量化图像超分辨率的深卷积神经网络大大降低了它们的计算成本。然而，现有的作品既不患有4个或低位宽度的超低精度的严重性能下降，或者需要沉重的微调过程以恢复性能。据我们所知，这种对低精度的漏洞依赖于特征映射值的两个统计观察。首先，特征贴图值的分布每个通道和每个输入图像都变化显着变化。其次，特征映射具有可以主导量化错误的异常值。基于这些观察，我们提出了一种新颖的分布感知量化方案（DAQ），其促进了超低精度的准确训练量化。 DAQ的简单功能确定了具有低计算负担的特征图和权重的动态范围。此外，我们的方法通过计算每个通道的相对灵敏度来实现混合精度量化，而无需涉及任何培训过程。尽管如此，量化感知培训也适用于辅助性能增益。我们的新方法优于最近的培训甚至基于培训的量化方法，以超低精度为最先进的图像超分辨率网络。

尽管具有卷积神经网络（CNN）的图像超分辨率（SR）的突破性进步，但由于SR网络的计算复杂性很高，SR尚未享受无处不在的应用。量化是解决此问题的有前途方法之一。但是，现有的方法无法量化低于8位的位宽度的SR模型，由于固定的位宽度量化量的严重精度损失。在这项工作中，为了实现高平均比重减少，准确性损失较低，我们建议针对SR网络的新颖的内容感知动态量化（CADYQ）方法，该方法将最佳位置分配给本地区域和层，并根据输入的本地内容适应。图片。为此，引入了一个可训练的位选择器模块，以确定每一层和给定的本地图像补丁的适当位宽度和量化水平。该模块受量化灵敏度的控制，该量化通过使用贴片的图像梯度的平均幅度和层的输入特征的标准偏差来估计。拟议的量化管道已在各种SR网络上进行了测试，并对几个标准基准进行了广泛评估。计算复杂性和升高恢复精度的显着降低清楚地表明了SR提出的CADYQ框架的有效性。代码可从https://github.com/cheeun/cadyq获得。

轻巧的超级分辨率（SR）模型因其在移动设备中的可用性而受到了极大的关注。许多努力采用网络量化来压缩SR模型。但是，当将SR模型定量为具有低成本层量化的超低精度（例如2位和3位）时，这些方法会遭受严重的性能降解。在本文中，我们确定性能下降来自于层的对称量化器与SR模型中高度不对称的激活分布之间的矛盾。这种差异导致量化水平上的浪费或重建图像中的细节损失。因此，我们提出了一种新型的激活量化器，称为动态双训练边界（DDTB），以适应激活的不对称性。具体而言，DDTB在：1）具有可训练上限和下限的层量化器中，以应对高度不对称的激活。 2）一个动态栅极控制器，可在运行时自适应地调整上和下限，以克服不同样品上的急剧变化的激活范围。为了减少额外的开销，将动态栅极控制器定量到2位，并仅应用于部分的一部分SR网络根据引入的动态强度。广泛的实验表明，我们的DDTB在超低精度方面表现出显着的性能提高。例如，当将EDSR量化为2位并将输出图像扩展为X4时，我们的DDTB在Urban100基准测试基准上实现了0.70dB PSNR的增加。代码位于\ url {https://github.com/zysxmu/ddtb}。

In recent years, image and video delivery systems have begun integrating deep learning super-resolution (SR) approaches, leveraging their unprecedented visual enhancement capabilities while reducing reliance on networking conditions. Nevertheless, deploying these solutions on mobile devices still remains an active challenge as SR models are excessively demanding with respect to workload and memory footprint. Despite recent progress on on-device SR frameworks, existing systems either penalize visual quality, lead to excessive energy consumption or make inefficient use of the available resources. This work presents NAWQ-SR, a novel framework for the efficient on-device execution of SR models. Through a novel hybrid-precision quantization technique and a runtime neural image codec, NAWQ-SR exploits the multi-precision capabilities of modern mobile NPUs in order to minimize latency, while meeting user-specified quality constraints. Moreover, NAWQ-SR selectively adapts the arithmetic precision at run time to equip the SR DNN's layers with wider representational power, improving visual quality beyond what was previously possible on NPUs. Altogether, NAWQ-SR achieves an average speedup of 7.9x, 3x and 1.91x over the state-of-the-art on-device SR systems that use heterogeneous processors (MobiSR), CPU (SplitSR) and NPU (XLSR), respectively. Furthermore, NAWQ-SR delivers an average of 3.2x speedup and 0.39 dB higher PSNR over status-quo INT8 NPU designs, but most importantly mitigates the negative effects of quantization on visual quality, setting a new state-of-the-art in the attainable quality of NPU-based SR.

While machine learning is traditionally a resource intensive task, embedded systems, autonomous navigation, and the vision of the Internet of Things fuel the interest in resource-efficient approaches. These approaches aim for a carefully chosen trade-off between performance and resource consumption in terms of computation and energy. The development of such approaches is among the major challenges in current machine learning research and key to ensure a smooth transition of machine learning technology from a scientific environment with virtually unlimited computing resources into everyday's applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of machine learning techniques facilitating these real-world requirements. In particular, we focus on deep neural networks (DNNs), the predominant machine learning models of the past decade. We give a comprehensive overview of the vast literature that can be mainly split into three non-mutually exclusive categories: (i) quantized neural networks, (ii) network pruning, and (iii) structural efficiency. These techniques can be applied during training or as post-processing, and they are widely used to reduce the computational demands in terms of memory footprint, inference speed, and energy efficiency. We also briefly discuss different concepts of embedded hardware for DNNs and their compatibility with machine learning techniques as well as potential for energy and latency reduction. We substantiate our discussion with experiments on well-known benchmark datasets using compression techniques (quantization, pruning) for a set of resource-constrained embedded systems, such as CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. The obtained results highlight the difficulty of finding good trade-offs between resource efficiency and predictive performance.

最近，低精确的深度学习加速器（DLA）由于其在芯片区域和能源消耗方面的优势而变得流行，但是这些DLA上的低精确量化模型导致严重的准确性降解。达到高精度和高效推断的一种方法是在低精度DLA上部署高精度神经网络，这很少被研究。在本文中，我们提出了平行的低精确量化（PALQUANT）方法，该方法通过从头开始学习并行低精度表示来近似高精度计算。此外，我们提出了一个新型的循环洗牌模块，以增强平行低精度组之间的跨组信息通信。广泛的实验表明，PALQUANT的精度和推理速度既优于最先进的量化方法，例如，对于RESNET-18网络量化，PALQUANT可以获得0.52 \％的准确性和1.78 $ \ times $ speedup同时获得在最先进的2位加速器上的4位反片机上。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/huqinghao/palquant}中获得。

已经证明量化是提高深神经网络推理效率的重要方法（DNN）。然而，在将DNN权重或从高精度格式从高精度格式量化到它们量化的对应物的同时，在准确性和效率之间取得良好的平衡仍然具有挑战性。我们提出了一种称为弹性显着位量化（ESB）的新方法，可控制量化值的有效位数，以获得具有更少资源的更好的推理准确性。我们设计一个统一的数学公式，以限制ESB的量化值，具有灵活的有效位。我们还引入了分布差对准器（DDA），以定量对齐全精密重量或激活值和量化值之间的分布。因此，ESB适用于各种重量和DNN的激活的各种钟形分布，从而保持高推理精度。从较少的量化值中受益于较少的量化值，ESB可以降低乘法复杂性。我们将ESB实施为加速器，并定量评估其对FPGA的效率。广泛的实验结果表明，ESB量化始终如一地优于最先进的方法，并分别通过AlexNet，Resnet18和MobileNetv2的平均精度提高4.78％，1.92％和3.56％。此外，ESB作为加速器可以在Xilinx ZCU102 FPGA平台上实现1K LUT的10.95 GOPS峰值性能。与FPGA上的CPU，GPU和最先进的加速器相比，ESB加速器可以分别将能效分别提高到65倍，11x和26倍。

深神经网络（DNN）的庞大计算和记忆成本通常排除了它们在资源约束设备中的使用。将参数和操作量化为较低的位精确，为神经网络推断提供了可观的记忆和能量节省，从而促进了在边缘计算平台上使用DNN。量化DNN的最新努力采用了一系列技术，包括渐进式量化，步进尺寸的适应性和梯度缩放。本文提出了一种针对边缘计算的混合精度卷积神经网络（CNN）的新量化方法。我们的方法在模型准确性和内存足迹上建立了一个新的Pareto前沿，展示了一系列量化模型，可提供低于4.3 MB的权重（WGTS。）和激活（ACTS。）。我们的主要贡献是：（i）用张量学的学习精度，（ii）WGTS的靶向梯度修饰，（i）硬件感知的异质可区分量化。和行为。为了减轻量化错误，以及（iii）多相学习时间表，以解决从更新到学习的量化器和模型参数引起的学习不稳定性。我们证明了我们的技术在Imagenet数据集上的有效性，包括高效网络lite0（例如，WGTS。的4.14MB和ACTS。以67.66％的精度）和MobilenEtV2（例如3.51MB WGTS。 ％ 准确性）。

模型量化已成为加速深度学习推理的不可或缺的技术。虽然研究人员继续推动量化算法的前沿，但是现有量化工作通常是不可否认的和不可推销的。这是因为研究人员不选择一致的训练管道并忽略硬件部署的要求。在这项工作中，我们提出了模型量化基准（MQBench），首次尝试评估，分析和基准模型量化算法的再现性和部署性。我们为实际部署选择多个不同的平台，包括CPU，GPU，ASIC，DSP，并在统一培训管道下评估广泛的最新量化算法。 MQBENCK就像一个连接算法和硬件的桥梁。我们进行全面的分析，并找到相当大的直观或反向直观的见解。通过对齐训练设置，我们发现现有的算法在传统的学术轨道上具有大致相同的性能。虽然用于硬件可部署量化，但有一个巨大的精度差距，仍然不稳定。令人惊讶的是，没有现有的算法在MQBench中赢得每一项挑战，我们希望这项工作能够激发未来的研究方向。

Although considerable progress has been obtained in neural network quantization for efficient inference, existing methods are not scalable to heterogeneous devices as one dedicated model needs to be trained, transmitted, and stored for one specific hardware setting, incurring considerable costs in model training and maintenance. In this paper, we study a new vertical-layered representation of neural network weights for encapsulating all quantized models into a single one. With this representation, we can theoretically achieve any precision network for on-demand service while only needing to train and maintain one model. To this end, we propose a simple once quantization-aware training (QAT) scheme for obtaining high-performance vertical-layered models. Our design incorporates a cascade downsampling mechanism which allows us to obtain multiple quantized networks from one full precision source model by progressively mapping the higher precision weights to their adjacent lower precision counterparts. Then, with networks of different bit-widths from one source model, multi-objective optimization is employed to train the shared source model weights such that they can be updated simultaneously, considering the performance of all networks. By doing this, the shared weights will be optimized to balance the performance of different quantized models, thus making the weights transferable among different bit widths. Experiments show that the proposed vertical-layered representation and developed once QAT scheme are effective in embodying multiple quantized networks into a single one and allow one-time training, and it delivers comparable performance as that of quantized models tailored to any specific bit-width. Code will be available.

Adder Neural Network (AdderNet) provides a new way for developing energy-efficient neural networks by replacing the expensive multiplications in convolution with cheaper additions (i.e.l1-norm). To achieve higher hardware efficiency, it is necessary to further study the low-bit quantization of AdderNet. Due to the limitation that the commutative law in multiplication does not hold in l1-norm, the well-established quantization methods on convolutional networks cannot be applied on AdderNets. Thus, the existing AdderNet quantization techniques propose to use only one shared scale to quantize both the weights and activations simultaneously. Admittedly, such an approach can keep the commutative law in the l1-norm quantization process, while the accuracy drop after low-bit quantization cannot be ignored. To this end, we first thoroughly analyze the difference on distributions of weights and activations in AdderNet and then propose a new quantization algorithm by redistributing the weights and the activations. Specifically, the pre-trained full-precision weights in different kernels are clustered into different groups, then the intra-group sharing and inter-group independent scales can be adopted. To further compensate the accuracy drop caused by the distribution difference, we then develop a lossless range clamp scheme for weights and a simple yet effective outliers clamp strategy for activations. Thus, the functionality of full-precision weights and the representation ability of full-precision activations can be fully preserved. The effectiveness of the proposed quantization method for AdderNet is well verified on several benchmarks, e.g., our 4-bit post-training quantized adder ResNet-18 achieves an 66.5% top-1 accuracy on the ImageNet with comparable energy efficiency, which is about 8.5% higher than that of the previous AdderNet quantization methods.

不断需要在低容量设备上使用的图像超分辨率（SR）的高性能和计算有效的神经网络模型。获取此类模型的一种方法是压缩现有体系结构，例如量化。另一个选择是发现新的有效解决方案的神经体系结构搜索（NAS）。我们为专门设计的SR搜索空间提出了一种新颖的量化NAS程序。我们的方法执行NAS以找到量化友好的SR模型。搜索依赖于将量化噪声添加到参数和激活中，而不是直接量化参数。我们的Quontnas比固定体系结构的均匀或混合精度量化找到了具有更好的PSNR/BITOP权衡的体系结构。此外，我们对噪声过程的搜索比直接量化权重的速度快30％。

训练后量化（PTQ）由于其在部署量化的神经网络方面的便利性而引起了越来越多的关注。 Founding是量化误差的主要来源，仅针对模型权重进行了优化，而激活仍然使用圆形至最终操作。在这项工作中，我们首次证明了精心选择的激活圆形方案可以提高最终准确性。为了应对激活舍入方案动态性的挑战，我们通过简单的功能适应圆形边框，以在推理阶段生成圆形方案。边界函数涵盖了重量误差，激活错误和传播误差的影响，以消除元素误差的偏差，从而进一步受益于模型的准确性。我们还使边境意识到全局错误，以更好地拟合不同的到达激活。最后，我们建议使用Aquant框架来学习边界功能。广泛的实验表明，与最先进的作品相比，Aquant可以通过可忽略不计的开销来取得明显的改进，并将Resnet-18的精度提高到2位重量和激活后训练后量化下的精度最高60.3 \％。

网络量化显着降低了模型推理复杂性，并且已广泛用于现实世界部署。然而，大多数现有量化方法已经开发并主要测试并测试卷积神经网络（CNN），并且当应用于基于变压器的架构时遭受严重的降级。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种系统方法，以降低量化变压器的性能下降和推理复杂性。特别是，我们提出了两种规模（PTS）的权力以以硬件友好的方式处理LAbernorm输入的严重频道间变化。此外，我们提出了可以维持注意力映射的极端不均匀分布的log-int-softmax（LIS），同时通过使用4位量化和比特速度操作员简化推断。关于各种变压器的架构和基准测试的综合实验表明，我们的方法在使用Leference Maps中使用甚至更低的位宽度时，我们的方法始终以前的性能。例如，我们在Imagenet上达到85.17％的高精度，51.4地图与Coco上的级联面罩R-CNN（Swin-S）。据我们所知，我们是第一个在完全量化的视觉变压器上实现可比准确性降级（〜1％）的最初。代码可在https://github.com/linyang-zhh/fq-vit使用。

Although weight and activation quantization is an effective approach for Deep Neural Network (DNN) compression and has a lot of potentials to increase inference speed leveraging bit-operations, there is still a noticeable gap in terms of prediction accuracy between the quantized model and the full-precision model. To address this gap, we propose to jointly train a quantized, bit-operation-compatible DNN and its associated quantizers, as opposed to using fixed, handcrafted quantization schemes such as uniform or logarithmic quantization. Our method for learning the quantizers applies to both network weights and activations with arbitrary-bit precision, and our quantizers are easy to train. The comprehensive experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets show that our method works consistently well for various network structures such as AlexNet, VGG-Net, GoogLeNet, ResNet, and DenseNet, surpassing previous quantization methods in terms of accuracy by an appreciable margin. Code available at https://github.com/Microsoft/LQ-Nets

Zero-shot quantization is a promising approach for developing lightweight deep neural networks when data is inaccessible owing to various reasons, including cost and issues related to privacy. By utilizing the learned parameters (statistics) of FP32-pre-trained models, zero-shot quantization schemes focus on generating synthetic data by minimizing the distance between the learned parameters ($\mu$ and $\sigma$) and distributions of intermediate activations. Subsequently, they distill knowledge from the pre-trained model (\textit{teacher}) to the quantized model (\textit{student}) such that the quantized model can be optimized with the synthetic dataset. In general, zero-shot quantization comprises two major elements: synthesizing datasets and quantizing models. However, thus far, zero-shot quantization has primarily been discussed in the context of quantization-aware training methods, which require task-specific losses and long-term optimization as much as retraining. We thus introduce a post-training quantization scheme for zero-shot quantization that produces high-quality quantized networks within a few hours on even half an hour. Furthermore, we propose a framework called \genie~that generates data suited for post-training quantization. With the data synthesized by \genie, we can produce high-quality quantized models without real datasets, which is comparable to few-shot quantization. We also propose a post-training quantization algorithm to enhance the performance of quantized models. By combining them, we can bridge the gap between zero-shot and few-shot quantization while significantly improving the quantization performance compared to that of existing approaches. In other words, we can obtain a unique state-of-the-art zero-shot quantization approach.

量化被疯狂地作为模型压缩技术，该技术通过将神经网络中的浮点重量和激活转换为低位整数来获得有效的模型。量化已被证明可以很好地在卷积神经网络和基于变压器的模型上运行。尽管这些模型具有符合性的典型性，但最近的工作表明，基于MLP的模型能够在从计算机视觉，NLP到3D点云等各种任务上取得可比的结果，同时由于并行性和网络简单性，可以实现更高的吞吐量。但是，正如我们在论文中所显示的那样，将量化直接应用于基于MLP的模型将导致明显的准确性降解。基于我们的分析，两个主要问题说明了准确性差距：1）基于MLP的模型中的激活范围可能太大而无法量化，而2）基于MLP的模型中的特定组件对量化很敏感。因此，我们建议1）应用分层以控制激活的量化范围，2）使用有界的激活功能，3）在激活上应用百分位量化，4）使用我们的改进的模块，称为多个令牌混合MLP，5）应用线性态度敏感操作的不对称量化器。我们的Q-MLP模型配备了上述技术，可以使用8位均匀量化（型号30 MB）和78.47％的Imagenet获得79.68％的精度，而4位量化（15 MB）。

当今的大多数计算机视觉管道都是围绕深神经网络构建的，卷积操作需要大部分一般的计算工作。与标准算法相比，Winograd卷积算法以更少的MAC计算卷积，当使用具有2x2尺寸瓷砖$ F_2 $的版本时，3x3卷积的操作计数为2.25倍。即使收益很大，Winograd算法具有较大的瓷砖尺寸，即$ f_4 $，在提高吞吐量和能源效率方面具有更大的潜力，因为它将所需的MAC降低了4倍。不幸的是，具有较大瓷砖尺寸的Winograd算法引入了数值问题，这些问题阻止了其在整数域特异性加速器上的使用和更高的计算开销，以在空间和Winograd域之间转换输入和输出数据。为了解锁Winograd $ F_4 $的全部潜力，我们提出了一种新颖的Tap-Wise量化方法，该方法克服了使用较大瓷砖的数值问题，从而实现了仅整数的推断。此外，我们介绍了以功率和区域效率的方式处理Winograd转换的自定义硬件单元，并展示了如何将此类自定义模块集成到工业级，可编程的DSA中。对大量最先进的计算机视觉基准进行了广泛的实验评估表明，Tap-Wise量化算法使量化的Winograd $ F_4 $网络几乎与FP32基线一样准确。 Winograd增强的DSA可实现高达1.85倍的能源效率，最高可用于最先进的细分和检测网络的端到端速度高达1.83倍。

Post-training quantization (PTQ), which only requires a tiny dataset for calibration without end-to-end retraining, is a light and practical model compression technique. Recently, several PTQ schemes for vision transformers (ViTs) have been presented; unfortunately, they typically suffer from non-trivial accuracy degradation, especially in low-bit cases. In this paper, we propose RepQ-ViT, a novel PTQ framework for ViTs based on quantization scale reparameterization, to address the above issues. RepQ-ViT decouples the quantization and inference processes, where the former employs complex quantizers and the latter employs scale-reparameterized simplified quantizers. This ensures both accurate quantization and efficient inference, which distinguishes it from existing approaches that sacrifice quantization performance to meet the target hardware. More specifically, we focus on two components with extreme distributions: post-LayerNorm activations with severe inter-channel variation and post-Softmax activations with power-law features, and initially apply channel-wise quantization and log$\sqrt{2}$ quantization, respectively. Then, we reparameterize the scales to hardware-friendly layer-wise quantization and log2 quantization for inference, with only slight accuracy or computational costs. Extensive experiments are conducted on multiple vision tasks with different model variants, proving that RepQ-ViT, without hyperparameters and expensive reconstruction procedures, can outperform existing strong baselines and encouragingly improve the accuracy of 4-bit PTQ of ViTs to a usable level.

无数据量化是一项将神经网络压缩到低位的任务，而无需访问原始培训数据。大多数现有的无数据量化方法导致由于不准确的激活剪辑范围和量化误差而导致严重的性能降解，尤其是对于低位宽度。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单而有效的无数据量化方法，具有准确的激活剪辑和自适应批准化。精确的激活剪辑（AAC）通过利用完全精确模型的准确激活信息来提高模型的准确性。自适应批准归一化首先建议通过自适应更新批处理层次来解决分布更改中的量化误差。广泛的实验表明，所提出的无数据量化方法可以产生令人惊讶的性能，在Imagenet数据集上达到RESNET18的64.33％的TOP-1准确性，绝对改进的3.7％优于现有的最新方法。