An article published on Medical News Today in June 2022 presented a fundamental question in its title: Can an earlobe crease predict heart attacks? The author explained that end arteries supply the heart and ears. In other words, if they lose blood supply, no other arteries can take over, resulting in tissue damage. Consequently, some earlobes have a diagonal crease, line, or deep fold that resembles a wrinkle. In this paper, we take a step toward detecting this specific marker, commonly known as DELC or Frank's Sign. For this reason, we have made the first DELC dataset available to the public. In addition, we have investigated the performance of numerous cutting-edge backbones on annotated photos. Experimentally, we demonstrate that it is possible to solve this challenge by combining pre-trained encoders with a customized classifier to achieve 97.7% accuracy. Moreover, we have analyzed the backbone trade-off between performance and size, estimating MobileNet as the most promising encoder.

2019年12月，一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展，但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外，许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能，以诊断许多疾病，甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此，本调查纸探讨了提议的方法，可以提前援助医生和研究人员，廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试，但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面，对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果，提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后，我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外，我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此，我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后，在研究挑战中，我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题，我们解决了我们的理解，以建立一个明亮健康的环境。

在急诊室（ER）环境中，中风分类或筛查是一个普遍的挑战。由于MRI的慢速吞吐量和高成本，通常会进行快速CT而不是MRI。在此过程中通常提到临床测试，但误诊率仍然很高。我们提出了一个新型的多模式深度学习框架，深沉的中风，以通过识别较小的面部肌肉不协调的模式来实现计算机辅助中风的存在评估，并使怀疑急性环境中的中风的患者无能为力。我们提出的深雷克斯（Deepstroke）在中风分流器中容易获得一分钟的面部视频数据和音频数据，用于局部面部瘫痪检测和全球语音障碍分析。采用了转移学习来减少面部侵蚀偏见并提高普遍性。我们利用多模式的横向融合来结合低水平和高级特征，并为关节训练提供相互正则化。引入了新型的对抗训练以获得无身份和中风的特征。与实际急诊室患者进行的视频ADIO数据集进行的实验表明，与分类团队和ER医生相比，中风的表现要优于最先进的模型，并且取得更好的性能，比传统的敏感性高出10.94％，高7.37％的精度高出7.37％。当特异性对齐时，中风分类。同时，每个评估都可以在不到六分钟的时间内完成，这表明该框架的临床翻译潜力很大。

早期发现视网膜疾病是预防患者部分或永久失明的最重要手段之一。在这项研究中，提出了一种新型的多标签分类系统，用于使用从各种来源收集的眼底图像来检测多种视网膜疾病。首先，使用许多公开可用的数据集来构建一个新的多标签视网膜疾病数据集，即梅里德数据集。接下来，应用了一系列后处理步骤，以确保图像数据的质量和数据集中存在的疾病范围。在眼底多标签疾病分类中，首次通过大量实验优化的基于变压器的模型用于图像分析和决策。进行了许多实验以优化所提出的系统的配置。结果表明，在疾病检测和疾病分类方面，该方法的性能比在同一任务上的最先进作品要好7.9％和8.1％。获得的结果进一步支持了基于变压器的架构在医学成像领域的潜在应用。

乳腺癌是女性可能发生的最严重的癌症之一。通过分析组织学图像（HIS）来自动诊断乳腺癌对患者及其预后很重要。他的分类为临床医生提供了对疾病的准确了解，并使他们可以更有效地治疗患者。深度学习（DL）方法已成功地用于各种领域，尤其是医学成像，因为它们有能力自动提取功能。这项研究旨在使用他的乳腺癌对不同类型的乳腺癌进行分类。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个增强的胶囊网络，该网络使用RES2NET块和四个额外的卷积层提取多尺度特征。此外，由于使用了小的卷积内核和RES2NET块，因此所提出的方法具有较少的参数。结果，新方法的表现优于旧方法，因为它会自动学习最佳功能。测试结果表明该模型的表现优于先前的DL方法。

Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.

随着Covid-19在世界范围内的传播，需要快速，精确的自动分诊机制，以减少人类的努力，例如用于基于图像的诊断。尽管文献在这个方向上显示出了有希望的努力，但报告的结果并未考虑在不同情况下获得的CT扫描的可变性，因此，渲染模型不适合使用，例如使用例如使用例如不同的扫描仪技术。虽然现在可以使用PCR测试有效地进行COVID-19诊断，但该用例却例证了一种方法来克服数据可变性问题以使医疗图像分析模型更广泛地适用。在本文中，我们使用COVID-19诊断的示例明确解决了可变性问题，并提出了一种新颖的生成方法，旨在消除例如成像技术同时通过利用深度自动编码器的想法来同时引入CT扫描的最小变化。拟议的预性架构（PrepNet）（i）在多个CT扫描数据集上共同训练，（ii）能够提取改进的判别特征以改善诊断。三个公共数据集（SARS-COVID-2，UCSD COVID-CT，MOSMED）的实验结果表明，我们的模型将交叉数据集的概括提高了高达$ 11.84 $ $的百分比，尽管数据集绩效中的情况略有下降。

在全球范围内，有实质性的未满足需要有效地诊断各种疾病。不同疾病机制的复杂性和患者人群的潜在症状具有巨大挑战，以发展早期诊断工具和有效治疗。机器学习（ML），人工智能（AI）区域，使研究人员，医师和患者能够解决这些问题的一些问题。基于相关研究，本综述解释了如何使用机器学习（ML）和深度学习（DL）来帮助早期识别许多疾病。首先，使用来自Scopus和Science（WOS）数据库的数据来给予所述出版物的生物计量研究。对1216个出版物的生物计量研究进行了确定，以确定最多产的作者，国家，组织和最引用的文章。此次审查总结了基于机器学习的疾病诊断（MLBDD）的最新趋势和方法，考虑到以下因素：算法，疾病类型，数据类型，应用和评估指标。最后，该文件突出了关键结果，并向未来的未来趋势和机遇提供了解。

视网膜光学相干断层扫描（OCT）和光学相干断层扫描（OCTA）是（早期）诊断阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）的有前途的工具。这些非侵入性成像技术比替代神经影像工具更具成本效益，更容易获得。但是，即使对于训练有素的从业人员来说，解释和分类OCT设备进行的多层扫描也是耗时和挑战。关于机器学习和深度学习方法的调查，涉及对诸如青光眼等各种疾病的OCT扫描自动分析。但是，目前的文献缺乏对使用OCT或OCTA诊断阿尔茨海默氏病或​​认知障碍的广泛调查。这促使我们进行了针对需要介绍该问题的机器/深度学习科学家或从业者的全面调查。本文包含1）对阿尔茨海默氏病和认知障碍的医学背景介绍及其使用OCT和八八片成像方式的诊断，2）从自动分析的角度审查有关该问题的各种技术建议和子问题的回顾，3 ）对最近的深度学习研究和可用的OCT/OCTA数据集的系统综述，旨在诊断阿尔茨海默氏病和认知障碍。对于后者，我们使用发布或灭亡软件来搜索来自Scopus，PubMed和Web Science等各种来源的相关研究。我们遵循PRISMA方法筛选了3073参考的初始库，并确定了直接针对AD诊断的十项相关研究（n = 10，3073分）。我们认为缺乏开放的OCT/OCTA数据集（关于阿尔茨海默氏病）是阻碍该领域进展的主要问题。

胸部射线照相是一种相对便宜，广泛的医疗程序，可传达用于进行诊断决策的关键信息。胸部X射线几乎总是用于诊断呼吸系统疾病，如肺炎或最近的Covid-19。在本文中，我们提出了一个自我监督的深神经网络，其在未标记的胸部X射线数据集上掠夺。学习的陈述转移到下游任务 - 呼吸系统疾病的分类。在四个公共数据集获得的结果表明，我们的方法在不需要大量标记的培训数据的情况下产生竞争力。

开发旨在增强胎儿监测的创新信息学方法是生殖医学研究的新领域。已经对人工智能（AI）技术进行了几项评论，以改善妊娠结局。他们的限制是专注于特定数据，例如怀孕期间母亲的护理。这项系统的调查旨在探讨人工智能（AI）如何通过超声（US）图像帮助胎儿生长监测。我们使用了八个医学和计算机科学书目数据库，包括PubMed，Embase，Psycinfo，ScienceDirect，IEEE Explore，ACM图书馆，Google Scholar和Web of Science。我们检索了2010年至2021年之间发表的研究。从研究中提取的数据是使用叙述方法合成的。在1269项检索研究中，我们包括了107项与调查中有关该主题的查询的不同研究。我们发现，与3D和4D超声图像（n = 19）相比，2D超声图像更受欢迎（n = 88）。分类是最常用的方法（n = 42），其次是分割（n = 31），与分割（n = 16）集成的分类和其他其他杂项，例如对象检测，回归和增强学习（n = 18）。妊娠结构域中最常见的区域是胎儿头（n = 43），然后是胎儿（n = 31），胎儿心脏（n = 13），胎儿腹部（n = 10），最后是胎儿的面孔（n = 10）。在最近的研究中，深度学习技术主要使用（n = 81），其次是机器学习（n = 16），人工神经网络（n = 7）和增强学习（n = 2）。 AI技术在预测胎儿疾病和鉴定怀孕期间胎儿解剖结构中起着至关重要的作用。需要进行更多的研究来从医生的角度验证这项技术，例如试点研究和有关AI及其在医院环境中的应用的随机对照试验。

Computer tomography (CT) have been routinely used for the diagnosis of lung diseases and recently, during the pandemic, for detecting the infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease. One of the major concerns in using ma-chine learning (ML) approaches for automatic processing of CT scan images in clinical setting is that these methods are trained on limited and biased sub-sets of publicly available COVID-19 data. This has raised concerns regarding the generalizability of these models on external datasets, not seen by the model during training. To address some of these issues, in this work CT scan images from confirmed COVID-19 data obtained from one of the largest public repositories, COVIDx CT 2A were used for training and internal vali-dation of machine learning models. For the external validation we generated Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset, an open-source repository containing 3D CT volumes and 12096 chest CT images from 288 COVID-19 patients from In-dia. Comparative performance evaluation of four state-of-the-art machine learning models, viz., a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), and three other CNN based deep learning (DL) models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50 and Inception-v3 in classifying CT images into three classes, viz., normal, non-covid pneumonia, and COVID-19 is carried out on these two datasets. Our analysis showed that the performance of all the models is comparable on the hold-out COVIDx CT 2A test set with 90% - 99% accuracies (96% for CNN), while on the external Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset a drop in the performance is observed for all the models (8% - 19%). The traditional ma-chine learning model, CNN performed the best on the external dataset (accu-racy 88%) in comparison to the deep learning models, indicating that a light-weight CNN is better generalizable on unseen data. The data and code are made available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.

在过去的几年中，卷积神经网络（CNN）占据了计算机视野的领域，这要归功于它们提取功能及其在分类问题中出色的表现，例如在自动分析X射线中。不幸的是，这些神经网络被认为是黑盒算法，即不可能了解该算法如何实现最终结果。要将这些算法应用于不同领域并测试方法论的工作原理，我们需要使用可解释的AI技术。医学领域的大多数工作都集中在二进制或多类分类问题上。但是，在许多现实生活中，例如胸部X射线射线，可以同时出现不同疾病的放射学迹象。这引起了所谓的“多标签分类问题”。这些任务的缺点是类不平衡，即不同的标签没有相同数量的样本。本文的主要贡献是一种深度学习方法，用于不平衡的多标签胸部X射线数据集。它为当前未充分利用的Padchest数据集建立了基线，并基于热图建立了可解释的AI技术。该技术还包括概率和模型间匹配。我们系统的结果很有希望，尤其是考虑到使用的标签数量。此外，热图与预期区域相匹配，即它们标志着专家将用来做出决定的区域。

海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要，因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然，因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据，这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析，这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术，在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域，但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中，我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程，该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序，讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外，我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查，包括分类，计数，定位和细分。此外，我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查，并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解，通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程，并了解如何发展其研究，以促进他们的研究。努力。同时，它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家，以进行鱼类栖息地监测。

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.

电子健康记录（EHRS）在患者级别汇总了多种信息，并保留了整个时间内患者健康状况进化的轨迹代表。尽管此信息提供了背景，并且可以由医生利用以监控患者的健康并进行更准确的预后/诊断，但患者记录可以包含长期跨度的信息，这些信息与快速生成的医疗数据速率相结合，使临床决策变得更加复杂。患者轨迹建模可以通过以可扩展的方式探索现有信息来帮助，并可以通过促进预防医学实践来增强医疗保健质量。我们为建模患者轨迹提出了一种解决方案，该解决方案结合了不同类型的信息并考虑了临床数据的时间方面。该解决方案利用了两种不同的架构：一组支持灵活的输入功能集，以将患者的录取转换为密集的表示；以及在基于复发的架构中进行的第二次探索提取的入院表示，其中使用滑动窗口机制在子序列中处理患者轨迹。使用公开可用的模仿III临床数据库评估了开发的解决方案，以两种不同的临床结果，意外的患者再入院和疾病进展。获得的结果证明了第一个体系结构使用单个患者入院进行建模和诊断预测的潜力。虽然临床文本中的信息并未显示在其他现有作品中观察到的判别能力，但这可以通过微调临床模型来解释。最后，我们使用滑动窗口机制来表示基于序列的体系结构的潜力，以表示输入数据，从而获得与其他现有解决方案的可比性能。

人工智能（AI）技术具有重要潜力，可以实现有效，鲁棒和自动的图像表型，包括识别细微图案。基于AI的检测搜索图像空间基于模式和特征来找到兴趣区域。存在一种良性的肿瘤组织学，可以通过使用图像特征的基于AI的分类方法来识别。图像从图像中提取可用于的可覆盖方式，可以通过显式（手工/工程化）和深度辐射谱系框架来探索途径。辐射瘤分析有可能用作非侵入性技术，以准确表征肿瘤，以改善诊断和治疗监测。这项工作介绍基于AI的技术，专注于肿瘤宠物和PET / CT成像，用于不同的检测，分类和预测/预测任务。我们还讨论了所需的努力，使AI技术转换为常规临床工作流程，以及潜在的改进和互补技术，例如在电子健康记录和神经象征性AI技术上使用自然语言处理。

Almost 80 million Americans suffer from hair loss due to aging, stress, medication, or genetic makeup. Hair and scalp-related diseases often go unnoticed in the beginning. Sometimes, a patient cannot differentiate between hair loss and regular hair fall. Diagnosing hair-related diseases is time-consuming as it requires professional dermatologists to perform visual and medical tests. Because of that, the overall diagnosis gets delayed, which worsens the severity of the illness. Due to the image-processing ability, neural network-based applications are used in various sectors, especially healthcare and health informatics, to predict deadly diseases like cancers and tumors. These applications assist clinicians and patients and provide an initial insight into early-stage symptoms. In this study, we used a deep learning approach that successfully predicts three main types of hair loss and scalp-related diseases: alopecia, psoriasis, and folliculitis. However, limited study in this area, unavailability of a proper dataset, and degree of variety among the images scattered over the internet made the task challenging. 150 images were obtained from various sources and then preprocessed by denoising, image equalization, enhancement, and data balancing, thereby minimizing the error rate. After feeding the processed data into the 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model, we obtained overall training accuracy of 96.2%, with a validation accuracy of 91.1%. The precision and recall score of alopecia, psoriasis, and folliculitis are 0.895, 0.846, and 1.0, respectively. We also created a dataset of the scalp images for future prospective researchers.

Deep learning (DL) analysis of Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computed tomography (CT) images has garnered a lot of attention in recent times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are well suited for the image analysis tasks when trained on humongous amounts of data. Applications developed for medical image analysis require high sensitivity and precision compared to any other fields. Most of the tools proposed for detection of COVID-19 claims to have high sensitivity and recalls but have failed to generalize and perform when tested on unseen datasets. This encouraged us to develop a CNN model, analyze and understand the performance of it by visualizing the predictions of the model using class activation maps generated using (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) Grad-CAM technique. This study provides a detailed discussion of the success and failure of the proposed model at an image level. Performance of the model is compared with state-of-the-art DL models and shown to be comparable. The data and code used are available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.