最近的技术在将表面重建为由深神经网络参数化的学习函数（如签名距离字段）的级别集。但是，许多这些方法仅限于闭合表面，并且无法重建具有边界曲线的形状。我们提出了一种混合形状表示，其将明确的边界曲线与隐式学习内部结合起来。使用从几何测量理论中的机器，我们使用深网络参数化电流，并使用随机梯度下降来解决最小的表面问题。通过根据目标几何形状修改度量，例如，从网格或点云，我们可以使用这种方法来表示任意曲面，学习隐式定义的具有明确定义的边界曲线的形状。我们进一步展示了由边界曲线和潜在码共同参数化的形状的学习系列。

本文介绍了一组数字方法，用于在不变（弹性）二阶Sobolev指标的设置中对3D表面进行Riemannian形状分析。更具体地说，我们解决了代表为3D网格的参数化或未参数浸入式表面之间的测量学和地球距离的计算。在此基础上，我们为表面集的统计形状分析开发了工具，包括用于估算Karcher均值并在形状群体上执行切线PCA的方法，以及计算沿表面路径的平行传输。我们提出的方法从根本上依赖于通过使用Varifold Fidelity术语来为地球匹配问题提供轻松的变异配方，这使我们能够在计算未参数化表面之间的地理位置时强制执行重新训练的独立性，同时还可以使我们能够与多用途算法相比，使我们能够将表面与vare表面进行比较。采样或网状结构。重要的是，我们演示了如何扩展放松的变分框架以解决部分观察到的数据。在合成和真实的各种示例中，说明了我们的数值管道的不同好处。

Training parts from ShapeNet. (b) t-SNE plot of part embeddings. (c) Reconstructing entire scenes with Local Implicit Grids Figure 1:We learn an embedding of parts from objects in ShapeNet [3] using a part autoencoder with an implicit decoder. We show that this representation of parts is generalizable across object categories, and easily scalable to large scenes. By localizing implicit functions in a grid, we are able to reconstruct entire scenes from points via optimization of the latent grid.

最近的工作建模3D开放表面培训深度神经网络以近似无符号距离字段（UDF）并隐含地代表形状。要将此表示转换为显式网格，它们要么使用计算上昂贵的方法来对表面的致密点云采样啮合，或者通过将其膨胀到符号距离字段（SDF）中来扭曲表面。相比之下，我们建议直接将深度UDFS直接以延伸行进立方体的开放表面，通过本地检测表面交叉。我们的方法是幅度的序列，比啮合致密点云，比膨胀开口表面更准确。此外，我们使我们的表面提取可微分，并显示它可以帮助稀疏监控信号。

长期以来，众所周知，在从嘈杂或不完整数据中重建3D形状时，形状先验是有效的。当使用基于深度学习的形状表示时，这通常涉及学习潜在表示，可以以单个全局向量的形式或多个局部媒介。后者可以更灵活，但容易过度拟合。在本文中，我们主张一种与三个网眼相结合的混合方法，该方法在每个顶点处与单独的潜在向量。在训练过程中，潜在向量被限制为具有相同的值，从而避免过度拟合。为了推断，潜在向量是独立更新的，同时施加空间正规化约束。我们表明，这赋予了我们灵活性和概括功能，我们在几个医学图像处理任务上证明了这一点。

机器学习的最近进步已经创造了利用一类基于坐标的神经网络来解决视觉计算问题的兴趣，该基于坐标的神经网络在空间和时间跨空间和时间的场景或对象的物理属性。我们称之为神经领域的这些方法已经看到在3D形状和图像的合成中成功应用，人体的动画，3D重建和姿势估计。然而，由于在短时间内的快速进展，许多论文存在，但尚未出现全面的审查和制定问题。在本报告中，我们通过提供上下文，数学接地和对神经领域的文学进行广泛综述来解决这一限制。本报告涉及两种维度的研究。在第一部分中，我们通过识别神经字段方法的公共组件，包括不同的表示，架构，前向映射和泛化方法来专注于神经字段的技术。在第二部分中，我们专注于神经领域的应用在视觉计算中的不同问题，超越（例如，机器人，音频）。我们的评论显示了历史上和当前化身的视觉计算中已覆盖的主题的广度，展示了神经字段方法所带来的提高的质量，灵活性和能力。最后，我们展示了一个伴随着贡献本综述的生活版本，可以由社区不断更新。

我们引入了一个神经隐式框架，该框架利用神经网络的可区分特性和点采样表面的离散几何形状，以将它们作为神经隐含函数的级别集近似。为了训练神经隐式函数，我们提出了近似签名距离函数的损失功能，并允许具有高阶导数的术语，例如曲率的主要方向之间的对齐方式，以了解更多几何细节。在训练过程中，我们考虑了基于点采样表面的曲率的不均匀采样策略，以优先考虑点更多的几何细节。与以前的方法相比，这种抽样意味着在保持几何准确性的同时更快地学习。我们还介绍了神经表面（例如正常矢量和曲率）的分析差异几何公式。

Figure 1: DeepSDF represents signed distance functions (SDFs) of shapes via latent code-conditioned feed-forward decoder networks. Above images are raycast renderings of DeepSDF interpolating between two shapes in the learned shape latent space. Best viewed digitally.

Implicit shape representations, such as Level Sets, provide a very elegant formulation for performing computations involving curves and surfaces. However, including implicit representations into canonical Neural Network formulations is far from straightforward. This has consequently restricted existing approaches to shape inference, to significantly less effective representations, perhaps most commonly voxels occupancy maps or sparse point clouds.To overcome this limitation we propose a novel formulation that permits the use of implicit representations of curves and surfaces, of arbitrary topology, as individual layers in Neural Network architectures with end-to-end trainability. Specifically, we propose to represent the output as an oriented level set of a continuous and discretised embedding function. We investigate the benefits of our approach on the task of 3D shape prediction from a single image and demonstrate its ability to produce a more accurate reconstruction compared to voxel-based representations. We further show that our model is flexible and can be applied to a variety of shape inference problems.

近年来，由于其表达力和灵活性，神经隐式表示在3D重建中获得了普及。然而，神经隐式表示的隐式性质导致缓慢的推理时间并且需要仔细初始化。在本文中，我们重新审视经典且无处不在的点云表示，并使用泊松表面重建（PSR）的可分辨率配方引入可分化的点对网格层，其允许给予定向的GPU加速的指示灯的快速解决方案点云。可微分的PSR层允许我们通过隐式指示器字段有效地和分散地桥接与3D网格的显式3D点表示，从而实现诸如倒角距离的表面重建度量的端到端优化。因此，点和网格之间的这种二元性允许我们以面向点云表示形状，这是显式，轻量级和富有表现力的。与神经内隐式表示相比，我们的形状 - 点（SAP）模型更具可解释，轻量级，并通过一个级别加速推理时间。与其他显式表示相比，如点，补丁和网格，SA​​P产生拓扑无关的水密歧管表面。我们展示了SAP对无知点云和基于学习的重建的表面重建任务的有效性。

在形状分析中，基本问题之一是在计算这些形状之间的（地球）距离之前对齐曲线或表面。为了找到最佳的重新训练，实现这种比对的是一项计算要求的任务，它导致了在差异组上的优化问题。在本文中，我们通过组成基本差异性来解决近似问题，构建了定向性扩散的近似值。我们提出了一种在Pytorch中实施的实用算法，该算法既适用于未参考的曲线和表面。我们得出了通用近似结果，并获得了获得的差异形态成分的Lipschitz常数的边界。

Implicit fields have been very effective to represent and learn 3D shapes accurately. Signed distance fields and occupancy fields are the preferred representations, both with well-studied properties, despite their restriction to closed surfaces. Several other variations and training principles have been proposed with the goal to represent all classes of shapes. In this paper, we develop a novel and yet fundamental representation by considering the unit vector field defined on 3D space: at each point in $\mathbb{R}^3$ the vector points to the closest point on the surface. We theoretically demonstrate that this vector field can be easily transformed to surface density by applying the vector field divergence. Unlike other standard representations, it directly encodes an important physical property of the surface, which is the surface normal. We further show the advantages of our vector field representation, specifically in learning general (open, closed, or multi-layered) surfaces as well as piecewise planar surfaces. We compare our method on several datasets including ShapeNet where the proposed new neural implicit field shows superior accuracy in representing any type of shape, outperforming other standard methods. The code will be released at https://github.com/edomel/ImplicitVF

基于坐标的神经网络参数化隐式表面已成为几何形状的有效表示。它们有效地充当参数水平集，其零级集合定义了感兴趣的表面。我们提出了一个框架，该框架允许将定义的三角形网格定义的变形操作应用于此类隐式表面。这些操作中的几个可以看作是能量最小化的问题，这些问题会诱导显式表面上的瞬时流场。我们的方法使用流场通过扩展级别集的经典理论来变形参数隐式表面。我们还通过形式化与级别集理论的联系，来得出有关可区分表面提取和渲染的现有方法的合并视图。我们表明，这些方法从理论中偏离，我们的方法对诸如表面平滑，均值流动，反向渲染和用户定义的编辑等应用进行了改进。

本文介绍了一个名为DTNET的新颖框架，用于3D网格重建和通过Distangled Tostology生成。除了以前的工作之外，我们还学习一个特定于每个输入的拓扑感知的神经模板，然后将模板变形以重建详细的网格，同时保留学习的拓扑。一个关键的见解是将复杂的网格重建分解为两个子任务：拓扑配方和形状变形。多亏了脱钩，DT-NET隐含地学习了潜在空间中拓扑和形状的分离表示。因此，它可以启用新型的脱离控件，以支持各种形状生成应用，例如，将3D对象的拓扑混合到以前的重建作品无法实现的3D对象的拓扑结构。广泛的实验结果表明，与最先进的方法相比，我们的方法能够产生高质量的网格，尤其是具有不同拓扑结构。

我们呈现神经内核字段：一种基于学习内核回归重建隐式3D形状的新方法。我们的技术在重建3D对象和稀疏导向点的大型场景时，我们的技术实现了最先进的结果，并且可以在训练组外重建形状类别，几乎没有准确度。我们的方法的核心介绍是，当所选内核具有适当的感应偏压时，内核方法对于重建形状非常有效。因此，我们将形状重建问题分为两部分：（1）骨干神经网络从数据中学习内核参数，（2）通过求解一个简单的正面的正定方法，该骨架ridge回归拟合输入点。使用学习内核的线性系统。由于这种分解，我们的重建在稀疏点密度下获得了数据驱动方法的益处，同时保持了与地面真理形状收敛的插值行为，因为输入采样密度增加。我们的实验表明了在列车集类别之外的对象和扫描场景的强大概括能力。源代码和预磨料模型可在https://nv-tlabs.github.io/nkf上获得。

Figure 1. Given input as either a 2D image or a 3D point cloud (a), we automatically generate a corresponding 3D mesh (b) and its atlas parameterization (c). We can use the recovered mesh and atlas to apply texture to the output shape (d) as well as 3D print the results (e).

Many scientific fields study data with an underlying structure that is a non-Euclidean space. Some examples include social networks in computational social sciences, sensor networks in communications, functional networks in brain imaging, regulatory networks in genetics, and meshed surfaces in computer graphics. In many applications, such geometric data are large and complex (in the case of social networks, on the scale of billions), and are natural targets for machine learning techniques. In particular, we would like to use deep neural networks, which have recently proven to be powerful tools for a broad range of problems from computer vision, natural language processing, and audio analysis. However, these tools have been most successful on data with an underlying Euclidean or grid-like structure, and in cases where the invariances of these structures are built into networks used to model them.Geometric deep learning is an umbrella term for emerging techniques attempting to generalize (structured) deep neural models to non-Euclidean domains such as graphs and manifolds. The purpose of this paper is to overview different examples of geometric deep learning problems and present available solutions, key difficulties, applications, and future research directions in this nascent field.

Representing shapes as level sets of neural networks has been recently proved to be useful for different shape analysis and reconstruction tasks. So far, such representations were computed using either: (i) pre-computed implicit shape representations; or (ii) loss functions explicitly defined over the neural level sets.In this paper we offer a new paradigm for computing high fidelity implicit neural representations directly from raw data (i.e., point clouds, with or without normal information). We observe that a rather simple loss function, encouraging the neural network to vanish on the input point cloud and to have a unit norm gradient, possesses an implicit geometric regularization property that favors smooth and natural zero level set surfaces, avoiding bad zero-loss solutions.We provide a theoretical analysis of this property for the linear case, and show that, in practice, our method leads to state of the art implicit neural representations with higher level-of-details and fidelity compared to previous methods.

Estimating the pose of an object from a monocular image is an inverse problem fundamental in computer vision. The ill-posed nature of this problem requires incorporating deformation priors to solve it. In practice, many materials do not perceptibly shrink or extend when manipulated, constituting a powerful and well-known prior. Mathematically, this translates to the preservation of the Riemannian metric. Neural networks offer the perfect playground to solve the surface reconstruction problem as they can approximate surfaces with arbitrary precision and allow the computation of differential geometry quantities. This paper presents an approach to inferring continuous deformable surfaces from a sequence of images, which is benchmarked against several techniques and obtains state-of-the-art performance without the need for offline training.

在本文中，我们介绍了复杂的功能映射，它将功能映射框架扩展到表面上切线矢量字段之间的共形图。这些地图的一个关键属性是他们的方向意识。更具体地说，我们证明，与连锁两个歧管的功能空间的常规功能映射不同，我们的复杂功能图在面向的切片束之间建立了一个链路，从而允许切线矢量场的稳健和有效地传输。通过首先赋予和利用复杂的结构利用各个形状的切线束，所得到的操作变得自然导向，从而有利于横跨形状保持对应的取向和角度，而不依赖于描述符或额外的正则化。最后，也许更重要的是，我们演示了这些对象如何在功能映射框架内启动几个实际应用。我们表明功能映射及其复杂的对应物可以共同估算，以促进定向保存，规范的管道，前面遭受取向反转对称误差的误差。