由于在数据稀缺的设置中，交叉验证的性能不佳，我们提出了一个新颖的估计器，以估计数据驱动的优化策略的样本外部性能。我们的方法利用优化问题的灵敏度分析来估计梯度关于数据中噪声量的最佳客观值，并利用估计的梯度将策略的样本中的表现为依据。与交叉验证技术不同，我们的方法避免了为测试集牺牲数据，在训练和因此非常适合数据稀缺的设置时使用所有数据。我们证明了我们估计量的偏见和方差范围，这些问题与不确定的线性目标优化问题，但已知的，可能是非凸的，可行的区域。对于更专业的优化问题，从某种意义上说，可行区域“弱耦合”，我们证明结果更强。具体而言，我们在估算器的错误上提供明确的高概率界限，该估计器在策略类别上均匀地保持，并取决于问题的维度和策略类的复杂性。我们的边界表明，在轻度条件下，随着优化问题的尺寸的增长，我们的估计器的误差也会消失，即使可用数据的量仍然很小且恒定。说不同的是，我们证明我们的估计量在小型数据中的大规模政权中表现良好。最后，我们通过数值将我们提出的方法与最先进的方法进行比较，通过使用真实数据调度紧急医疗响应服务的案例研究。我们的方法提供了更准确的样本外部性能估计，并学习了表现更好的政策。

套索是一种高维回归的方法，当时，当协变量$ p $的订单数量或大于观测值$ n $时，通常使用它。由于两个基本原因，经典的渐近态性理论不适用于该模型：$（1）$正规风险是非平滑的； $（2）$估算器$ \ wideHat {\ boldsymbol {\ theta}} $与true参数vector $ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$无法忽略。结果，标准的扰动论点是渐近正态性的传统基础。另一方面，套索估计器可以精确地以$ n $和$ p $大，$ n/p $的订单为一。这种表征首先是在使用I.I.D的高斯设计的情况下获得的。协变量：在这里，我们将其推广到具有非偏差协方差结构的高斯相关设计。这是根据更简单的``固定设计''模型表示的。我们在两个模型中各种数量的分布之间的距离上建立了非反应界限，它们在合适的稀疏类别中均匀地固定在信号上$ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$。作为应用程序，我们研究了借助拉索的分布，并表明需要校正程度对于计算有效的置信区间是必要的。

在因果推理和强盗文献中，基于观察数据的线性功能估算线性功能的问题是规范的。我们分析了首先估计治疗效果函数的广泛的两阶段程序，然后使用该数量来估计线性功能。我们证明了此类过程的均方误差上的非反应性上限：这些边界表明，为了获得非反应性最佳程序，应在特定加权$ l^2 $中最大程度地估算治疗效果的误差。 -规范。我们根据该加权规范的约束回归分析了两阶段的程序，并通过匹配非轴突局部局部最小值下限，在有限样品中建立了实例依赖性最优性。这些结果表明，除了取决于渐近效率方差之外，最佳的非质子风险除了取决于样本量支持的最富有函数类别的真实结果函数与其近似类别之间的加权规范距离。

成功的深度学习模型往往涉及培训具有比训练样本数量更多的参数的神经网络架构。近年来已经广泛研究了这种超分子化的模型，并且通过双下降现象和通过优化景观的结构特性，从统计的角度和计算视角都建立了过分统计化的优点。尽管在过上分层的制度中深入学习架构的显着成功，但也众所周知，这些模型对其投入中的小对抗扰动感到高度脆弱。即使在普遍培训的情况下，它们在扰动输入（鲁棒泛化）上的性能也会比良性输入（标准概括）的最佳可达到的性能更糟糕。因此，必须了解如何从根本上影响稳健性的情况下如何影响鲁棒性。在本文中，我们将通过专注于随机特征回归模型（具有随机第一层权重的两层神经网络）来提供超分度化对鲁棒性的作用的精确表征。我们考虑一个制度，其中样本量，输入维度和参数的数量彼此成比例地生长，并且当模型发生前列地训练时，可以为鲁棒泛化误差导出渐近精确的公式。我们的发达理论揭示了过分统计化对鲁棒性的非竞争效果，表明对于普遍训练的随机特征模型，高度公正化可能会损害鲁棒泛化。

We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.

本文为信号去噪提供了一般交叉验证框架。然后将一般框架应用于非参数回归方法，例如趋势过滤和二元推车。然后显示所得到的交叉验证版本以获得最佳调谐的类似物所熟知的几乎相同的收敛速度。没有任何先前的趋势过滤或二元推车的理论分析。为了说明框架的一般性，我们还提出并研究了两个基本估算器的交叉验证版本;套索用于高维线性回归和矩阵估计的奇异值阈值阈值。我们的一般框架是由Chatterjee和Jafarov（2015）的想法的启发，并且可能适用于使用调整参数的广泛估算方法。

在负面的感知问题中，我们给出了$ n $数据点$（{\ boldsymbol x} _i，y_i）$，其中$ {\ boldsymbol x} _i $是$ d $ -densional vector和$ y_i \ in \ { + 1，-1 \} $是二进制标签。数据不是线性可分离的，因此我们满足自己的内容，以找到最大的线性分类器，具有最大的\ emph {否定}余量。换句话说，我们想找到一个单位常规矢量$ {\ boldsymbol \ theta} $，最大化$ \ min_ {i \ le n} y_i \ langle {\ boldsymbol \ theta}，{\ boldsymbol x} _i \ rangle $ 。这是一个非凸优化问题（它相当于在Polytope中找到最大标准矢量），我们在两个随机模型下研究其典型属性。我们考虑比例渐近，其中$ n，d \ to \ idty $以$ n / d \ to \ delta $，并在最大边缘$ \ kappa _ {\ text {s}}（\ delta）上证明了上限和下限）$或 - 等效 - 在其逆函数$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}（\ kappa）$。换句话说，$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}（\ kappa）$是overparametization阈值：以$ n / d \ le \ delta _ {\ text {s}}（\ kappa） - \ varepsilon $一个分类器实现了消失的训练错误，具有高概率，而以$ n / d \ ge \ delta _ {\ text {s}}（\ kappa）+ \ varepsilon $。我们在$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}（\ kappa）$匹配，以$ \ kappa \ to - \ idty $匹配。然后，我们分析了线性编程算法来查找解决方案，并表征相应的阈值$ \ delta _ {\ text {lin}}（\ kappa）$。我们观察插值阈值$ \ delta _ {\ text {s}}（\ kappa）$和线性编程阈值$ \ delta _ {\ text {lin {lin}}（\ kappa）$之间的差距，提出了行为的问题其他算法。

变性推理（VI）为基于传统的采样方法提供了一种吸引人的替代方法，用于实施贝叶斯推断，因为其概念性的简单性，统计准确性和计算可扩展性。然而，常见的变分近似方案（例如平均场（MF）近似）需要某些共轭结构以促进有效的计算，这可能会增加不必要的限制对可行的先验分布家族，并对变异近似族对差异进行进一步的限制。在这项工作中，我们开发了一个通用计算框架，用于实施MF-VI VIA WASSERSTEIN梯度流（WGF），这是概率度量空间上的梯度流。当专门针对贝叶斯潜在变量模型时，我们将分析基于时间消化的WGF交替最小化方案的算法收敛，用于实现MF近似。特别是，所提出的算法类似于EM算法的分布版本，包括更新潜在变量变异分布的E step以及在参数的变异分布上进行最陡峭下降的m step。我们的理论分析依赖于概率度量空间中的最佳运输理论和细分微积分。我们证明了时间限制的WGF的指数收敛性，以最大程度地减少普通大地测量学严格的凸度的通用物镜功能。我们还提供了通过使用时间限制的WGF的固定点方程从MF近似获得的变异分布的指数收缩的新证明。我们将方法和理论应用于两个经典的贝叶斯潜在变量模型，即高斯混合模型和回归模型的混合物。还进行了数值实验，以补充这两个模型下的理论发现。

交叉验证是在许多非参数回归问题中调整参数选择的标准方法。然而，它在变化点回归中的使用不太常见，也许由于其预测误差的标准可能似乎允许小的虚假变化，因此不太适合估计变化点的数量和位置。我们表明，实际上，具有平方误差损失的交叉验证问题更严重，可以导致系统的减少或过度估计变化点的数量，以及在更改的简单设置中的平均功能的高度次优估计很容易检测到。我们提出了两种简单的方法来解决这些问题，第一个涉及使用绝对误差而不是平方误差损失，以及第二个涉及修改所用的熔断集。对于后者，我们提供了允许一致估计一般变更点估计程序的变化点数的条件。我们显示这些条件对于使用新结果的最佳分区满足其在提供错误数量的更改点时的性能。数值实验表明，特别是当错误分布良好的调整参数选择时，特别是使用经典调谐参数选择的绝对误差方法竞争，但可以在错过的模型中显着优于这些。 CRAN上的R包CrossValidationCP中提供了我们的方法。

This paper provides estimation and inference methods for a conditional average treatment effects (CATE) characterized by a high-dimensional parameter in both homogeneous cross-sectional and unit-heterogeneous dynamic panel data settings. In our leading example, we model CATE by interacting the base treatment variable with explanatory variables. The first step of our procedure is orthogonalization, where we partial out the controls and unit effects from the outcome and the base treatment and take the cross-fitted residuals. This step uses a novel generic cross-fitting method we design for weakly dependent time series and panel data. This method "leaves out the neighbors" when fitting nuisance components, and we theoretically power it by using Strassen's coupling. As a result, we can rely on any modern machine learning method in the first step, provided it learns the residuals well enough. Second, we construct an orthogonal (or residual) learner of CATE -- the Lasso CATE -- that regresses the outcome residual on the vector of interactions of the residualized treatment with explanatory variables. If the complexity of CATE function is simpler than that of the first-stage regression, the orthogonal learner converges faster than the single-stage regression-based learner. Third, we perform simultaneous inference on parameters of the CATE function using debiasing. We also can use ordinary least squares in the last two steps when CATE is low-dimensional. In heterogeneous panel data settings, we model the unobserved unit heterogeneity as a weakly sparse deviation from Mundlak (1978)'s model of correlated unit effects as a linear function of time-invariant covariates and make use of L1-penalization to estimate these models. We demonstrate our methods by estimating price elasticities of groceries based on scanner data. We note that our results are new even for the cross-sectional (i.i.d) case.

近似消息传递（AMP）是解决高维统计问题的有效迭代范式。但是，当迭代次数超过$ o \ big（\ frac {\ log n} {\ log log \ log \ log n} \时big）$（带有$ n $问题维度）。为了解决这一不足，本文开发了一个非吸附框架，用于理解峰值矩阵估计中的AMP。基于AMP更新的新分解和可控的残差项，我们布置了一个分析配方，以表征在存在独立初始化的情况下AMP的有限样本行为，该过程被进一步概括以进行光谱初始化。作为提出的分析配方的两个具体后果：（i）求解$ \ mathbb {z} _2 $同步时，我们预测了频谱初始化AMP的行为，最高为$ o \ big（\ frac {n} {\ mathrm {\ mathrm { poly} \ log n} \ big）$迭代，表明该算法成功而无需随后的细化阶段（如最近由\ citet {celentano2021local}推测）; （ii）我们表征了稀疏PCA中AMP的非反应性行为（在尖刺的Wigner模型中），以广泛的信噪比。

Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.

当我们对优化模型中的不确定参数进行观察以及对协变量的同时观察时，我们研究了数据驱动决策的优化。鉴于新的协变量观察，目标是选择一个决定以此观察为条件的预期成本的决定。我们研究了三个数据驱动的框架，这些框架将机器学习预测模型集成在随机编程样本平均值近似（SAA）中，以近似解决该问题的解决方案。 SAA框架中的两个是新的，并使用了场景生成的剩余预测模型的样本外残差。我们研究的框架是灵活的，并且可以容纳参数，非参数和半参数回归技术。我们在数据生成过程，预测模型和随机程序中得出条件，在这些程序下，这些数据驱动的SaaS的解决方案是一致且渐近最佳的，并且还得出了收敛速率和有限的样本保证。计算实验验证了我们的理论结果，证明了我们数据驱动的公式比现有方法的潜在优势（即使预测模型被误解了），并说明了我们在有限的数据制度中新的数据驱动配方的好处。

Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.

我们研究了随机近似程序，以便基于观察来自ergodic Markov链的长度$ n $的轨迹来求近求解$ d -dimension的线性固定点方程。我们首先表现出$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {d}} \ tfrac {d} {n} $的非渐近性界限。$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix $是混合时间。然后，我们证明了一种在适当平均迭代序列上的非渐近实例依赖性，具有匹配局部渐近最小的限制的领先术语，包括对参数$的敏锐依赖（d，t _ {\ mathrm {mix}}） $以高阶术语。我们将这些上限与非渐近Minimax的下限补充，该下限是建立平均SA估计器的实例 - 最优性。我们通过Markov噪声的政策评估导出了这些结果的推导 - 覆盖了所有$ \ lambda \中的TD（$ \ lambda $）算法，以便[0,1）$ - 和线性自回归模型。我们的实例依赖性表征为HyperParameter调整的细粒度模型选择程序的设计开放了门（例如，在运行TD（$ \ Lambda $）算法时选择$ \ lambda $的值）。

In this paper, we study the trace regression when a matrix of parameters B* is estimated via the convex relaxation of a rank-regularized regression or via regularized non-convex optimization. It is known that these estimators satisfy near-optimal error bounds under assumptions on the rank, coherence, and spikiness of B*. We start by introducing a general notion of spikiness for B* that provides a generic recipe to prove the restricted strong convexity of the sampling operator of the trace regression and obtain near-optimal and non-asymptotic error bounds for the estimation error. Similar to the existing literature, these results require the regularization parameter to be above a certain theory-inspired threshold that depends on observation noise that may be unknown in practice. Next, we extend the error bounds to cases where the regularization parameter is chosen via cross-validation. This result is significant in that existing theoretical results on cross-validated estimators (Kale et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2013; Abou-Moustafa and Szepesvari, 2017) do not apply to our setting since the estimators we study are not known to satisfy their required notion of stability. Finally, using simulations on synthetic and real data, we show that the cross-validated estimator selects a near-optimal penalty parameter and outperforms the theory-inspired approach of selecting the parameter.

High-dimensional data can often display heterogeneity due to heteroscedastic variance or inhomogeneous covariate effects. Penalized quantile and expectile regression methods offer useful tools to detect heteroscedasticity in high-dimensional data. The former is computationally challenging due to the non-smooth nature of the check loss, and the latter is sensitive to heavy-tailed error distributions. In this paper, we propose and study (penalized) robust expectile regression (retire), with a focus on iteratively reweighted $\ell_1$-penalization which reduces the estimation bias from $\ell_1$-penalization and leads to oracle properties. Theoretically, we establish the statistical properties of the retire estimator under two regimes: (i) low-dimensional regime in which $d \ll n$; (ii) high-dimensional regime in which $s\ll n\ll d$ with $s$ denoting the number of significant predictors. In the high-dimensional setting, we carefully characterize the solution path of the iteratively reweighted $\ell_1$-penalized retire estimation, adapted from the local linear approximation algorithm for folded-concave regularization. Under a mild minimum signal strength condition, we show that after as many as $\log(\log d)$ iterations the final iterate enjoys the oracle convergence rate. At each iteration, the weighted $\ell_1$-penalized convex program can be efficiently solved by a semismooth Newton coordinate descent algorithm. Numerical studies demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed procedure compared with either non-robust or quantile regression based alternatives.

This paper investigates the stability of deep ReLU neural networks for nonparametric regression under the assumption that the noise has only a finite p-th moment. We unveil how the optimal rate of convergence depends on p, the degree of smoothness and the intrinsic dimension in a class of nonparametric regression functions with hierarchical composition structure when both the adaptive Huber loss and deep ReLU neural networks are used. This optimal rate of convergence cannot be obtained by the ordinary least squares but can be achieved by the Huber loss with a properly chosen parameter that adapts to the sample size, smoothness, and moment parameters. A concentration inequality for the adaptive Huber ReLU neural network estimators with allowable optimization errors is also derived. To establish a matching lower bound within the class of neural network estimators using the Huber loss, we employ a different strategy from the traditional route: constructing a deep ReLU network estimator that has a better empirical loss than the true function and the difference between these two functions furnishes a low bound. This step is related to the Huberization bias, yet more critically to the approximability of deep ReLU networks. As a result, we also contribute some new results on the approximation theory of deep ReLU neural networks.

嵌套模拟涉及通过模拟估算条件期望的功能。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于内核RIDGE回归的新方法，利用作为多维调节变量的函数的条件期望的平滑度。渐近分析表明，随着仿真预算的增加，所提出的方法可以有效地减轻了对收敛速度的维度诅咒，只要条件期望足够平滑。平滑度桥接立方根收敛速度之间的间隙（即标准嵌套模拟的最佳速率）和平方根收敛速率（即标准蒙特卡罗模拟的规范率）。我们通过来自投资组合风险管理和输入不确定性量化的数值例子来证明所提出的方法的性能。

Popular iterative algorithms such as boosting methods and coordinate descent on linear models converge to the maximum $\ell_1$-margin classifier, a.k.a. sparse hard-margin SVM, in high dimensional regimes where the data is linearly separable. Previous works consistently show that many estimators relying on the $\ell_1$-norm achieve improved statistical rates for hard sparse ground truths. We show that surprisingly, this adaptivity does not apply to the maximum $\ell_1$-margin classifier for a standard discriminative setting. In particular, for the noiseless setting, we prove tight upper and lower bounds for the prediction error that match existing rates of order $\frac{\|\wgt\|_1^{2/3}}{n^{1/3}}$ for general ground truths. To complete the picture, we show that when interpolating noisy observations, the error vanishes at a rate of order $\frac{1}{\sqrt{\log(d/n)}}$. We are therefore first to show benign overfitting for the maximum $\ell_1$-margin classifier.