅由非异常数据组成的大型数据集训练的。但是,在机器人技术应用中,通常可以使用(可能很少)的异常示例。我们解决了利用这些数据以通过与Real-NVP损失共同使辅助外离群损失损失共同使实际NVP异常检测模型的性能提高性能的问题。我们在新的数据集(作为补充材料)上进行定量实验,该数据集在室内巡逻方案中设计为异常检测。在不连接测试集中,我们的方法优于替代方案,并表明即使少数异常框架也可以实现重大的性能改进。
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无监督的异常检测旨在通过在正常数据上训练来建立模型以有效地检测看不见的异常。尽管以前的基于重建的方法取得了富有成效的进展,但由于两个危急挑战,他们的泛化能力受到限制。首先,训练数据集仅包含正常模式,这限制了模型泛化能力。其次,现有模型学到的特征表示通常缺乏代表性,妨碍了保持正常模式的多样性的能力。在本文中,我们提出了一种称为自适应存储器网络的新方法,具有自我监督的学习(AMSL)来解决这些挑战,并提高无监督异常检测中的泛化能力。基于卷积的AutoEncoder结构,AMSL包含一个自我监督的学习模块,以学习一般正常模式和自适应内存融合模块来学习丰富的特征表示。四个公共多变量时间序列数据集的实验表明,与其他最先进的方法相比,AMSL显着提高了性能。具体而言,在具有9亿个样本的最大帽睡眠阶段检测数据集上,AMSL以精度和F1分数\ TextBF {4} \%+优于第二个最佳基线。除了增强的泛化能力之外,AMSL还针对输入噪声更加强大。
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