非侵入性负载监控(NILM)试图通过从单个骨料测量中估算单个设备功率使用来节省能源。深度神经网络在尝试解决尼尔姆问题方面变得越来越流行。但是,大多数使用的模型用于负载识别,而不是在线源分离。在源分离模型中,大多数使用单任务学习方法,其中神经网络专门为每个设备培训。该策略在计算上是昂贵的,并且忽略了多个电器可以同时活跃的事实和它们之间的依赖性。其余模型不是因果关系,这对于实时应用很重要。受语音分离模型Convtas-Net的启发,我们提出了Conv-Nilm-Net,这是端到端尼尔姆的完全卷积框架。 Conv-NILM-NET是多元设备源分离的因果模型。我们的模型在两个真实数据集和英国销售的两个真实数据集上进行了测试,并且显然超过了最新技术的状态,同时保持尺寸明显小于竞争模型。
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非侵入性负载监控(NILM)是将总功率消耗分为单个子组件的任务。多年来,已经合并了信号处理和机器学习算法以实现这一目标。关于最先进的方法,进行了许多出版物和广泛的研究工作,以涉及最先进的方法。科学界最初使用机器学习工具的尼尔姆问题制定和描述的最初兴趣已经转变为更实用的尼尔姆。如今,我们正处于成熟的尼尔姆时期,在现实生活中的应用程序方案中尝试使用尼尔姆。因此,算法的复杂性,可转移性,可靠性,实用性和普遍的信任度是主要的关注问题。这篇评论缩小了早期未成熟的尼尔姆时代与成熟的差距。特别是,本文仅对住宅电器的尼尔姆方法提供了全面的文献综述。本文分析,总结并介绍了大量最近发表的学术文章的结果。此外,本文讨论了这些方法的亮点,并介绍了研究人员应考虑的研究困境,以应用尼尔姆方法。最后,我们表明需要将传统分类模型转移到一个实用且值得信赖的框架中。
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Single-channel, speaker-independent speech separation methods have recently seen great progress. However, the accuracy, latency, and computational cost of such methods remain insufficient. The majority of the previous methods have formulated the separation problem through the time-frequency representation of the mixed signal, which has several drawbacks, including the decoupling of the phase and magnitude of the signal, the suboptimality of time-frequency representation for speech separation, and the long latency in calculating the spectrograms. To address these shortcomings, we propose a fully-convolutional time-domain audio separation network (Conv-TasNet), a deep learning framework for end-to-end time-domain speech separation. Conv-TasNet uses a linear encoder to generate a representation of the speech waveform optimized for separating individual speakers. Speaker separation is achieved by applying a set of weighting functions (masks) to the encoder output. The modified encoder representations are then inverted back to the waveforms using a linear decoder. The masks are found using a temporal convolutional network (TCN) consisting of stacked 1-D dilated convolutional blocks, which allows the network to model the long-term dependencies of the speech signal while maintaining a small model size. The proposed Conv-TasNet system significantly outperforms previous time-frequency masking methods in separating two-and three-speaker mixtures. Additionally, Conv-TasNet surpasses several ideal time-frequency magnitude masks in two-speaker speech separation as evaluated by both objective distortion measures and subjective quality assessment by human listeners. Finally, Conv-TasNet has a significantly smaller model size and a shorter minimum latency, making it a suitable solution for both offline and real-time speech separation applications. This study therefore represents a major step toward the realization of speech separation systems for real-world speech processing technologies.
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单个设备负载和能量消耗反馈是追求用户节省住宅能源的重要方法之一。这可以帮助在未使用时通过设备识别错误的设备并通过设备浪费能量。主要挑战是身份和估计每个设备上没有侵入式传感器的单个设备的能耗。非侵入性负荷监测(尼芯)或能量分解,是一种盲源分离问题,需要一个系统来估计来自聚合的家庭能量消耗的单个设备的电力使用。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于深度神经网络的基于深度神经网络的方法,用于在居住户口获得的低频电力数据上进行负载分解。我们将一系列一维卷积神经网络和长短期存储器(1D CNN-LSTM)组合以提取可以识别主动设备的特征,并给出聚合的家庭功率值的功耗。我们使用CNN在给定的时间帧中从主读取中提取特征,然后使用这些功能来分类给定设备在该时间段内是否有效。在此之后,提取的功能用于使用LSTM来模拟生成问题。我们训练LSTM以产生特定设备的分列的能耗。我们的神经网络能够产生需求方的详细反馈,为最终用户提供了重要的洞察力。该算法设计用于低功耗离线设备,如ESP32。实证计算表明,我们的模型优于参考能量分类数据集(REDD)的最先进。
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Deep neural networks (DNN) techniques have become pervasive in domains such as natural language processing and computer vision. They have achieved great success in these domains in task such as machine translation and image generation. Due to their success, these data driven techniques have been applied in audio domain. More specifically, DNN models have been applied in speech enhancement domain to achieve denosing, dereverberation and multi-speaker separation in monaural speech enhancement. In this paper, we review some dominant DNN techniques being employed to achieve speech separation. The review looks at the whole pipeline of speech enhancement from feature extraction, how DNN based tools are modelling both global and local features of speech and model training (supervised and unsupervised). We also review the use of speech-enhancement pre-trained models to boost speech enhancement process. The review is geared towards covering the dominant trends with regards to DNN application in speech enhancement in speech obtained via a single speaker.
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A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.
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电力是一种波动的电源,需要短期和长期的精力计划和资源管理。更具体地说,在短期,准确的即时能源消耗中,预测极大地提高了建筑物的效率,为采用可再生能源提供了新的途径。在这方面,数据驱动的方法,即基于机器学习的方法,开始优先于更传统的方法,因为它们不仅提供了更简化的部署方式,而且还提供了最新的结果。从这个意义上讲,这项工作应用和比较了几种深度学习算法,LSTM,CNN,CNN-LSTM和TCN的性能,在制造业内的一个真实测试中。实验结果表明,TCN是预测短期即时能源消耗的最可靠方法。
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能量分解估计的单仪表逐一逐个电能量,以衡量整个房屋的电力需求。与侵入性负载监测相比,尼尔姆(非侵入性负载监控)是低成本,易于部署和灵活的。在本文中,我们提出了一种新方法,即创建的IMG-NILM,该方法利用卷积神经网络(CNN)来分解表示为图像的电力数据。事实证明,CNN具有图像有效,因此,将数据作为时间序列而不是传统的电力表示,而是将其转换为热图,而较高的电读数则被描绘成“更热”的颜色。然后在CNN中使用图像表示来检测来自聚合数据的设备的签名。 IMG-NILM是灵活的,在分解各种类型的设备方面表现出一致的性能;包括单个和多个状态。它在单个房屋内的英国戴尔数据集中达到了高达93%的测试准确性,那里有大量设备。在从不同房屋中收集电力数据的更具挑战性的环境中,IMG-NILM的平均准确度也非常好,为85%。
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基于预测方法的深度学习已成为时间序列预测或预测的许多应用中的首选方法,通常通常优于其他方法。因此,在过去的几年中,这些方法现在在大规模的工业预测应用中无处不在,并且一直在预测竞赛(例如M4和M5)中排名最佳。这种实践上的成功进一步提高了学术兴趣,以理解和改善深厚的预测方法。在本文中,我们提供了该领域的介绍和概述:我们为深入预测的重要构建块提出了一定深度的深入预测;随后,我们使用这些构建块,调查了最近的深度预测文献的广度。
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目的:本文侧重于开发鲁棒和准确的加工解决方案,用于连续和较低的血压(BP)监测。在这方面,提出了一种基于深入的基于深度学习的框架,用于计算收缩和舒张BP上的低延迟,连续和无校准的上限和下界。方法:称为BP-Net,所提出的框架是一种新型卷积架构,可提供更长的有效内存,同时实现偶然拨号卷积和残留连接的卓越性能。利用深度学习的实际潜力在提取内在特征(深度特征)并增强长期稳健性,BP-Net使用原始的心电图(ECG)和光电觉体图(PPG)信号而无需提取任何形式的手工制作功能在现有解决方案中很常见。结果:通过利用最近文献中使用的数据集未统一和正确定义的事实,基准数据集由来自PhysoioNet获得的模拟I和MIMIC-III数据库构建。所提出的BP-Net是基于该基准数据集进行评估,展示了有希望的性能并显示出优异的普遍能力。结论:提出的BP-NET架构比规范复发网络更准确,增强了BP估计任务的长期鲁棒性。意义:建议的BP-NET架构解决了现有的BP估计解决方案的关键缺点,即,严重依赖于提取手工制作的特征,例如脉冲到达时间(PAT),以及;缺乏稳健性。最后,构造的BP-Net DataSet提供了一个统一的基础,用于评估和比较基于深度学习的BP估计算法。
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The marine ecosystem is changing at an alarming rate, exhibiting biodiversity loss and the migration of tropical species to temperate basins. Monitoring the underwater environments and their inhabitants is of fundamental importance to understand the evolution of these systems and implement safeguard policies. However, assessing and tracking biodiversity is often a complex task, especially in large and uncontrolled environments, such as the oceans. One of the most popular and effective methods for monitoring marine biodiversity is passive acoustics monitoring (PAM), which employs hydrophones to capture underwater sound. Many aquatic animals produce sounds characteristic of their own species; these signals travel efficiently underwater and can be detected even at great distances. Furthermore, modern technologies are becoming more and more convenient and precise, allowing for very accurate and careful data acquisition. To date, audio captured with PAM devices is frequently manually processed by marine biologists and interpreted with traditional signal processing techniques for the detection of animal vocalizations. This is a challenging task, as PAM recordings are often over long periods of time. Moreover, one of the causes of biodiversity loss is sound pollution; in data obtained from regions with loud anthropic noise, it is hard to separate the artificial from the fish sound manually. Nowadays, machine learning and, in particular, deep learning represents the state of the art for processing audio signals. Specifically, sound separation networks are able to identify and separate human voices and musical instruments. In this work, we show that the same techniques can be successfully used to automatically extract fish vocalizations in PAM recordings, opening up the possibility for biodiversity monitoring at a large scale.
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预测住宅功率使用对于辅助智能电网来管理和保护能量以确保有效使用的必不可少。客户级别的准确能量预测将直接反映电网系统的效率,但由于许多影响因素,例如气象和占用模式,预测建筑能源使用是复杂的任务。在成瘾中,鉴于多传感器环境的出现以及能量消费者和智能电网之间的两种方式通信,在能量互联网(IOE)中,高维时间序列越来越多地出现。因此,能够计算高维时间序列的方法在智能建筑和IOE应用中具有很大的价值。模糊时间序列(FTS)模型作为数据驱动的非参数模型的易于实现和高精度。不幸的是,如果所有功能用于训练模型,现有的FTS模型可能是不可行的。我们通过将原始高维数据投入低维嵌入空间并在该低维表示中使用多变量FTS方法来提出一种用于处理高维时间序列的新方法。组合这些技术使得能够更好地表示多变量时间序列的复杂内容和更准确的预测。
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Time series anomaly detection has applications in a wide range of research fields and applications, including manufacturing and healthcare. The presence of anomalies can indicate novel or unexpected events, such as production faults, system defects, or heart fluttering, and is therefore of particular interest. The large size and complex patterns of time series have led researchers to develop specialised deep learning models for detecting anomalous patterns. This survey focuses on providing structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art time series anomaly detection models through the use of deep learning. It providing a taxonomy based on the factors that divide anomaly detection models into different categories. Aside from describing the basic anomaly detection technique for each category, the advantages and limitations are also discussed. Furthermore, this study includes examples of deep anomaly detection in time series across various application domains in recent years. It finally summarises open issues in research and challenges faced while adopting deep anomaly detection models.
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可持续性需要提高能源效率,而最小的废物则需要提高能源效率。因此,未来的电力系统应提供高水平的灵活性IIN控制能源消耗。对于能源行业的决策者和专业人员而言,对未来能源需求/负载的精确预测非常重要。预测能源负载对能源提供者和客户变得更有优势,使他们能够建立有效的生产策略以满足需求。这项研究介绍了两个混合级联模型,以预测不同分辨率中的多步户家庭功耗。第一个模型将固定小波变换(SWT)集成为有效的信号预处理技术,卷积神经网络和长期短期记忆(LSTM)。第二种混合模型将SWT与名为Transformer的基于自我注意的神经网络结构相结合。使用时频分析方法(例如多步预测问题中的SWT)的主要限制是,它们需要顺序信号,在多步骤预测应用程序中有问题的信号重建问题。级联模型可以通过使用回收输出有效地解决此问题。实验结果表明,与现有的多步电消耗预测方法相比,提出的混合模型实现了出色的预测性能。结果将为更准确和可靠的家庭用电量预测铺平道路。
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随着高级数字技术的蓬勃发展,用户以及能源分销商有可能获得有关家庭用电的详细信息。这些技术也可以用来预测家庭用电量(又称负载)。在本文中,我们研究了变分模式分解和深度学习技术的使用,以提高负载预测问题的准确性。尽管在文献中已经研究了这个问题,但选择适当的分解水平和提供更好预测性能的深度学习技术的关注较少。这项研究通过研究六个分解水平和五个不同的深度学习网络的影响来弥合这一差距。首先,使用变分模式分解将原始负载轮廓分解为固有模式函数,以减轻其非平稳方面。然后,白天,小时和过去的电力消耗数据作为三维输入序列馈送到四级小波分解网络模型。最后,将与不同固有模式函数相关的预测序列组合在一起以形成聚合预测序列。使用摩洛哥建筑物的电力消耗数据集(MORED)的五个摩洛哥家庭的负载曲线评估了该方法,并根据最新的时间序列模型和基线持久性模型进行了基准测试。
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鉴于无线频谱的有限性和对无线通信最近的技术突破产生的频谱使用不断增加的需求,干扰问题仍在继续持续存在。尽管最近解决干涉问题的进步,但干扰仍然呈现出有效使用频谱的挑战。这部分是由于Wi-Fi的无许可和管理共享乐队使用的升高,长期演进(LTE)未许可(LTE-U),LTE许可辅助访问(LAA),5G NR等机会主义频谱访问解决方案。因此,需要对干扰稳健的有效频谱使用方案的需求从未如此重要。在过去,通过使用避免技术以及非AI缓解方法(例如,自适应滤波器)来解决问题的大多数解决方案。非AI技术的关键缺陷是需要提取或开发信号特征的域专业知识,例如CycrationArity,带宽和干扰信号的调制。最近,研究人员已成功探索了AI / ML的物理(PHY)层技术,尤其是深度学习,可减少或补偿干扰信号,而不是简单地避免它。 ML基于ML的方法的潜在思想是学习来自数据的干扰或干扰特性,从而使需要对抑制干扰的域专业知识进行侧联。在本文中,我们审查了广泛的技术,这些技术已经深入了解抑制干扰。我们为干扰抑制中许多不同类型的深度学习技术提供比较和指导。此外,我们突出了在干扰抑制中成功采用深度学习的挑战和潜在的未来研究方向。
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评估能源转型和能源市场自由化对资源充足性的影响是一种越来越重要和苛刻的任务。能量系统的上升复杂性需要足够的能量系统建模方法,从而提高计算要求。此外,随着复杂性,同样调用概率评估和场景分析同样增加不确定性。为了充分和高效地解决这些各种要求,需要来自数据科学领域的新方法来加速当前方法。通过我们的系统文献综述,我们希望缩小三个学科之间的差距(1)电力供应安全性评估,(2)人工智能和(3)实验设计。为此,我们对所选应用领域进行大规模的定量审查,并制作彼此不同学科的合成。在其他发现之外,我们使用基于AI的方法和应用程序的AI方法和应用来确定电力供应模型的复杂安全性的元素,并作为未充分涵盖的应用领域的储存调度和(非)可用性。我们结束了推出了一种新的方法管道,以便在评估电力供应安全评估时充分有效地解决当前和即将到来的挑战。
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.
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负载预测在电力系统的分析和网格计划中至关重要。因此,我们首先提出一种基于联邦深度学习和非侵入性负载监测(NILM)的家庭负载预测方法。就我们所知,这是基于尼尔姆的家庭负载预测中有关联合学习(FL)的首次研究。在这种方法中,通过非侵入性负载监控将集成功率分解为单个设备功率,并且使用联合深度学习模型分别预测单个设备的功率。最后,将单个设备的预测功率值聚合以形成总功率预测。具体而言,通过单独预测电气设备以获得预测的功率,它可以避免由于单个设备的功率信号的强烈依赖性而造成的误差。在联邦深度学习预测模型中,具有权力数据的家主共享本地模型的参数,而不是本地电源数据,从而保证了家庭用户数据的隐私。案例结果表明,所提出的方法比直接预测整个汇总信号的传统方法提供了更好的预测效果。此外,设计和实施了各种联合学习环境中的实验,以验证该方法的有效性。
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电力行业正在大力实施智能网格技术,以提高可靠性,可用性,安全性和效率。该实施需要技术进步,标准和法规的发展以及测试和计划。智能电网载荷预测和管理对于降低需求波动和改善连接发电机,分销商和零售商的市场机制至关重要。在政策实施或外部干预措施中,有必要分析其对电力需求的影响的不确定性,以使系统对需求的波动更加准确。本文分析了外部干预的不确定性对电力需求的影响。它实现了一种结合概率和全局预测模型的框架,使用深度学习方法来估计干预措施的因果影响分布。通过预测受影响实例的反事实分布结果,然后将其与实际结果进行对比来评估因果效应。我们将COVID-19锁定对能源使用的影响视为评估这种干预对电力需求分布的不均匀影响的案例研究。我们可以证明,在澳大利亚和某些欧洲国家的最初封锁期间,槽通常比峰值更大的下降,而平均值几乎不受影响。
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