深度学习的成功导致了包括计算机视觉在内的许多计算机科学领域的快速转变和增长。在这项工作中，我们通过从媒体考古学的角度分析研究论文中的数字和表，通过计算机视觉研究论文本身来研究这种增长的影响。我们通过对涵盖计算机视觉，图形和可视化的资深研究人员的访谈以及十年的视觉会议论文的计算分析进行了调查。我们的分析重点是在广告，衡量和传播日益商品化的“贡献”中发挥作用的要素。我们认为，这些元素中的每一个都由计算机视觉的气候塑造和塑造，最终为该商品化做出了贡献。通过这项工作，我们试图激励有关研究论文设计和更广泛的社会技术出版系统的未来讨论。

The number of scientific publications continues to rise exponentially, especially in Computer Science (CS). However, current solutions to analyze those publications restrict access behind a paywall, offer no features for visual analysis, limit access to their data, only focus on niches or sub-fields, and/or are not flexible and modular enough to be transferred to other datasets. In this thesis, we conduct a scientometric analysis to uncover the implicit patterns hidden in CS metadata and to determine the state of CS research. Specifically, we investigate trends of the quantity, impact, and topics for authors, venues, document types (conferences vs. journals), and fields of study (compared to, e.g., medicine). To achieve this we introduce the CS-Insights system, an interactive web application to analyze CS publications with various dashboards, filters, and visualizations. The data underlying this system is the DBLP Discovery Dataset (D3), which contains metadata from 5 million CS publications. Both D3 and CS-Insights are open-access, and CS-Insights can be easily adapted to other datasets in the future. The most interesting findings of our scientometric analysis include that i) there has been a stark increase in publications, authors, and venues in the last two decades, ii) many authors only recently joined the field, iii) the most cited authors and venues focus on computer vision and pattern recognition, while the most productive prefer engineering-related topics, iv) the preference of researchers to publish in conferences over journals dwindles, v) on average, journal articles receive twice as many citations compared to conference papers, but the contrast is much smaller for the most cited conferences and journals, and vi) journals also get more citations in all other investigated fields of study, while only CS and engineering publish more in conferences than journals.

同行评审是一项广泛接受的研究评估机制，在学术出版中发挥关键作用。然而，批评已经长期升级了这种机制，主要是因为它的低效率和主体性。近年来已经看到人工智能（AI）在协助同行评审过程中的应用。尽管如此，随着人类的参与，这种限制仍然是不可避免的。在本文中，我们提出了自动化学术纸质审查（ASPR）的概念，并审查了相关的文献和技术，讨论实现全面的计算机化审查流程的可能性。我们进一步研究了现有技术ASPR的挑战。在审查和讨论的基础上，我们得出结论，ASPR的每个阶段都有相应的研究和技术。这验证了随着相关技术继续发展的长期可以实现ASPR。其实现中的主要困难在于不完美的文献解析和表示，数据不足，数据缺陷，人机互动和有缺陷的深度逻辑推理。在可预见的未来，ASPR和同行评审将在ASPR能够充分承担从人类的审查工作量之前以加强方式共存。

MetaVerse，巨大的虚拟物理网络空间，为艺术家带来了前所未有的机会，将我们的身体环境的每个角落与数字创造力混合。本文对计算艺术进行了全面的调查，其中七个关键主题与成权相关，描述了混合虚拟物理现实中的新颖艺术品。主题首先涵盖了MetaVerse的建筑元素，例如虚拟场景和字符，听觉，文本元素。接下来，已经反映了诸如沉浸式艺术，机器人艺术和其他用户以其他用户的方法提供了沉浸式艺术，机器人艺术和其他用户中心的若干非凡类型的新颖创作。最后，我们提出了几项研究议程：民主化的计算艺术，数字隐私和搬迁艺术家的安全性，为数字艺术品，技术挑战等等的所有权认可。该调查还担任艺术家和搬迁技术人员的介绍材料，以开始在超现实主义网络空间领域创造。

情感是引人入胜的叙事的关键部分：文学向我们讲述了有目标，欲望，激情和意图的人。情绪分析是情感分析更广泛，更大的领域的一部分，并且在文学研究中受到越来越多的关注。过去，文学的情感维度主要在文学诠释学的背景下进行了研究。但是，随着被称为数字人文科学（DH）的研究领域的出现，在文学背景下对情绪的一些研究已经发生了计算转折。鉴于DH仍被形成为一个领域的事实，这一研究方向可以相对较新。在这项调查中，我们概述了现有的情感分析研究机构，以适用于文献。所评论的研究涉及各种主题，包括跟踪情节发展的巨大变化，对文学文本的网络分析以及了解文本的情感以及其他主题。

在线众包平台使对算法输出进行评估变得容易，并提出诸如“哪个图像更好，A或B？”之类的问题的调查，在视觉和图形研究论文中的这些“用户研究”的扩散导致了增加匆忙进行的研究充其量是草率且无知的，并且可能有害和误导。我们认为，在计算机视觉和图形论文中的用户研究的设计和报告需要更多关注。为了提高从业者的知识并提高用户研究的可信度和可复制性，我们提供了用户体验研究（UXR），人类计算机互动（HCI）和相关领域的方法论的概述。我们讨论了目前在计算机视觉和图形研究中未利用的基础用户研究方法（例如，需要调查），但可以为研究项目提供宝贵的指导。我们为有兴趣探索其他UXR方法的读者提供了进一步的指导。最后，我们描述了研究界的更广泛的开放问题和建议。我们鼓励作者和审稿人都认识到，并非每项研究贡献都需要用户研究，而且根本没有研究比不小心进行的研究更好。

在进行研究，设计和系统开发时，HCI研究人员一直在将注意力从个人用户转移到社区。但是，我们的领域尚未建立对社区合并研究方法的挑战，利益和承诺的凝聚力，系统的理解。我们对47个计算研究论文进行了系统的综述和主题分析，讨论了与社区的参与性研究，以开发过去二十年来，以开发技术文物和系统。从这篇评论中，我们确定了与项目演变相关的七个主题：从建立社区伙伴关系到维持结果。我们的发现表明，这些项目的特征是几个紧张关系，其中许多与研究人员的力量和位置以及计算研究环境有关，相对于社区伙伴。我们讨论了我们的发现的含义，并提供方法论建议，以指导HCI，并更广泛地计算研究中心社区的实践。

本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片（Sota）。它填补了空白，因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面，目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性：动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播，友谊的形成，友谊的形成等，另一方面，可以捕获各种复杂关系，提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。

To address the widespread problem of uncivil behavior, many online discussion platforms employ human moderators to take action against objectionable content, such as removing it or placing sanctions on its authors. This reactive paradigm of taking action against already-posted antisocial content is currently the most common form of moderation, and has accordingly underpinned many recent efforts at introducing automation into the moderation process. Comparatively less work has been done to understand other moderation paradigms -- such as proactively discouraging the emergence of antisocial behavior rather than reacting to it -- and the role algorithmic support can play in these paradigms. In this work, we investigate such a proactive framework for moderation in a case study of a collaborative setting: Wikipedia Talk Pages. We employ a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative and design components for a holistic analysis. Through interviews with moderators, we find that despite a lack of technical and social support, moderators already engage in a number of proactive moderation behaviors, such as preemptively intervening in conversations to keep them on track. Further, we explore how automation could assist with this existing proactive moderation workflow by building a prototype tool, presenting it to moderators, and examining how the assistance it provides might fit into their workflow. The resulting feedback uncovers both strengths and drawbacks of the prototype tool and suggests concrete steps towards further developing such assisting technology so it can most effectively support moderators in their existing proactive moderation workflow.

Incivility remains a major challenge for online discussion platforms, to such an extent that even conversations between well-intentioned users can often derail into uncivil behavior. Traditionally, platforms have relied on moderators to -- with or without algorithmic assistance -- take corrective actions such as removing comments or banning users. In this work we propose a complementary paradigm that directly empowers users by proactively enhancing their awareness about existing tension in the conversation they are engaging in and actively guides them as they are drafting their replies to avoid further escalation. As a proof of concept for this paradigm, we design an algorithmic tool that provides such proactive information directly to users, and conduct a user study in a popular discussion platform. Through a mixed methods approach combining surveys with a randomized controlled experiment, we uncover qualitative and quantitative insights regarding how the participants utilize and react to this information. Most participants report finding this proactive paradigm valuable, noting that it helps them to identify tension that they may have otherwise missed and prompts them to further reflect on their own replies and to revise them. These effects are corroborated by a comparison of how the participants draft their reply when our tool warns them that their conversation is at risk of derailing into uncivil behavior versus in a control condition where the tool is disabled. These preliminary findings highlight the potential of this user-centered paradigm and point to concrete directions for future implementations.

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.

在公共危机时期，寻求信息对于人们的自我保健和福祉至关重要。广泛的研究调查了经验理解和技术解决方案，以促进受影响地区的家庭公民寻求信息。但是，建立有限的知识是为了支持需要在其东道国发生危机的国际移民。当前的论文对居住在日本和美国（n = 14）的两名中国移民（n = 14）进行了访谈研究。参与者反思了他们在共同大流行期间寻求经验的信息。反思补充了两周的自我追踪，参与者保持了相关信息寻求实践的记录。我们的数据表明，参与者经常绕开语言绕道，或访问普通话资源以获取有关其东道国疫情爆发的信息。他们还进行了战略性利用普通话信息，以进行选择性阅读，交叉检查以及对日语或英语的共同信息的上下文化解释。尽管这种做法增强了参与者对共同相关信息收集和感官的有效性，但他们有时会通过有时认识的方式使人们处于不利地位。此外，参与者缺乏对审查以移民为导向的信息的认识或偏爱，尽管该信息可用，这些信息是由东道国公共当局发布的。在这些发现的基础上，我们讨论了改善国际移民在非本地语言和文化环境中寻求共同相关信息的解决方案。我们主张包容性危机基础设施，这些基础设施将吸引以当地语言流利程度，信息素养和利用公共服务的经验的不同水平的人们。

Recent work pre-training Transformers with self-supervised objectives on large text corpora has shown great success when fine-tuned on downstream NLP tasks including text summarization. However, pre-training objectives tailored for abstractive text summarization have not been explored. Furthermore there is a lack of systematic evaluation across diverse domains. In this work, we propose pre-training large Transformer-based encoder-decoder models on massive text corpora with a new selfsupervised objective. In PEGASUS, important sentences are removed/masked from an input document and are generated together as one output sequence from the remaining sentences, similar to an extractive summary. We evaluated our best PEGASUS model on 12 downstream summarization tasks spanning news, science, stories, instructions, emails, patents, and legislative bills. Experiments demonstrate it achieves state-of-the-art performance on all 12 downstream datasets measured by ROUGE scores. Our model also shows surprising performance on low-resource summarization, surpassing previous state-of-the-art results on 6 datasets with only 1000 examples. Finally we validated our results using human evaluation and show that our model summaries achieve human performance on multiple datasets.

The field of artificial intelligence (AI), regarded as one of the most enigmatic areas of science, has witnessed exponential growth in the past decade including a remarkably wide array of applications, having already impacted our everyday lives. Advances in computing power and the design of sophisticated AI algorithms have enabled computers to outperform humans in a variety of tasks, especially in the areas of computer vision and speech recognition. Yet, AI's path has never been smooth, having essentially fallen apart twice in its lifetime ('winters' of AI), both after periods of popular success ('summers' of AI). We provide a brief rundown of AI's evolution over the course of decades, highlighting its crucial moments and major turning points from inception to the present. In doing so, we attempt to learn, anticipate the future, and discuss what steps may be taken to prevent another 'winter'.

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Delft on the 2nd of November 2019.

在学术界，抄袭肯定不是一个新兴的关注，但它随着互联网的普及和对全球内容来源的易于访问而变得更大的程度，使人类干预不足。尽管如此，由于计算机辅助抄袭检测，抄袭远远远非是一个未被解除的问题，目前是一个有效的研究领域，该研究落在信息检索（IR）和自然语言处理（NLP）领域。许多软件解决方案有助于满足这项任务，本文概述了用于阿拉伯语，法国和英语学术和教育环境的抄袭检测系统。比较在八个系统之间持有，并在检测不同来源的三个混淆水平的特征，可用性，技术方面以及它们的性能之间进行：逐字，释义和跨语言抄袭。在本研究的背景下也进行了对技术形式的抄袭技术形式的关注检查。此外，还提供了对不同作者提出的抄袭类型和分类的调查。

现代神经语言模型广泛用于任务中的任务，跨越培训数据记忆敏感信息。由于模型继续扩大参数，培训数据和计算，从学习理论的角度来看，培训数据和计算中的记忆既重要性也很重要，并且在现实世界应用中实际上至关重要。在语言模型中记忆的研究中的一个开放问题是如何过滤掉“常见的”记忆。事实上，大多数记忆标准与培训集的出现数量强烈关联，捕获“常见”记忆，例如熟悉的短语，公共知识或模板文本。在本文中，我们提供了由心理学中人类记忆分类的理性观点。从这个角度来看，我们制定了反事实记忆的概念，这表征了模型的预测如何改变，如果在训练期间省略了特定文件。我们在标准文本数据集中识别并研究了反复记忆培训示例。我们进一步估计每个训练示例对验证集和生成文本的影响，并显示这可以提供在测试时间的记忆源的直接证据。

值得信赖的人工智能（AI）已成为一个重要的话题，因为在AI系统及其创造者中的信任已经丢失。研究人员，公司和政府具有远离技术开发，部署和监督的边缘化群体的长期和痛苦的历史。结果，这些技术对小群体的有用甚至有害。我们争辩说，渴望信任的任何AI开发，部署和监测框架必须纳入女权主义，非剥削参与性设计原则和强大，外部和持续监测和测试。我们还向考虑到透明度，公平性和问责制的可靠性方面的重要性，特别是考虑对任何值得信赖的AI系统的核心价值观的正义和转移权力。创建值得信赖的AI通过资金，支持和赋予Grassroots组织，如AI Queer等基层组织开始，因此AI领域具有多样性和纳入可信和有效地发展的可信赖AI。我们利用AI的专家知识Queer通过其多年的工作和宣传来讨论以及如何以及如何在数据集和AI系统中使用如何以及如何在数据集和AI系统中使用以及沿着这些线路的危害。基于此，我们分享了对AI的性别方法，进一步提出了Queer认识论并分析它可以带来AI的好处。我们还讨论了如何在愿景中讨论如何使用此Queer认识论，提出与AI和性别多样性和隐私和酷儿数据保护相关的框架。

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.

机器学习目前对世界产生了巨大的影响，越来越多地影响机构实践并影响了社区。因此，至关重要的是，我们质疑该领域的模糊概念是价值中性或普遍有益的，并研究该领域正在发展的特定价值。在本文中，我们首先介绍了一种研究文档中编码的值的方法和注释方案，例如研究论文。采用该方案，我们分析了100个高度引用的机器学习论文，该论文在Premier机器学习会议，ICML和Neurips上发表。我们注释论文的关键特征，这些特征揭示了其价值观：他们选择项目的理由，这些项目的归因于他们提升的项目，对潜在的负面后果的考虑以及机构的隶属关系和资金来源。我们发现，很少有论文证明其项目如何与社会需求联系起来（15 \％），而讨论负潜力（1 \％）的讨论更少。通过逐行的内容分析，我们确定了59个在ML研究中得到提升的值，其中，我们发现论文最常根据绩效，概括，定量证据，效率，基于过去的绩效，定量证据，效率来证明和评估自己的合理性和评估工作和新颖。我们提供了广泛的文本证据，并在这些价值观的定义和操作中确定了关键主题。值得注意的是，我们发现系统的文本证据表明，这些最高价值是通过假设和含义来定义和应用的，通常支持权力的集中化。在本文中，我们发现这些高度引用的论文与科技公司和精英大学之间的关系越来越紧密。