皮肤病学中浅表性感染的诊断仍然基于手动直接显微镜检查与氢氧化钾(KOH)溶液。然而,这种方法可能是耗时的,其诊断准确度率因临床医生的经验而广泛变化。随着临床显微镜领域的神经网络应用的增加,现在可以自动化此类手动过程,提高效率和准确性。本研究提出了一种深度神经网络结构,可以为这些问题提供快速解决方案,并且可以在没有染料的灰度图像中进行自动真菌检测。收集160个含有真菌元素的微观场照片,收集从甲癣患者获得的含有甲状腺菌的患者和含有从正常钉子获得的溶解角蛋白的微观田间照片。从这些图像中提取含有4234个真菌和4981个角蛋白的较小贴剂。为了检测真菌和角蛋白,开发了VGG16和Incepionv3模型。 VGG16型号的精度为95.98%,曲线(AUC)值下的面积为0.9930,而Inceptionv3模型的精度为95.90%,AUC值为0.9917。但是,临床医生的平均准确性和AUC值分别为72.8%和0.87。这种深度学习模型允许开发可以检测微观图像内的真菌的自动化系统。
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为了产生最大的影响,必须使用基于证据的决策制定公共卫生计划。创建机器学习算法是为了收集,存储,处理和分析数据以提供知识和指导决策。任何监视系统的关键部分是图像分析。截至最近,计算机视觉和机器学习的社区最终对此感到好奇。这项研究使用各种机器学习和图像处理方法来检测和预测疟疾疾病。在我们的研究中,我们发现了深度学习技术作为具有更广泛适用于疟疾检测的智能工具的潜力,通过协助诊断病情,可以使医生受益。我们研究了针对计算机框架和组织的深度学习的共同限制,计算需要准备数据,准备开销,实时执行和解释能力,并发现对这些限制的轴承的未来询问。
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Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.
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Almost 80 million Americans suffer from hair loss due to aging, stress, medication, or genetic makeup. Hair and scalp-related diseases often go unnoticed in the beginning. Sometimes, a patient cannot differentiate between hair loss and regular hair fall. Diagnosing hair-related diseases is time-consuming as it requires professional dermatologists to perform visual and medical tests. Because of that, the overall diagnosis gets delayed, which worsens the severity of the illness. Due to the image-processing ability, neural network-based applications are used in various sectors, especially healthcare and health informatics, to predict deadly diseases like cancers and tumors. These applications assist clinicians and patients and provide an initial insight into early-stage symptoms. In this study, we used a deep learning approach that successfully predicts three main types of hair loss and scalp-related diseases: alopecia, psoriasis, and folliculitis. However, limited study in this area, unavailability of a proper dataset, and degree of variety among the images scattered over the internet made the task challenging. 150 images were obtained from various sources and then preprocessed by denoising, image equalization, enhancement, and data balancing, thereby minimizing the error rate. After feeding the processed data into the 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model, we obtained overall training accuracy of 96.2%, with a validation accuracy of 91.1%. The precision and recall score of alopecia, psoriasis, and folliculitis are 0.895, 0.846, and 1.0, respectively. We also created a dataset of the scalp images for future prospective researchers.
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乳腺癌是女性可能发生的最严重的癌症之一。通过分析组织学图像(HIS)来自动诊断乳腺癌对患者及其预后很重要。他的分类为临床医生提供了对疾病的准确了解,并使他们可以更有效地治疗患者。深度学习(DL)方法已成功地用于各种领域,尤其是医学成像,因为它们有能力自动提取功能。这项研究旨在使用他的乳腺癌对不同类型的乳腺癌进行分类。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个增强的胶囊网络,该网络使用RES2NET块和四个额外的卷积层提取多尺度特征。此外,由于使用了小的卷积内核和RES2NET块,因此所提出的方法具有较少的参数。结果,新方法的表现优于旧方法,因为它会自动学习最佳功能。测试结果表明该模型的表现优于先前的DL方法。
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2019年12月,一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展,但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外,许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能,以诊断许多疾病,甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此,本调查纸探讨了提议的方法,可以提前援助医生和研究人员,廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试,但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面,对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果,提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后,我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外,我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此,我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后,在研究挑战中,我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题,我们解决了我们的理解,以建立一个明亮健康的环境。
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心脏肿大确实是一种心脏肿大的医学疾病。如果早点被捕获,心脏肿大最好处理,因此早期发现至关重要。数十年来,胸部X射线是最常用的X射线照相检查之一,一直用于检测和可视化人体器官异常。 X射线也是心脏肿瘤的重要医学诊断工具。即使对于领域专家,将许多类型的疾病与X射线区分开是一项艰巨且耗时的任务。深度学习模型在大型数据集时也是最有效的,但是由于隐私问题,大型数据集在医疗行业内部很少可用。这项研究介绍了一种基于学习的基于学习的定制的u-NET模型,用于检测心脏肿瘤疾病。在训练阶段,使用了来自“ ChestX-Ray8”开源真实数据集的胸部X射线图像。为了减少计算时间,此模型在进行训练步骤之前,在进行数据预处理,图像改进,图像压缩和分类。这项工作使用胸部X射线图像数据集模拟并产生了94%的诊断准确性,灵敏度为96.2%,特异性为92.5%,这比先前培训的模型发现以识别心脏全肿瘤疾病。
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呼吸声分类中的问题已在去年的临床科学家和医学研究员团体中获得了良好的关注,以诊断Covid-19疾病。迄今为止,各种模型的人工智能(AI)进入了现实世界,从人类生成的声音等人生成的声音中检测了Covid-19疾病,例如语音/言语,咳嗽和呼吸。实现卷积神经网络(CNN)模型,用于解决基于人工智能(AI)的机器上的许多真实世界问题。在这种情况下,建议并实施一个维度(1D)CNN,以诊断Covid-19的呼吸系统疾病,例如语音,咳嗽和呼吸。应用基于增强的机制来改善Covid-19声音数据集的预处理性能,并使用1D卷积网络自动化Covid-19疾病诊断。此外,使用DDAE(数据去噪自动编码器)技术来产生诸如输入功能的深声特征,而不是采用MFCC(MEL频率跳跃系数)的标准输入,并且它更好地执行比以前的型号的准确性和性能。
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Computer tomography (CT) have been routinely used for the diagnosis of lung diseases and recently, during the pandemic, for detecting the infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease. One of the major concerns in using ma-chine learning (ML) approaches for automatic processing of CT scan images in clinical setting is that these methods are trained on limited and biased sub-sets of publicly available COVID-19 data. This has raised concerns regarding the generalizability of these models on external datasets, not seen by the model during training. To address some of these issues, in this work CT scan images from confirmed COVID-19 data obtained from one of the largest public repositories, COVIDx CT 2A were used for training and internal vali-dation of machine learning models. For the external validation we generated Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset, an open-source repository containing 3D CT volumes and 12096 chest CT images from 288 COVID-19 patients from In-dia. Comparative performance evaluation of four state-of-the-art machine learning models, viz., a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), and three other CNN based deep learning (DL) models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50 and Inception-v3 in classifying CT images into three classes, viz., normal, non-covid pneumonia, and COVID-19 is carried out on these two datasets. Our analysis showed that the performance of all the models is comparable on the hold-out COVIDx CT 2A test set with 90% - 99% accuracies (96% for CNN), while on the external Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset a drop in the performance is observed for all the models (8% - 19%). The traditional ma-chine learning model, CNN performed the best on the external dataset (accu-racy 88%) in comparison to the deep learning models, indicating that a light-weight CNN is better generalizable on unseen data. The data and code are made available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.
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目的:开发和验证基于临床阴性ALN的早期乳腺癌(EBC)术后预测腋窝淋巴结(ALN)转移的深度学习(DL)的主要肿瘤活检签名。方法:从2010年5月到2020年5月,共注册了1,058名具有病理证实ALN状态的eBC患者。基于关注的多实例学习(AMIL)框架,建立了一种DL核心针活检(DL-CNB)模型利用DL特征预测ALN状态,该DL特征从两位病理学家注释的乳腺CNB样本的数字化全幻灯片(WSIS)的癌症区域提取。分析了准确性,灵敏度,特异性,接收器操作特征(ROC)曲线和ROC曲线(AUC)下的区域进行评估,评估我们的模型。结果:具有VGG16_BN的最佳性DL-CNB模型作为特征提取器实现了0.816的AUC(95%置信区间(CI):0.758,0.865),以预测独立测试队列的阳性Aln转移。此外,我们的模型包含称为DL-CNB + C的临床数据,得到了0.831的最佳精度(95%CI:0.775,0.878),特别是对于50岁以下的患者(AUC:0.918,95%CI: 0.825,0.971)。 DL-CNB模型的解释表明,最高度预测ALN转移的顶部签名的特征在于包括密度($ P $ 0.015),周长($ P $ 0.009),循环($ P $ = 0.010)和方向($ p $ = 0.012)。结论:我们的研究提供了一种基于DL的基于DL的生物标志物在原发性肿瘤CNB上,以预先验证EBC患者的术前预测ALN的转移状态。
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Covid-19大流行是人类的祸害,宣称全世界超过500万人的生活。虽然疫苗正在全世界分布,但表观需要实惠的筛选技术,以便为无法获得传统医学的世界服务。人工智能可以提供利用咳嗽声音作为主要筛选模式的解决方案。本文介绍了多种模型,这些模型在学术文献目前呈现的最大评估数据集上取得了相对尊敬的性能。此外,我们还显示性能随着培训数据规模而增加,表明世界各地的数据收集,以帮助使用非传统方式对抗Covid-19大流行。
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视网膜脉管系统的研究是筛查和诊断许多疾病的基本阶段。完整的视网膜血管分析需要将视网膜的血管分为动脉和静脉(A/V)。早期自动方法在两个顺序阶段接近这些分割和分类任务。但是,目前,这些任务是作为联合语义分割任务处理的,因为分类结果在很大程度上取决于血管分割的有效性。在这方面,我们提出了一种新的方法,用于从眼睛眼睛图像中对视网膜A/V进行分割和分类。特别是,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法与以前的方法不同,并且由于新的损失,将联合任务分解为针对动脉,静脉和整个血管树的三个分割问题。这种配置允许直观地处理容器交叉口,并直接提供不同靶血管树的精确分割罩。提供的关于公共视网膜图血管树提取(RITE)数据集的消融研究表明,所提出的方法提供了令人满意的性能,尤其是在不同结构的分割中。此外,与最新技术的比较表明,我们的方法在A/V分类中获得了高度竞争的结果,同时显着改善了血管分割。提出的多段方法允许检测更多的血管,并更好地分割不同的结构,同时实现竞争性分类性能。同样,用这些术语来说,我们的方法优于各种参考作品的方法。此外,与以前的方法相比,该方法允许直接检测到容器交叉口,并在这些复杂位置保留A/V的连续性。
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder affecting the macula, a key area of the retina for visual acuity. Nowadays, it is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. Although some promising treatments have been developed, their effectiveness is low in advanced stages. This emphasizes the importance of large-scale screening programs. Nevertheless, implementing such programs for AMD is usually unfeasible, since the population at risk is large and the diagnosis is challenging. All this motivates the development of automatic methods. In this sense, several works have achieved positive results for AMD diagnosis using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, none incorporates explainability mechanisms, which limits their use in clinical practice. In that regard, we propose an explainable deep learning approach for the diagnosis of AMD via the joint identification of its associated retinal lesions. In our proposal, a CNN is trained end-to-end for the joint task using image-level labels. The provided lesion information is of clinical interest, as it allows to assess the developmental stage of AMD. Additionally, the approach allows to explain the diagnosis from the identified lesions. This is possible thanks to the use of a CNN with a custom setting that links the lesions and the diagnosis. Furthermore, the proposed setting also allows to obtain coarse lesion segmentation maps in a weakly-supervised way, further improving the explainability. The training data for the approach can be obtained without much extra work by clinicians. The experiments conducted demonstrate that our approach can identify AMD and its associated lesions satisfactorily, while providing adequate coarse segmentation maps for most common lesions.
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In this era of pandemic, the future of healthcare industry has never been more exciting. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI & ML) present opportunities to develop solutions that cater for very specific needs within the industry. Deep learning in healthcare had become incredibly powerful for supporting clinics and in transforming patient care in general. Deep learning is increasingly being applied for the detection of clinically important features in the images beyond what can be perceived by the naked human eye. Chest X-ray images are one of the most common clinical method for diagnosing a number of diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer and many other abnormalities like lesions and fractures. Proper diagnosis of a disease from X-ray images is often challenging task for even expert radiologists and there is a growing need for computerized support systems due to the large amount of information encoded in X-Ray images. The goal of this paper is to develop a lightweight solution to detect 14 different chest conditions from an X ray image. Given an X-ray image as input, our classifier outputs a label vector indicating which of 14 disease classes does the image fall into. Along with the image features, we are also going to use non-image features available in the data such as X-ray view type, age, gender etc. The original study conducted Stanford ML Group is our base line. Original study focuses on predicting 5 diseases. Our aim is to improve upon previous work, expand prediction to 14 diseases and provide insight for future chest radiography research.
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全景牙科射线照相(PDR)图像处理是法医医学中最广泛使用的方法之一。深度学习模型由于其高处理速度,准确性和稳定性而被广泛用于当今放射学图像的自动分析。提出了一些使用转移学习的方法来分类PDR图像。在这项研究中,使用了Densenet121卷积神经网络(CNN)分类器,该分类器是预先训练的深度学习体系结构之一。提出的Densenet121网络已在最后一层之前进行了几层扩展和微调,以提高其从数据中理解更复杂模式的能力。在此阶段结束时,它已经通过包含PDR图像的牙科数据集进行了培训,并变得更有经验。采用了K折的交叉验证方法来提高所提出的Densenet121模型的准确性。在这项研究中,对于4,800个测试数据集的分类精度为97.25%,实现了最佳性能。提出的模型以及基于Grad-CAM的分析还表明,下颌骨和牙齿是性别分类中最重要的领域。
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乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,每年负责超过50万人死亡。因此,早期和准确的诊断至关重要。人类专业知识是诊断和正确分类乳腺癌并定义适当的治疗,这取决于评价不同生物标志物如跨膜蛋白受体HER2的表达。该评估需要几个步骤,包括免疫组织化学或原位杂交等特殊技术,以评估HER2状态。通过降低诊断中的步骤和人类偏差的次数的目标,赫洛挑战是组织的,作为第16届欧洲数字病理大会的并行事件,旨在自动化仅基于苏木精和曙红染色的HER2地位的评估侵袭性乳腺癌的组织样本。评估HER2状态的方法是在全球21个团队中提出的,并通过一些提议的方法实现了潜在的观点,以推进最先进的。
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普通射线照相被广泛用于检测总髋关节置换(THR)植入物的机械松动。目前,X光片是由医疗专业人员手动评估的,这可能是差的,并且观察者内部可靠性和准确性较低。此外,手动检测THR植入物的机械松动需要经验丰富的临床医生,这些临床医生可能总是很容易获得,可能导致诊断延迟。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新型的,全自动和可解释的方法,用于使用深卷积神经网络(CNN)从纯X线照片中检测THR植入物的机械松动。我们使用五倍交叉验证对40名患者进行了40名患者的CNN培训,并将其性能与大量板认证的骨科医生(AFC)进行了比较。为了提高对机器结局的信心,我们还实施了显着图,以可视化CNN在哪里进行诊断。 CNN在诊断植入物的机械松动方面优于骨科医生,其敏感性明显高于敏感性(0.94),其特异性相同(0.96)(0.96)。显着图显示,CNN着眼于临床相关的特征以进行诊断。此类CNN可用于自动放射植入物的机械松动,以补充从业者的决策过程,提高其诊断准确性,并释放它们以进行以患者为中心的护理。
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人工神经网络(ANN)能够学习,纠正错误和将大量原始数据转化为治疗和护理的有用医疗决策,这增加了增强患者安全和护理质量的普及。因此,本文审查了ANN的关键作用为患者医疗保健决策提供有价值的见解和有效的疾病诊断。我们彻底审查了现有文献中的不同类型的ANN,以便为复杂应用程序进行高级ANNS适配。此外,我们还调查Ann的各种疾病诊断和治疗的进步,例如病毒,皮肤,癌症和Covid-19。此外,我们提出了一种名为ConxNet的新型深度卷积神经网络(CNN)模型,用于提高Covid-19疾病的检测准确性。 ConxNet经过培训并使用不同的数据集进行测试,它达到了超过97%的检测精度和精度,这明显优于现有型号。最后,我们突出了未来的研究方向和挑战,例如算法的复杂性,可用数据,隐私和安全性,以及与ANN的生物传染集成。这些研究方向需要大幅关注改善医疗诊断和治疗应用的ANN的范围。
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癌症是人体内部异常细胞的无法控制的细胞分裂,可以蔓延到其他身体器官。它是非传染性疾病(NCDS)和NCDS之一,占全世界总死亡人数的71%,而肺癌是女性乳腺癌后第二次诊断的癌症。肺癌的癌症生存率仅为19%。有各种方法用于诊断肺癌,如X射线,CT扫描,PET-CT扫描,支气管镜检查和活组织检查。然而,为了了解基于组织型H和E染色的肺癌亚型,广泛使用,其中染色在从活组织检查中吸入的组织上进行。研究报道,组织学类型与肺癌预后和治疗相关。因此,早期和准确地检测肺癌组织学是一种迫切需要,并且由于其治疗取决于疾病的组织学,分子曲线和阶段的类型,最重要的是分析肺癌的组织病理学图像。因此,为了加快肺癌诊断的重要过程,减少病理学家的负担,使用深层学习技术。这些技术表明了在分析癌症组织病变幻灯片的分析中提高了疗效。几项研究报告说,卷积神经网络(CNN)在脑,皮肤,乳腺癌,肺癌等各种癌症类型的组织病理学图片的分类中的重要性。在本研究中,通过使用Reset50,VGG-19,Inception_Resnet_V2和DenSenet进行特征提取和三重态丢失来引导CNN以引导CNN,以引导CNN,以引导CNN使得其增加群集间距离并减少集群内距离。
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人工智能在医学成像,尤其是组织病理学成像方面具有巨大的希望。但是,人工智能算法无法完全解释决策过程中的思维过程。这种情况带来了解释性的问题,即黑匣子问题,人工智能应用程序的议程:一种算法只是在没有说明给定图像的原因的情况下做出响应。为了克服问题并提高解释性,可解释的人工智能(XAI)脱颖而出,并激发了许多研究人员的利益。在此背景下,本研究使用深度学习算法检查了一个新的原始数据集,并使用XAI应用程序之一(GRAD-CAM)可视化输出。之后,对这些图像的病理学家进行了详细的问卷调查。决策过程和解释都已验证,并测试了输出的准确性。这项研究的结果极大地帮助病理学家诊断旁结核病。
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