Many scientific fields -- including biology, health, education, and the social sciences -- use machine learning (ML) to help them analyze data at an unprecedented scale. However, ML researchers who develop advanced methods rarely provide detailed tutorials showing how to apply these methods. Existing tutorials are often costly to participants, presume extensive programming knowledge, and are not tailored to specific application fields. In an attempt to democratize ML methods, we organized a year-long, free, online tutorial series targeted at teaching advanced natural language processing (NLP) methods to computational social science (CSS) scholars. Two organizers worked with fifteen subject matter experts to develop one-hour presentations with hands-on Python code for a range of ML methods and use cases, from data pre-processing to analyzing temporal variation of language change. Although live participation was more limited than expected, a comparison of pre- and post-tutorial surveys showed an increase in participants' perceived knowledge of almost one point on a 7-point Likert scale. Furthermore, participants asked thoughtful questions during tutorials and engaged readily with tutorial content afterwards, as demonstrated by 10K~total views of posted tutorial recordings. In this report, we summarize our organizational efforts and distill five principles for democratizing ML+X tutorials. We hope future organizers improve upon these principles and continue to lower barriers to developing ML skills for researchers of all fields.
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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使用计算笔记本(例如,Jupyter Notebook),数据科学家根据他们的先前经验和外部知识(如在线示例)合理化他们的探索性数据分析(EDA)。对于缺乏关于数据集或问题的具体了解的新手或数据科学家,有效地获得和理解外部信息对于执行EDA至关重要。本文介绍了eDassistant,一个jupyterlab扩展,支持EDA的原位搜索示例笔记本电脑和有用的API的推荐,由搜索结果的新颖交互式可视化供电。代码搜索和推荐是由最先进的机器学习模型启用的,培训在线收集的EDA笔记本电脑的大型语料库。进行用户学习,以调查埃迪卡斯特和数据科学家的当前实践(即,使用外部搜索引擎)。结果证明了埃迪斯坦特的有效性和有用性,与会者赞赏其对EDA的顺利和环境支持。我们还报告了有关代码推荐工具的几种设计意义。
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语言的自动处理在我们的生活中普遍存在,经常在我们的决策中扮演核心角色,例如为我们的消息和邮件选择措辞,翻译我们的读物,甚至与我们进行完整的对话。单词嵌入是现代自然语言处理系统的关键组成部分。它们提供了一种词的表示,从而提高了许多应用程序的性能,从而是含义的表现。单词嵌入似乎可以捕捉到原始文本中单词的含义的外观,但与此同时,它们还提炼了刻板印象和社会偏见,后来传达给最终应用。这样的偏见可能是歧视性的。检测和减轻这些偏见,以防止自动化过程的歧视行为非常重要,因为它们的规模可能比人类更有害。目前,有许多工具和技术可以检测和减轻单词嵌入中的偏见,但是它们为没有技术技能的人的参与带来了许多障碍。碰巧的是,大多数偏见专家,无论是社会科学家还是对偏见有害,没有这样的技能的环境,并且由于技术障碍而无法参与偏见检测过程。我们研究了现有工具中的障碍,并与不同种类的用户探索了它们的可能性和局限性。通过此探索,我们建议开发一种专门旨在降低技术障碍的工具,并提供探索能力,以满足愿意审核这些技术的专家,科学家和一般人的要求。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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在公共危机时期,寻求信息对于人们的自我保健和福祉至关重要。广泛的研究调查了经验理解和技术解决方案,以促进受影响地区的家庭公民寻求信息。但是,建立有限的知识是为了支持需要在其东道国发生危机的国际移民。当前的论文对居住在日本和美国(n = 14)的两名中国移民(n = 14)进行了访谈研究。参与者反思了他们在共同大流行期间寻求经验的信息。反思补充了两周的自我追踪,参与者保持了相关信息寻求实践的记录。我们的数据表明,参与者经常绕开语言绕道,或访问普通话资源以获取有关其东道国疫情爆发的信息。他们还进行了战略性利用普通话信息,以进行选择性阅读,交叉检查以及对日语或英语的共同信息的上下文化解释。尽管这种做法增强了参与者对共同相关信息收集和感官的有效性,但他们有时会通过有时认识的方式使人们处于不利地位。此外,参与者缺乏对审查以移民为导向的信息的认识或偏爱,尽管该信息可用,这些信息是由东道国公共当局发布的。在这些发现的基础上,我们讨论了改善国际移民在非本地语言和文化环境中寻求共同相关信息的解决方案。我们主张包容性危机基础设施,这些基础设施将吸引以当地语言流利程度,信息素养和利用公共服务的经验的不同水平的人们。
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鉴于HEP研究的核心,数据科学(DS)和机器学习(ML)在高能量物理学(HEP)中的作用增长良好和相关。此外,利用物理数据固有的对称性激发了物理信息的ML作为计算机科学研究的充满活力的子场。 HEP研究人员从广泛使用的材料中受益匪浅,可用于教育,培训和劳动力开发。他们还为这些材料做出了贡献,并为DS/ML相关的字段提供软件。物理部门越来越多地在DS,ML和物理学的交集上提供课程,通常使用HEP研究人员开发的课程,并涉及HEP中使用的开放软件和数据。在这份白皮书中,我们探讨了HEP研究与DS/ML教育之间的协同作用,讨论了此交叉路口的机会和挑战,并提出了将是互惠互利的社区活动。
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Any organization needs to improve their products, services, and processes. In this context, engaging with customers and understanding their journey is essential. Organizations have leveraged various techniques and technologies to support customer engagement, from call centres to chatbots and virtual agents. Recently, these systems have used Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze large volumes of customer feedback and engagement data. The goal is to understand customers in context and provide meaningful answers across various channels. Despite multiple advances in Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Recommender Systems (RS), it is still challenging to understand the intent behind customer questions during the customer journey. To address this challenge, in this paper, we study and analyze the recent work in Conversational Recommender Systems (CRS) in general and, more specifically, in chatbot-based CRS. We introduce a pipeline to contextualize the input utterances in conversations. We then take the next step towards leveraging reverse feature engineering to link the contextualized input and learning model to support intent recognition. Since performance evaluation is achieved based on different ML models, we use transformer base models to evaluate the proposed approach using a labelled dialogue dataset (MSDialogue) of question-answering interactions between information seekers and answer providers.
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This study introduces and examines the potential of an AI system to generate health awareness messages. The topic of folic acid, a vitamin that is critical during pregnancy, served as a test case. Using prompt engineering, we generated messages that could be used to raise awareness and compared them to retweeted human-generated messages via computational and human evaluation methods. The system was easy to use and prolific, and computational analyses revealed that the AI-generated messages were on par with human-generated ones in terms of sentiment, reading ease, and semantic content. Also, the human evaluation study showed that AI-generated messages ranked higher in message quality and clarity. We discuss the theoretical, practical, and ethical implications of these results.
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In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.
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深度学习的成功导致了包括计算机视觉在内的许多计算机科学领域的快速转变和增长。在这项工作中,我们通过从媒体考古学的角度分析研究论文中的数字和表,通过计算机视觉研究论文本身来研究这种增长的影响。我们通过对涵盖计算机视觉,图形和可视化的资深研究人员的访谈以及十年的视觉会议论文的计算分析进行了调查。我们的分析重点是在广告,衡量和传播日益商品化的“贡献”中发挥作用的要素。我们认为,这些元素中的每一个都由计算机视觉的气候塑造和塑造,最终为该商品化做出了贡献。通过这项工作,我们试图激励有关研究论文设计和更广泛的社会技术出版系统的未来讨论。
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在线众包平台使对算法输出进行评估变得容易,并提出诸如“哪个图像更好,A或B?”之类的问题的调查,在视觉和图形研究论文中的这些“用户研究”的扩散导致了增加匆忙进行的研究充其量是草率且无知的,并且可能有害和误导。我们认为,在计算机视觉和图形论文中的用户研究的设计和报告需要更多关注。为了提高从业者的知识并提高用户研究的可信度和可复制性,我们提供了用户体验研究(UXR),人类计算机互动(HCI)和相关领域的方法论的概述。我们讨论了目前在计算机视觉和图形研究中未利用的基础用户研究方法(例如,需要调查),但可以为研究项目提供宝贵的指导。我们为有兴趣探索其他UXR方法的读者提供了进一步的指导。最后,我们描述了研究界的更广泛的开放问题和建议。我们鼓励作者和审稿人都认识到,并非每项研究贡献都需要用户研究,而且根本没有研究比不小心进行的研究更好。
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社交媒体平台上的滥用内容的增长增加对在线用户的负面影响。对女同性恋,同性恋者,跨性别或双性恋者的恐惧,不喜欢,不适或不疑虑被定义为同性恋/转铁症。同性恋/翻译语音是一种令人反感的语言,可以总结为针对LGBT +人的仇恨语音,近年来越来越受到兴趣。在线同性恋恐惧症/ Transphobobia是一个严重的社会问题,可以使网上平台与LGBT +人有毒和不受欢迎,同时还试图消除平等,多样性和包容性。我们为在线同性恋和转鸟以及专家标记的数据集提供了新的分类分类,这将允许自动识别出具有同种异体/传递内容的数据集。我们受过教育的注释器并以综合的注释规则向他们提供,因为这是一个敏感的问题,我们以前发现未受训练的众包注释者因文化和其他偏见而诊断倡导性的群体。数据集包含15,141个注释的多语言评论。本文介绍了构建数据集,数据的定性分析和注册间协议的过程。此外,我们为数据集创建基线模型。据我们所知,我们的数据集是第一个已创建的数据集。警告:本文含有明确的同性恋,转基因症,刻板印象的明确陈述,这可能对某些读者令人痛苦。
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当今的冲突变得越来越复杂,流畅和分散,通常涉及许多具有多重且经常发散利益的国家和国际参与者。随着调解员努力使冲突动态有理由,例如冲突政党的范围和政治立场的演变,相关与较少相关的参与者在和平建立和认同之间的区别或身份证明,这一发展构成了冲突调解的重大挑战。关键冲突问题及其相互依存。国际和平努力似乎不足以成功应对这些挑战。尽管技术已经在与冲突相关的领域进行了试验和使用,例如预测冲突或信息收集,但对技术如何促进冲突调解的关注较少。该案例研究有助于有关在冲突调解过程中使用最先进的机器学习技术和技术的新兴研究。本研究使用也门和平谈判中的对话成绩单,通过为他们提供知识管理,提取和冲突分析的工具来有效地支持中介团队。除了说明冲突调解中的机器学习工具的潜力外,本文还强调了跨学科和参与性的共同创造方法对开发上下文敏感和有针对性的工具的重要性,并确保有意义和负责任的实施。
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如今,由于最近在人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML)中的近期突破,因此,智能系统和服务越来越受欢迎。然而,机器学习不仅满足软件工程,不仅具有有希望的潜力,而且还具有一些固有的挑战。尽管最近的一些研究努力,但我们仍然没有明确了解开发基于ML的申请和当前行业实践的挑战。此外,目前尚不清楚软件工程研究人员应将其努力集中起来,以更好地支持ML应用程序开发人员。在本文中,我们报告了一个旨在了解ML应用程序开发的挑战和最佳实践的调查。我们合成从80名从业者(以不同的技能,经验和应用领域)获得的结果为17个调查结果;概述ML应用程序开发的挑战和最佳实践。参与基于ML的软件系统发展的从业者可以利用总结最佳实践来提高其系统的质量。我们希望报告的挑战将通知研究界有关需要调查的主题,以改善工程过程和基于ML的申请的质量。
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我们介绍了NLP社区Metasurvey的结果。从2022年5月到2022年6月,该调查引起了关于有争议的问题的意见,包括该领域的行业影响,对AGI和道德规范的关注。我们的结果将具体数字置于几个争议中:例如,受访者几乎完全将有关人工通用智能的重要性的问题分为一半,语言模型是否理解语言以及语言结构的必要性以及解决NLP问题的必要性。此外,调查提出了元问题,要求受访者预测调查响应的分布。这不仅使我们不仅可以深入了解NLP研究人员所拥有的各种信念,还可以揭示社区预测与现实不符的错误社会学信念。我们在各种问题上发现这种不匹配。除其他结果外,社区大大高估了其对基准的实用性的信念,以及扩展解决现实世界中问题的潜力,同时低估了其对语言结构,归纳偏见和跨学科科学重要性的信念。
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我们介绍了Sparrow,这是一个寻求信息的对话代理,与提示的语言模型基线相比,训练有素,更有帮助,正确和无害。我们使用从人类反馈中的强化学习来培训我们的模型,以帮助人类评估者判断代理人的行为。首先,为了使我们的代理人更有帮助和无害,我们将良好对话的要求分解为代理人应遵循的自然语言规则,并分别向评估者询问每个规则。我们证明,这种崩溃使我们能够收集对代理行为的更多针对性的人类判断,并允许更有效的规则条件奖励模型。其次,我们的代理商在收集对模型声明的偏好判决时提供了支持事实主张的来源的证据。对于事实问题,麻雀提供的证据支持了78%的时间。比基线比基线更享受麻雀,同时对人类的对抗性探测更具弹性,在探测时只有8%的时间违反了我们的规则。最后,我们进行了广泛的分析,表明尽管我们的模型学会遵守我们的规则,但它可以表现出分布偏见。
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Incivility remains a major challenge for online discussion platforms, to such an extent that even conversations between well-intentioned users can often derail into uncivil behavior. Traditionally, platforms have relied on moderators to -- with or without algorithmic assistance -- take corrective actions such as removing comments or banning users. In this work we propose a complementary paradigm that directly empowers users by proactively enhancing their awareness about existing tension in the conversation they are engaging in and actively guides them as they are drafting their replies to avoid further escalation. As a proof of concept for this paradigm, we design an algorithmic tool that provides such proactive information directly to users, and conduct a user study in a popular discussion platform. Through a mixed methods approach combining surveys with a randomized controlled experiment, we uncover qualitative and quantitative insights regarding how the participants utilize and react to this information. Most participants report finding this proactive paradigm valuable, noting that it helps them to identify tension that they may have otherwise missed and prompts them to further reflect on their own replies and to revise them. These effects are corroborated by a comparison of how the participants draft their reply when our tool warns them that their conversation is at risk of derailing into uncivil behavior versus in a control condition where the tool is disabled. These preliminary findings highlight the potential of this user-centered paradigm and point to concrete directions for future implementations.
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数据对于机器学习(ML)模型的开发和评估至关重要。但是,在部署所得模型时,使用有问题或不适当的数据集可能会造成危害。为了通过对数据集进行更故意的反思和创建过程的透明度来鼓励负责任的练习,研究人员和从业人员已开始倡导增加数据文档,并提出了几个数据文档框架。但是,几乎没有研究这些数据文档框架是否满足创建和消费数据集的ML从业者的需求。为了解决这一差距,我们着手了解ML从业人员的数据文档感知,需求,挑战和Desiderata,目的是推导设计要求,以便为将来的数据文档框架提供信息。我们对一家大型国际技术公司的14名ML从业者进行了一系列半结构化访谈。我们让他们回答从数据集的数据表中提取的问题列表(Gebru,2021)。我们的发现表明,目前的数据文档方法在很大程度上是临时的,而且本质上是近视的。参与者表达了对数据文档框架的需求,可以适应其上下文,并将其集成到现有的工具和工作流程中,并尽可能自动化。尽管事实上,数据文档框架通常是从负责人的AI的角度出发的,但参与者并未在他们被要求回答的问题与负责的AI含义之间建立联系。此外,参与者通常会在数据集消费者的需求中优先考虑,并提供了不熟悉其数据集可能需要知道的信息。基于这些发现,我们为将来的数据文档框架得出了七个设计要求。
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The number of scientific publications continues to rise exponentially, especially in Computer Science (CS). However, current solutions to analyze those publications restrict access behind a paywall, offer no features for visual analysis, limit access to their data, only focus on niches or sub-fields, and/or are not flexible and modular enough to be transferred to other datasets. In this thesis, we conduct a scientometric analysis to uncover the implicit patterns hidden in CS metadata and to determine the state of CS research. Specifically, we investigate trends of the quantity, impact, and topics for authors, venues, document types (conferences vs. journals), and fields of study (compared to, e.g., medicine). To achieve this we introduce the CS-Insights system, an interactive web application to analyze CS publications with various dashboards, filters, and visualizations. The data underlying this system is the DBLP Discovery Dataset (D3), which contains metadata from 5 million CS publications. Both D3 and CS-Insights are open-access, and CS-Insights can be easily adapted to other datasets in the future. The most interesting findings of our scientometric analysis include that i) there has been a stark increase in publications, authors, and venues in the last two decades, ii) many authors only recently joined the field, iii) the most cited authors and venues focus on computer vision and pattern recognition, while the most productive prefer engineering-related topics, iv) the preference of researchers to publish in conferences over journals dwindles, v) on average, journal articles receive twice as many citations compared to conference papers, but the contrast is much smaller for the most cited conferences and journals, and vi) journals also get more citations in all other investigated fields of study, while only CS and engineering publish more in conferences than journals.
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