在目前的论文中,我们提供了对培训已知类神经网络的收敛速度的建设性估算:多级逻辑回归。尽管有数十年的成功使用,但我们严格的结果出现了新的,反映了实践与机器学习理论之间的差距。通常通过梯度下降方法的变体进行训练神经网络。如果存在最小损失函数并且使用梯度下降作为培训方法,我们提供了将学习率与收敛速率相关的表达式。该方法涉及估计损失函数的Hessian条件数。我们还讨论了最低限度的存在,因为它不是自动存在的最小值。一种确保收敛的一种方法是将正概率分配给训练数据集中的每个类。
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在深度学习中的优化分析是连续的,专注于(变体)梯度流动,或离散,直接处理(变体)梯度下降。梯度流程可符合理论分析,但是风格化并忽略计算效率。它代表梯度下降的程度是深度学习理论的一个开放问题。目前的论文研究了这个问题。将梯度下降视为梯度流量初始值问题的近似数值问题,发现近似程度取决于梯度流动轨迹周围的曲率。然后,我们表明,在具有均匀激活的深度神经网络中,梯度流动轨迹享有有利的曲率,表明它们通过梯度下降近似地近似。该发现允许我们将深度线性神经网络的梯度流分析转换为保证梯度下降,其几乎肯定会在随机初始化下有效地收敛到全局最小值。实验表明,在简单的深度神经网络中,具有传统步长的梯度下降确实接近梯度流。我们假设梯度流动理论将解开深入学习背后的奥秘。
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我们考虑使用梯度下降来最大程度地减少$ f(x)= \ phi(xx^{t})$在$ n \ times r $因件矩阵$ x $上,其中$ \ phi是一种基础平稳凸成本函数定义了$ n \ times n $矩阵。虽然只能在合理的时间内发现只有二阶固定点$ x $,但如果$ x $的排名不足,则其排名不足证明其是全球最佳的。这种认证全球最优性的方式必然需要当前迭代$ x $的搜索等级$ r $,以相对于级别$ r^{\ star} $过度参数化。不幸的是,过度参数显着减慢了梯度下降的收敛性,从$ r = r = r = r^{\ star} $的线性速率到$ r> r> r> r> r^{\ star} $,即使$ \ phi $是$ \ phi $强烈凸。在本文中,我们提出了一项廉价的预处理,该预处理恢复了过度参数化的情况下梯度下降回到线性的收敛速率,同时也使在全局最小化器$ x^{\ star} $中可能不良条件变得不可知。
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我们考虑最大程度地减少两次不同的可差异,$ l $ -smooth和$ \ mu $ -stronglongly凸面目标$ \ phi $ phi $ a $ n \ times n $ n $阳性阳性半finite $ m \ succeq0 $,在假设是最小化的假设$ m^{\ star} $具有低等级$ r^{\ star} \ ll n $。遵循burer- monteiro方法,我们相反,在因子矩阵$ x $ size $ n \ times r $的因素矩阵$ x $上最小化nonconvex objection $ f(x)= \ phi(xx^{t})$。这实际上将变量的数量从$ o(n^{2})$减少到$ O(n)$的少量,并且免费实施正面的半弱点,但要付出原始问题的均匀性。在本文中,我们证明,如果搜索等级$ r \ ge r^{\ star} $被相对于真等级$ r^{\ star} $的常数因子过度参数化,则如$ r> \ in frac {1} {4}(l/\ mu-1)^{2} r^{\ star} $,尽管非概念性,但保证本地优化可以从任何初始点转换为全局最佳。这显着改善了先前的$ r \ ge n $的过度参数化阈值,如果允许$ \ phi $是非平滑和/或非额外凸的,众所周知,这将是尖锐的,但会增加变量的数量到$ o(n^{2})$。相反,没有排名过度参数化,我们证明只有$ \ phi $几乎完美地条件,并且条件数量为$ l/\ mu <3 $,我们才能证明这种全局保证是可能的。因此,我们得出的结论是,少量的过度参数化可能会导致非凸室的理论保证得到很大的改善 - 蒙蒂罗分解。
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诸如压缩感测,图像恢复,矩阵/张恢复和非负矩阵分子等信号处理和机器学习中的许多近期问题可以作为约束优化。预计的梯度下降是一种解决如此约束优化问题的简单且有效的方法。本地收敛分析将我们对解决方案附近的渐近行为的理解,与全球收敛分析相比,收敛率的较小界限提供了较小的界限。然而,本地保证通常出现在机器学习和信号处理的特定问题领域。此稿件在约束最小二乘范围内,对投影梯度下降的局部收敛性分析提供了统一的框架。该建议的分析提供了枢转局部收敛性的见解,例如线性收敛的条件,收敛区域,精确的渐近收敛速率,以及达到一定程度的准确度所需的迭代次数的界限。为了证明所提出的方法的适用性,我们介绍了PGD的收敛分析的配方,并通过在四个基本问题上的配方的开始延迟应用来证明它,即线性约束最小二乘,稀疏恢复,最小二乘法使用单位规范约束和矩阵完成。
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矩阵正常模型,高斯矩阵变化分布的系列,其协方差矩阵是两个较低尺寸因子的Kronecker乘积,经常用于模拟矩阵变化数据。张量正常模型将该家庭推广到三个或更多因素的Kronecker产品。我们研究了矩阵和张量模型中协方差矩阵的Kronecker因子的估计。我们向几个自然度量中的最大似然估计器(MLE)实现的误差显示了非因素界限。与现有范围相比,我们的结果不依赖于条件良好或稀疏的因素。对于矩阵正常模型,我们所有的所有界限都是最佳的对数因子最佳,对于张量正常模型,我们对最大因数和整体协方差矩阵的绑定是最佳的,所以提供足够的样品以获得足够的样品以获得足够的样品常量Frobenius错误。在与我们的样本复杂性范围相同的制度中,我们表明迭代程序计算称为触发器算法称为触发器算法的MLE的线性地收敛,具有高概率。我们的主要工具是Fisher信息度量诱导的正面矩阵的几何中的测地强凸性。这种强大的凸起由某些随机量子通道的扩展来决定。我们还提供了数值证据,使得将触发器算法与简单的收缩估计器组合可以提高缺乏采样制度的性能。
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本文评价用机器学习问题的数值优化方法。由于机器学习模型是高度参数化的,我们专注于适合高维优化的方法。我们在二次模型上构建直觉,以确定哪种方法适用于非凸优化,并在凸函数上开发用于这种方法的凸起函数。随着随机梯度下降和动量方法的这种理论基础,我们试图解释为什么机器学习领域通常使用的方法非常成功。除了解释成功的启发式之外,最后一章还提供了对更多理论方法的广泛审查,这在实践中并不像惯例。所以在某些情况下,这项工作试图回答这个问题:为什么默认值中包含的默认TensorFlow优化器?
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古典统计学习理论表示,拟合太多参数导致过度舒服和性能差。尽管大量参数矛盾,但是现代深度神经网络概括了这一发现,并构成了解释深度学习成功的主要未解决的问题。随机梯度下降(SGD)引起的隐式正规被认为是重要的,但其特定原则仍然是未知的。在这项工作中,我们研究了当地最小值周围的能量景观的局部几何学如何影响SGD的统计特性,具有高斯梯度噪声。我们争辩说,在合理的假设下,局部几何形状力强制SGD保持接近低维子空间,这会引起隐式正则化并导致深神经网络的泛化误差界定更严格的界限。为了获得神经网络的泛化误差界限,我们首先引入局部最小值周围的停滞迹象,并施加人口风险的局部基本凸性财产。在这些条件下,推导出SGD的下界,以保留在这些停滞套件中。如果发生停滞,我们会导出涉及权重矩阵的光谱规范的深神经网络的泛化误差的界限,但不是网络参数的数量。从技术上讲,我们的证据基于控制SGD中的参数值的变化以及基于局部最小值周围的合适邻域的熵迭代的参数值和局部均匀收敛。我们的工作试图通过统一收敛更好地连接非凸优化和泛化分析。
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对于函数的矩阵或凸起的正半明确度(PSD)的形状约束在机器学习和科学的许多应用中起着核心作用,包括公制学习,最佳运输和经济学。然而,存在很少的功能模型,以良好的经验性能和理论担保来强制执行PSD-NESS或凸起。在本文中,我们介绍了用于在PSD锥中的值的函数的内核平方模型,其扩展了最近建议编码非负标量函数的内核平方型号。我们为这类PSD函数提供了一个代表性定理,表明它构成了PSD函数的普遍近似器,并在限定的平等约束的情况下导出特征值界限。然后,我们将结果应用于建模凸起函数,通过执行其Hessian的核心量子表示,并表明可以因此表示任何平滑且强凸的功能。最后,我们说明了我们在PSD矩阵值回归任务中的方法以及标准值凸起回归。
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In many modern applications of deep learning the neural network has many more parameters than the data points used for its training. Motivated by those practices, a large body of recent theoretical research has been devoted to studying overparameterized models. One of the central phenomena in this regime is the ability of the model to interpolate noisy data, but still have test error lower than the amount of noise in that data. arXiv:1906.11300 characterized for which covariance structure of the data such a phenomenon can happen in linear regression if one considers the interpolating solution with minimum $\ell_2$-norm and the data has independent components: they gave a sharp bound on the variance term and showed that it can be small if and only if the data covariance has high effective rank in a subspace of small co-dimension. We strengthen and complete their results by eliminating the independence assumption and providing sharp bounds for the bias term. Thus, our results apply in a much more general setting than those of arXiv:1906.11300, e.g., kernel regression, and not only characterize how the noise is damped but also which part of the true signal is learned. Moreover, we extend the result to the setting of ridge regression, which allows us to explain another interesting phenomenon: we give general sufficient conditions under which the optimal regularization is negative.
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现代神经网络通常以强烈的过度构造状态运行:它们包含许多参数,即使实际标签被纯粹随机的标签代替,它们也可以插入训练集。尽管如此,他们在看不见的数据上达到了良好的预测错误:插值训练集并不会导致巨大的概括错误。此外,过度散色化似乎是有益的,因为它简化了优化景观。在这里,我们在神经切线(NT)制度中的两层神经网络的背景下研究这些现象。我们考虑了一个简单的数据模型,以及各向同性协变量的矢量,$ d $尺寸和$ n $隐藏的神经元。我们假设样本量$ n $和尺寸$ d $都很大,并且它们在多项式上相关。我们的第一个主要结果是对过份术的经验NT内核的特征结构的特征。这种表征意味着必然的表明,经验NT内核的最低特征值在$ ND \ gg n $后立即从零界限,因此网络可以在同一制度中精确插值任意标签。我们的第二个主要结果是对NT Ridge回归的概括误差的表征,包括特殊情况,最小值-ULL_2 $ NORD插值。我们证明,一旦$ nd \ gg n $,测试误差就会被内核岭回归之一相对于无限宽度内核而近似。多项式脊回归的误差依次近似后者,从而通过与激活函数的高度组件相关的“自我诱导的”项增加了正则化参数。多项式程度取决于样本量和尺寸(尤其是$ \ log n/\ log d $)。
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In this paper, we prove a conjecture published in 1989 and also partially address an open problem announced at the Conference on Learning Theory (COLT) 2015. With no unrealistic assumption, we first prove the following statements for the squared loss function of deep linear neural networks with any depth and any widths: 1) the function is non-convex and non-concave, 2) every local minimum is a global minimum, 3) every critical point that is not a global minimum is a saddle point, and 4) there exist "bad" saddle points (where the Hessian has no negative eigenvalue) for the deeper networks (with more than three layers), whereas there is no bad saddle point for the shallow networks (with three layers). Moreover, for deep nonlinear neural networks, we prove the same four statements via a reduction to a deep linear model under the independence assumption adopted from recent work. As a result, we present an instance, for which we can answer the following question: how difficult is it to directly train a deep model in theory? It is more difficult than the classical machine learning models (because of the non-convexity), but not too difficult (because of the nonexistence of poor local minima). Furthermore, the mathematically proven existence of bad saddle points for deeper models would suggest a possible open problem. We note that even though we have advanced the theoretical foundations of deep learning and non-convex optimization, there is still a gap between theory and practice.
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The phenomenon of benign overfitting is one of the key mysteries uncovered by deep learning methodology: deep neural networks seem to predict well, even with a perfect fit to noisy training data. Motivated by this phenomenon, we consider when a perfect fit to training data in linear regression is compatible with accurate prediction. We give a characterization of linear regression problems for which the minimum norm interpolating prediction rule has near-optimal prediction accuracy. The characterization is in terms of two notions of the effective rank of the data covariance. It shows that overparameterization is essential for benign overfitting in this setting: the number of directions in parameter space that are unimportant for prediction must significantly exceed the sample size. By studying examples of data covariance properties that this characterization shows are required for benign overfitting, we find an important role for finite-dimensional data: the accuracy of the minimum norm interpolating prediction rule approaches the best possible accuracy for a much narrower range of properties of the data distribution when the data lies in an infinite dimensional space versus when the data lies in a finite dimensional space whose dimension grows faster than the sample size.
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最近有兴趣的兴趣在教师学生环境中的各种普遍性线性估计问题中的渐近重建性能研究,特别是对于I.I.D标准正常矩阵的案例。在这里,我们超越这些矩阵,并证明了具有具有任意界限频谱的旋转不变数据矩阵的凸遍的线性模型的重建性能的分析公式,严格地确认使用来自统计物理的副本衍生的猜想。该公式包括许多问题,例如压缩感测或稀疏物流分类。通过利用消息通过算法和迭代的统计特性来实现证明,允许表征估计器的渐近实证分布。我们的证据是基于构建Oracle多层向量近似消息传递算法的会聚序列的构建,其中通过检查等效动态系统的稳定性来完成收敛分析。我们说明了我们对主流学习方法的数值示例的要求,例如稀疏的逻辑回归和线性支持矢量分类器,显示中等大小模拟和渐近预测之间的良好一致性。
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This paper shows that a perturbed form of gradient descent converges to a second-order stationary point in a number iterations which depends only poly-logarithmically on dimension (i.e., it is almost "dimension-free"). The convergence rate of this procedure matches the wellknown convergence rate of gradient descent to first-order stationary points, up to log factors. When all saddle points are non-degenerate, all second-order stationary points are local minima, and our result thus shows that perturbed gradient descent can escape saddle points almost for free.Our results can be directly applied to many machine learning applications, including deep learning. As a particular concrete example of such an application, we show that our results can be used directly to establish sharp global convergence rates for matrix factorization. Our results rely on a novel characterization of the geometry around saddle points, which may be of independent interest to the non-convex optimization community.
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Influence diagnostics such as influence functions and approximate maximum influence perturbations are popular in machine learning and in AI domain applications. Influence diagnostics are powerful statistical tools to identify influential datapoints or subsets of datapoints. We establish finite-sample statistical bounds, as well as computational complexity bounds, for influence functions and approximate maximum influence perturbations using efficient inverse-Hessian-vector product implementations. We illustrate our results with generalized linear models and large attention based models on synthetic and real data.
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通常希望通过将其投影到低维子空间来降低大数据集的维度。矩阵草图已成为一种非常有效地执行这种维度降低的强大技术。尽管有关于草图最差的表现的广泛文献,但现有的保证通常与实践中观察到的差异截然不同。我们利用随机矩阵的光谱分析中的最新发展来开发新技术,这些技术为通过素描获得的随机投影矩阵的期望值提供了准确的表达。这些表达式可以用来表征各种常见的机器学习任务中尺寸降低的性能,从低级别近似到迭代随机优化。我们的结果适用于几种流行的草图方法,包括高斯和拉德马赫草图,它们可以根据数据的光谱特性对这些方法进行精确的分析。经验结果表明,我们得出的表达式反映了这些草图方法的实际性能,直到低阶效应甚至不变因素。
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策略梯度方法适用于复杂的,不理解的,通过对参数化的策略进行随机梯度下降来控制问题。不幸的是,即使对于可以通过标准动态编程技术解决的简单控制问题,策略梯度算法也会面临非凸优化问题,并且被广泛理解为仅收敛到固定点。这项工作确定了结构属性 - 通过几个经典控制问题共享 - 确保策略梯度目标函数尽管是非凸面,但没有次优的固定点。当这些条件得到加强时,该目标满足了产生收敛速率的Polyak-lojasiewicz(梯度优势)条件。当其中一些条件放松时,我们还可以在任何固定点的最佳差距上提供界限。
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Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.
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在本文中,我们研究并证明了拟牛顿算法的Broyden阶级的非渐近超线性收敛速率,包括Davidon - Fletcher - Powell(DFP)方法和泡沫 - 弗莱彻 - 夏诺(BFGS)方法。这些准牛顿方法的渐近超线性收敛率在文献中已经广泛研究,但它们明确的有限时间局部会聚率未得到充分调查。在本文中,我们为Broyden Quasi-Newton算法提供了有限时间(非渐近的)收敛分析,在目标函数强烈凸起的假设下,其梯度是Lipschitz连续的,并且其Hessian在最佳解决方案中连续连续。我们表明,在最佳解决方案的本地附近,DFP和BFGS生成的迭代以$(1 / k)^ {k / 2} $的超连线率收敛到最佳解决方案,其中$ k $是迭代次数。我们还证明了类似的本地超连线收敛结果,因为目标函数是自我协调的情况。几个数据集的数值实验证实了我们显式的收敛速度界限。我们的理论保证是第一个为准牛顿方法提供非渐近超线性收敛速率的效果之一。
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