This study introduces and examines the potential of an AI system to generate health awareness messages. The topic of folic acid, a vitamin that is critical during pregnancy, served as a test case. Using prompt engineering, we generated messages that could be used to raise awareness and compared them to retweeted human-generated messages via computational and human evaluation methods. The system was easy to use and prolific, and computational analyses revealed that the AI-generated messages were on par with human-generated ones in terms of sentiment, reading ease, and semantic content. Also, the human evaluation study showed that AI-generated messages ranked higher in message quality and clarity. We discuss the theoretical, practical, and ethical implications of these results.

Social media has been one of the main information consumption sources for the public, allowing people to seek and spread information more quickly and easily. However, the rise of various social media platforms also enables the proliferation of online misinformation. In particular, misinformation in the health domain has significant impacts on our society such as the COVID-19 infodemic. Therefore, health misinformation in social media has become an emerging research direction that attracts increasing attention from researchers of different disciplines. Compared to misinformation in other domains, the key differences of health misinformation include the potential of causing actual harm to humans' bodies and even lives, the hardness to identify for normal people, and the deep connection with medical science. In addition, health misinformation on social media has distinct characteristics from conventional channels such as television on multiple dimensions including the generation, dissemination, and consumption paradigms. Because of the uniqueness and importance of combating health misinformation in social media, we conduct this survey to further facilitate interdisciplinary research on this problem. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of existing research about online health misinformation in different disciplines. Furthermore, we also systematically organize the related literature from three perspectives: characterization, detection, and intervention. Lastly, we conduct a deep discussion on the pressing open issues of combating health misinformation in social media and provide future directions for multidisciplinary researchers.

社交媒体的回声室是一个重要的问题，可以引起许多负面后果，最近影响对Covid-19的响应。回声室促进病毒的阴谋理论，发现与疫苗犹豫不决，较少遵守面具授权，以及社会疏散的实践。此外，回声室的问题与政治极化等其他相关问题相连，以及误导的传播。回声室被定义为用户网络，用户只与支持其预先存在的信仰和意见的意见相互作用，并且他们排除和诋毁其他观点。本调查旨在从社会计算的角度检查社交媒体上的回声室现象，并为可能的解决方案提供蓝图。我们调查了相关文献，了解回声室的属性以及它们如何影响个人和社会。此外，我们展示了算法和心理的机制，这导致了回声室的形成。这些机制可以以两种形式表现出：（1）社交媒体推荐系统的偏见和（2）内部偏见，如确认偏见和精梳性。虽然减轻内部偏见是非常挑战的，但努力消除推荐系统的偏见。这些推荐系统利用我们自己的偏见来个性化内容建议，以使我们参与其中才能观看更多广告。因此，我们进一步研究了回声室检测和预防的不同计算方法，主要基于推荐系统。

本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片（Sota）。它填补了空白，因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面，目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性：动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播，友谊的形成，友谊的形成等，另一方面，可以捕获各种复杂关系，提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。

少数群体一直在使用社交媒体来组织社会运动，从而产生深远的社会影响。黑人生活问题（BLM）和停止亚洲仇恨（SAH）是两个成功的社会运动，在Twitter上蔓延开来，促进了抗议活动和活动，反对种族主义，并提高公众对少数群体面临的其他社会挑战的认识。但是，以前的研究主要对与用户的推文或访谈进行了定性分析，这些推文或访谈可能无法全面和有效地代表所有推文。很少有研究以严格，量化和以数据为中心的方法探讨了BLM和SAH对话中的Twitter主题。因此，在这项研究中，我们采用了一种混合方法来全面分析BLM和SAH Twitter主题。我们实施了（1）潜在的DIRICHLET分配模型，以了解顶级高级单词和主题以及（2）开放编码分析，以确定整个推文中的特定主题。我们通过#BlackLivesMatter和#Stopasianhate主题标签收集了超过一百万条推文，并比较了它们的主题。我们的发现表明，这些推文在深度上讨论了各种有影响力的话题，社会正义，社会运动和情感情感都是两种运动的共同主题，尽管每个运动都有独特的子主题。我们的研究尤其是社交媒体平台上的社会运动的主题分析，以及有关AI，伦理和社会相互作用的文献。

情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪，并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是，即使没有明确提及情感名称，也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中，被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量，通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的，如果该人认为自己负责，是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的，例如，新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性，目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念，如果可以通过文本分类器预测，以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标，我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后，我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估，并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明，两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明，评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。

在公共危机时期，寻求信息对于人们的自我保健和福祉至关重要。广泛的研究调查了经验理解和技术解决方案，以促进受影响地区的家庭公民寻求信息。但是，建立有限的知识是为了支持需要在其东道国发生危机的国际移民。当前的论文对居住在日本和美国（n = 14）的两名中国移民（n = 14）进行了访谈研究。参与者反思了他们在共同大流行期间寻求经验的信息。反思补充了两周的自我追踪，参与者保持了相关信息寻求实践的记录。我们的数据表明，参与者经常绕开语言绕道，或访问普通话资源以获取有关其东道国疫情爆发的信息。他们还进行了战略性利用普通话信息，以进行选择性阅读，交叉检查以及对日语或英语的共同信息的上下文化解释。尽管这种做法增强了参与者对共同相关信息收集和感官的有效性，但他们有时会通过有时认识的方式使人们处于不利地位。此外，参与者缺乏对审查以移民为导向的信息的认识或偏爱，尽管该信息可用，这些信息是由东道国公共当局发布的。在这些发现的基础上，我们讨论了改善国际移民在非本地语言和文化环境中寻求共同相关信息的解决方案。我们主张包容性危机基础设施，这些基础设施将吸引以当地语言流利程度，信息素养和利用公共服务的经验的不同水平的人们。

Large language models have recently attracted significant attention due to their impressive performance on a variety of tasks. ChatGPT developed by OpenAI is one such implementation of a large, pre-trained language model that has gained immense popularity among early adopters, where certain users go to the extent of characterizing it as a disruptive technology in many domains. Understanding such early adopters' sentiments is important because it can provide insights into the potential success or failure of the technology, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we conduct a mixed-method study using 10,732 tweets from early ChatGPT users. We first use topic modelling to identify the main topics and then perform an in-depth qualitative sentiment analysis of each topic. Our results show that the majority of the early adopters have expressed overwhelmingly positive sentiments related to topics such as Disruptions to software development, Entertainment and exercising creativity. Only a limited percentage of users expressed concerns about issues such as the potential for misuse of ChatGPT, especially regarding topics such as Impact on educational aspects. We discuss these findings by providing specific examples for each topic and then detail implications related to addressing these concerns for both researchers and users.

我们提出了一项探索性定性研究，以了解作家如何与下一页建议相互作用。尽管对建议系统对写作的影响进行了一些定量研究，但几乎没有定性的工作来理解作家如何与建议系统互动及其如何影响他们的写作过程 - 特别是针对非本地但英国作家的。我们进行了一项研究，要求业余作家分别写两部电影评论，一本没有建议。我们发现作家以各种复杂的方式与下一页建议互动 - 作家能够抽象建议的多个部分并将其纳入他们的写作中 - 即使他们不同意整个建议。建议系统对写作过程也有各种影响 - 以独特的方式为写作过程的不同方面做出了影响。我们提出了一种用于与GPT-2写作的作家 - 探索互动模型，用于电影评论写作任务，然后是该模型可用于未来研究的方式，并概述了研究和设计的机会。

Incivility remains a major challenge for online discussion platforms, to such an extent that even conversations between well-intentioned users can often derail into uncivil behavior. Traditionally, platforms have relied on moderators to -- with or without algorithmic assistance -- take corrective actions such as removing comments or banning users. In this work we propose a complementary paradigm that directly empowers users by proactively enhancing their awareness about existing tension in the conversation they are engaging in and actively guides them as they are drafting their replies to avoid further escalation. As a proof of concept for this paradigm, we design an algorithmic tool that provides such proactive information directly to users, and conduct a user study in a popular discussion platform. Through a mixed methods approach combining surveys with a randomized controlled experiment, we uncover qualitative and quantitative insights regarding how the participants utilize and react to this information. Most participants report finding this proactive paradigm valuable, noting that it helps them to identify tension that they may have otherwise missed and prompts them to further reflect on their own replies and to revise them. These effects are corroborated by a comparison of how the participants draft their reply when our tool warns them that their conversation is at risk of derailing into uncivil behavior versus in a control condition where the tool is disabled. These preliminary findings highlight the potential of this user-centered paradigm and point to concrete directions for future implementations.

使用深度学习来产生类似人类的文本的自回归语言模型已变得越来越普遍。这样的模型为智能健康，金融和自动驾驶等领域的流行虚拟助手提供动力。尽管这些大语言模型的参数正在改善，但担心这些模型可能对社会中的所有亚组都没有平等。尽管对跨学科的AI公平性进行了越来越多的讨论，但缺乏系统的指标来评估公平在对话系统中的意义以及如何使不同人群参与评估循环。本文基于审议民主和科学技术研究的理论，提出了一个分析框架，以解开人类对话中的公平意义。使用此框架，我们进行了一项审计研究，以研究GPT-3如何应对有关关键科学和社会主题的不同亚人群的反应：气候变化和黑人生活问题（BLM）运动。我们的语料库包括在性别，种族和种族，教育水平，英语作为第一语言的GPT-3和3290个人之间的超过20,000轮对话，以及对问题的看法。我们发现，在观点和教育少数群体中，对GPT-3的用户经验实质上较差；但是，这两个小组获得了最大的知识增长，改变了聊天后对BLM和气候变化工作的态度改变。我们将这些用户的经验划分为对话差异，发现GPT-3在对教育和舆论少数群体群体做出反应时，与对多数群体的反应相比，它使用了更多的负面表达。我们讨论了我们的发现对集中多样性，公平和包容性的审议对话AI系统的含义。

As language models (LMs) scale, they develop many novel behaviors, good and bad, exacerbating the need to evaluate how they behave. Prior work creates evaluations with crowdwork (which is time-consuming and expensive) or existing data sources (which are not always available). Here, we automatically generate evaluations with LMs. We explore approaches with varying amounts of human effort, from instructing LMs to write yes/no questions to making complex Winogender schemas with multiple stages of LM-based generation and filtering. Crowdworkers rate the examples as highly relevant and agree with 90-100% of labels, sometimes more so than corresponding human-written datasets. We generate 154 datasets and discover new cases of inverse scaling where LMs get worse with size. Larger LMs repeat back a dialog user's preferred answer ("sycophancy") and express greater desire to pursue concerning goals like resource acquisition and goal preservation. We also find some of the first examples of inverse scaling in RL from Human Feedback (RLHF), where more RLHF makes LMs worse. For example, RLHF makes LMs express stronger political views (on gun rights and immigration) and a greater desire to avoid shut down. Overall, LM-written evaluations are high-quality and let us quickly discover many novel LM behaviors.

社交媒体通常在选举活动中被公众使用，以表达他们对不同问题的看法。在各种社交媒体渠道中，Twitter为研究人员和政客提供了一个有效的平台，以探索有关经济和外交政策等广泛主题的公众舆论。当前的文献主要集中于分析推文的内容而无需考虑用户的性别。这项研究收集和分析了大量推文，并使用计算，人类编码和统计分析来识别2020年美国总统选举期间发布的300,000多个推文中的主题。我们的发现是基于广泛的主题，例如税收，气候变化和Covid-19-19。在主题中，女性和男性用户之间存在着显着差异，超过70％的主题。

We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.

随着人工智能系统变得越来越强大和普遍，人们对机器的道德或缺乏道德的关注变得越来越关注。然而，向机器讲授道德是一项艰巨的任务，因为道德仍然是人类中最激烈的争论问题之一，更不用说AI了。但是，部署到数百万用户的现有AI系统已经在做出充满道德影响的决策，这构成了一个看似不可能的挑战：教学机器的道德意义，而人类继续努力努力。为了探索这一挑战，我们介绍了Delphi，这是一个基于深层神经网络的实验框架，直接训练了描述性道德判断，例如，“帮助朋友”通常是不错的，而“帮助朋友传播假新闻”不是。经验结果提供了对机器伦理的承诺和局限性的新见解。面对新的道德情况，德尔菲（Delphi）表现出强大的概括能力，而现成的神经网络模型表现出明显差的判断，包括不公正的偏见，证实了对明确教学机器的道德意义的必要性。然而，德尔菲并不完美，表现出对普遍性偏见和不一致的敏感性。尽管如此，我们还是展示了不完美的Delphi的积极用例，包括在其他不完美的AI系统中将其用作组件模型。重要的是，我们根据著名的道德理论来解释Delphi的运营化，这使我们提出了重要的未来研究问题。

Drawing from the resources of psychoanalysis and critical media studies, in this paper we develop an analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated subjects. We argue the intentional fictional projection of subjectivity onto LLMs can yield an alternate frame through which AI behaviour, including its productions of bias and harm, can be analysed. First, we introduce language models, discuss their significance and risks, and outline our case for interpreting model design and outputs with support from psychoanalytic concepts. We trace a brief history of language models, culminating with the releases, in 2022, of systems that realise state-of-the-art natural language processing performance. We engage with one such system, OpenAI's InstructGPT, as a case study, detailing the layers of its construction and conducting exploratory and semi-structured interviews with chatbots. These interviews probe the model's moral imperatives to be helpful, truthful and harmless by design. The model acts, we argue, as the condensation of often competing social desires, articulated through the internet and harvested into training data, which must then be regulated and repressed. This foundational structure can however be redirected via prompting, so that the model comes to identify with, and transfer, its commitments to the immediate human subject before it. In turn, these automated productions of language can lead to the human subject projecting agency upon the model, effecting occasionally further forms of countertransference. We conclude that critical media methods and psychoanalytic theory together offer a productive frame for grasping the powerful new capacities of AI-driven language systems.

大规模的语言技术越来越多地用于与人类在不同情况下的各种形式的交流中。这些技术的一种特殊用例是对话剂，它会根据提示和查询输出自然语言文本。这种参与方式提出了许多社会和道德问题。例如，将对话剂与人类规范或价值观相结合意味着什么？它们应该与哪些规范或价值观保持一致？如何实现这一目标？在本文中，我们提出了许多步骤来帮助回答这些问题。我们首先要对对话代理人和人类对话者之间语言交流的基础进行哲学分析。然后，我们使用此分析来识别和制定理想的对话规范，这些规范可以控制人类与对话代理之间的成功语言交流。此外，我们探讨了如何使用这些规范来使对话剂与在一系列不同的话语领域中的人类价值相结合。最后，我们讨论了我们对与这些规范和价值观一致的对话代理设计的建议的实际含义。

大型语言模型，例如OpenAI的法典和DeepMind的字母，可以生成代码来解决以自然语言表达的各种问题。这项技术已经在至少一项广泛使用的编程编辑器扩展程序中进行了商业化：Github Copilot。在本文中，我们探讨了具有大型语言模型（LLM辅助编程）的编程与程序员协助的先前概念化相似，并且与众不同。我们借鉴了公开可用的经验报告，有关LLM辅助编程以及先前的可用性和设计研究。我们发现，尽管LLM辅助编程通过搜索和重用分享了一些编译，配对编程和编程的属性，但技术可能性和实践经验都存在根本差异。因此，应该将LLM辅助编程视为具有自己独特的属性和挑战的新方法。最后，我们借鉴了用户研究的观察结果，在该观察中，非专家最终用户程序员使用LLM辅助工具来求解电子表格中的数据任务。我们讨论可能出现的问题，并在将大型语言模型应用于最终用户编程时，尤其是对于几乎没有编程专业知识的用户。

能源社区的实施代表了一种跨学科现象，有可能支持能源过渡，同时促进公民在整个能源系统中的参与及其对可再生能源的剥削。在线信息源在使人们参与此过程并提高他们对相关利益的认识方面发挥了重要作用。在这种观点中，这项工作分析了有关能源社区的在线新闻数据，以了解人们的意识和媒体的重要性。我们将语义品牌评分（SBS）指标用作语义重要性的创新度量，结合了社交网络分析和文本挖掘方法。结果表明，对能源社区以及其他能源和社会有关的主题的重要性趋势不同，也允许识别其联系。我们的方法为信息差距和可能采取的行动提供了证据，以促进低碳能量过渡。

In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.