策略梯度方法适用于复杂的，不理解的，通过对参数化的策略进行随机梯度下降来控制问题。不幸的是，即使对于可以通过标准动态编程技术解决的简单控制问题，策略梯度算法也会面临非凸优化问题，并且被广泛理解为仅收敛到固定点。这项工作确定了结构属性 - 通过几个经典控制问题共享 - 确保策略梯度目标函数尽管是非凸面，但没有次优的固定点。当这些条件得到加强时，该目标满足了产生收敛速率的Polyak-lojasiewicz（梯度优势）条件。当其中一些条件放松时，我们还可以在任何固定点的最佳差距上提供界限。

我们重新审视了最简单的设置之一中的政策梯度方法的有限时间分析：有限状态和动作MDP，具有由所有随机策略组成的策略类和精确的渐变评估。有一些最近的工作将此设置视为平滑的非线性优化问题的实例，并显示具有小阶梯大小的子线性收敛速率。在这里，我们根据与政策迭代的连接采取不同的透视，并显示政策梯度方法的许多变体成功，阶梯大小大，并达到了线性收敛速率。

民间传说表明，政策梯度比其相对，近似政策迭代更为强大。本文研究了国家聚集表示的案例，该案例是对状态空间进行分区的情况，并且在分区上保持了策略或价值函数近似。本文显示了一种策略梯度方法收敛到政策，该政策的遗憾是由$ \ epsilon $界定的，这是属于公共分区的国家行动值函数的两个要素之间的最大区别。通过相同的表示，近似政策迭代和近似价值迭代都可以产生政策，其遗憾的比例为$ \ epsilon/（1- \ gamma）$，其中$ \ gamma $是折扣因子。面对固有的近似误差，局部优化真实决策目标的方法可以更加健壮。

In many sequential decision-making problems one is interested in minimizing an expected cumulative cost while taking into account risk, i.e., increased awareness of events of small probability and high consequences. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to present efficient reinforcement learning algorithms for risk-constrained Markov decision processes (MDPs), where risk is represented via a chance constraint or a constraint on the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) of the cumulative cost. We collectively refer to such problems as percentile risk-constrained MDPs. Specifically, we first derive a formula for computing the gradient of the Lagrangian function for percentile riskconstrained MDPs. Then, we devise policy gradient and actor-critic algorithms that (1) estimate such gradient, (2) update the policy in the descent direction, and (3) update the Lagrange multiplier in the ascent direction. For these algorithms we prove convergence to locally optimal policies. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms in an optimal stopping problem and an online marketing application.

Robust Markov decision processes (RMDPs) are promising models that provide reliable policies under ambiguities in model parameters. As opposed to nominal Markov decision processes (MDPs), however, the state-of-the-art solution methods for RMDPs are limited to value-based methods, such as value iteration and policy iteration. This paper proposes Double-Loop Robust Policy Gradient (DRPG), the first generic policy gradient method for RMDPs with a global convergence guarantee in tabular problems. Unlike value-based methods, DRPG does not rely on dynamic programming techniques. In particular, the inner-loop robust policy evaluation problem is solved via projected gradient descent. Finally, our experimental results demonstrate the performance of our algorithm and verify our theoretical guarantees.

Reinforcement learning is a framework for interactive decision-making with incentives sequentially revealed across time without a system dynamics model. Due to its scaling to continuous spaces, we focus on policy search where one iteratively improves a parameterized policy with stochastic policy gradient (PG) updates. In tabular Markov Decision Problems (MDPs), under persistent exploration and suitable parameterization, global optimality may be obtained. By contrast, in continuous space, the non-convexity poses a pathological challenge as evidenced by existing convergence results being mostly limited to stationarity or arbitrary local extrema. To close this gap, we step towards persistent exploration in continuous space through policy parameterizations defined by distributions of heavier tails defined by tail-index parameter alpha, which increases the likelihood of jumping in state space. Doing so invalidates smoothness conditions of the score function common to PG. Thus, we establish how the convergence rate to stationarity depends on the policy's tail index alpha, a Holder continuity parameter, integrability conditions, and an exploration tolerance parameter introduced here for the first time. Further, we characterize the dependence of the set of local maxima on the tail index through an exit and transition time analysis of a suitably defined Markov chain, identifying that policies associated with Levy Processes of a heavier tail converge to wider peaks. This phenomenon yields improved stability to perturbations in supervised learning, which we corroborate also manifests in improved performance of policy search, especially when myopic and farsighted incentives are misaligned.

In this paper we develop a theoretical analysis of the performance of sampling-based fitted value iteration (FVI) to solve infinite state-space, discounted-reward Markovian decision processes (MDPs) under the assumption that a generative model of the environment is available. Our main results come in the form of finite-time bounds on the performance of two versions of sampling-based FVI. The convergence rate results obtained allow us to show that both versions of FVI are well behaving in the sense that by using a sufficiently large number of samples for a large class of MDPs, arbitrary good performance can be achieved with high probability. An important feature of our proof technique is that it permits the study of weighted L p -norm performance bounds. As a result, our technique applies to a large class of function-approximation methods (e.g., neural networks, adaptive regression trees, kernel machines, locally weighted learning), and our bounds scale well with the effective horizon of the MDP. The bounds show a dependence on the stochastic stability properties of the MDP: they scale with the discounted-average concentrability of the future-state distributions. They also depend on a new measure of the approximation power of the function space, the inherent Bellman residual, which reflects how well the function space is "aligned" with the dynamics and rewards of the MDP. The conditions of the main result, as well as the concepts introduced in the analysis, are extensively discussed and compared to previous theoretical results. Numerical experiments are used to substantiate the theoretical findings.

我们研究了平均奖励马尔可夫决策过程（AMDP）的问题，并开发了具有强大理论保证的新型一阶方法，以进行政策评估和优化。由于缺乏勘探，现有的彻底评估方法遭受了次优融合率以及处理不足的随机策略（例如确定性政策）的失败。为了解决这些问题，我们开发了一种新颖的差异时间差异（VRTD）方法，具有随机策略的线性函数近似以及最佳收敛保证，以及一种探索性方差降低的时间差（EVRTD）方法，用于不充分的随机策略，可相当的融合保证。我们进一步建立了政策评估偏见的线性收敛速率，这对于改善策略优化的总体样本复杂性至关重要。另一方面，与对MDP的政策梯度方法的有限样本分析相比，对AMDP的策略梯度方法的现有研究主要集中在基础马尔可夫流程的限制性假设下（例如，参见Abbasi-e， Yadkori等人，2019年），他们通常缺乏整体样本复杂性的保证。为此，我们开发了随机策略镜下降（SPMD）的平均奖励变体（LAN，2022）。我们建立了第一个$ \ widetilde {\ Mathcal {o}}（\ epsilon^{ - 2}）$样品复杂性，用于在生成模型（带有UNICHAIN假设）和Markovian Noise模型（使用Ergodicicic Modele（具有核能的模型）下，使用策略梯度方法求解AMDP假设）。该界限可以进一步改进到$ \ widetilde {\ Mathcal {o}}}（\ epsilon^{ - 1}）$用于求解正则化AMDPS。我们的理论优势通过数值实验来证实。

我们考虑解决强大的马尔可夫决策过程（MDP）的问题，该过程涉及一组折扣，有限状态，有限的动作空间MDP，具有不确定的过渡核。计划的目的是找到一项强大的政策，以优化针对过渡不确定性的最坏情况值，从而将标准MDP计划作为特殊情况。对于$（\ Mathbf {s}，\ Mathbf {a}）$ - 矩形不确定性集，我们开发了一种基于策略的一阶方法，即稳健的策略镜像下降（RPMD），并建立$ \ Mathcal {o }（\ log（1/\ epsilon））$和$ \ Mathcal {o}（1/\ epsilon）$迭代复杂性，用于查找$ \ epsilon $ -optimal策略，并带有两个增加的步骤式方案。 RPMD的先前收敛适用于任何Bregman差异，前提是政策空间在以初始政策为中心时通过差异测量的半径限制了半径。此外，当布雷格曼的分歧对应于平方的欧几里得距离时，我们建立了一个$ \ mathcal {o}（\ max \ {1/\ epsilon，1/（\ eta \ eTa \ epsilon^2）\ epsilon^2）\任何常量的步进$ \ eta $。对于Bregman差异的一般类别，如果不确定性集满足相对强的凸度，则还为RPMD建立了类似的复杂性。当仅通过与名义环境的在线互动获得一阶信息时，我们进一步开发了一个名为SRPMD的随机变体。对于Bregman General Divergences，我们建立了一个$ \ MATHCAL {O}（1/\ Epsilon^2）$和$ \ Mathcal {O}（1/\ Epsilon^3）$样品复杂性，具有两个增加的静态方案。对于Euclidean Bregman Divergence，我们建立了一个$ \ MATHCAL {O}（1/\ Epsilon^3）$样本复杂性，并具有恒定的步骤。据我们所知，所有上述结果似乎是应用于强大的MDP问题的基于策略的一阶方法的新事物。

本文分析了双模的彼此优化随机算法框架。 Bilevel优化是一类表现出两级结构的问题，其目标是使具有变量的外目标函数最小化，该变量被限制为对（内部）优化问题的最佳解决方案。我们考虑内部问题的情况是不受约束的并且强烈凸起的情况，而外部问题受到约束并具有平滑的目标函数。我们提出了一种用于解决如此偏纤维问题的两次时间尺度随机近似（TTSA）算法。在算法中，使用较大步长的随机梯度更新用于内部问题，而具有较小步长的投影随机梯度更新用于外部问题。我们在各种设置下分析了TTSA算法的收敛速率：当外部问题强烈凸起（RESP。〜弱凸）时，TTSA算法查找$ \ MATHCAL {O}（k ^ { - 2/3}）$ -Optimal（resp。〜$ \ mathcal {o}（k ^ {-2/5}）$ - 静止）解决方案，其中$ k $是总迭代号。作为一个应用程序，我们表明，两个时间尺度的自然演员 - 批评批评近端策略优化算法可以被视为我们的TTSA框架的特殊情况。重要的是，与全球最优政策相比，自然演员批评算法显示以预期折扣奖励的差距，以$ \ mathcal {o}（k ^ { - 1/4}）的速率收敛。

政策梯度（PG）算法是备受期待的强化学习对现实世界控制任务（例如机器人技术）的最佳候选人之一。但是，每当必须在物理系统上执行学习过程本身或涉及任何形式的人类计算机相互作用时，这些方法的反复试验性质就会提出安全问题。在本文中，我们解决了一种特定的安全公式，其中目标和危险都以标量奖励信号进行编码，并且学习代理被限制为从不恶化其性能，以衡量为预期的奖励总和。通过从随机优化的角度研究仅行为者的政策梯度，我们为广泛的参数政策建立了改进保证，从而将现有结果推广到高斯政策上。这与策略梯度估计器的差异的新型上限一起，使我们能够识别出具有很高概率的单调改进的元参数计划。两个关键的元参数是参数更新的步长和梯度估计的批处理大小。通过对这些元参数的联合自适应选择，我们获得了具有单调改进保证的政策梯度算法。

我们研究了无限 - 马，连续状态和行动空间的政策梯度的全球融合以及熵登记的马尔可夫决策过程（MDPS）。我们考虑了在平均场状态下具有（单隐层）神经网络近似（一层）神经网络近似的策略。添加了相关的平均场概率度量中的其他熵正则化，并在2-Wasserstein度量中研究了相应的梯度流。我们表明，目标函数正在沿梯度流量增加。此外，我们证明，如果按平均场测量的正则化足够，则梯度流将成倍收敛到唯一的固定溶液，这是正则化MDP物镜的独特最大化器。最后，我们研究了相对于正则参数和初始条件，沿梯度流的值函数的灵敏度。我们的结果依赖于对非线性Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov方程的仔细分析，并扩展了Mei等人的开拓性工作。 2020和Agarwal等。 2020年，量化表格环境中熵调控MDP的策略梯度的全局收敛速率。

政策优化，通过大规模优化技术最大化价值函数来学习兴趣的政策，位于现代强化学习（RL）的核心。除了价值最大化之外，其他实际考虑因素也出现，包括令人鼓舞的探索，以及确保由于安全，资源和运营限制而确保学习政策的某些结构性。这些考虑通常可以通过诉诸正规化的RL来占据，这增加了目标值函数，并通过结构促进正则化术语。专注于无限范围打折马尔可夫决策过程，本文提出了一种用于解决正规化的RL的广义策略镜血压（GPMD）算法。作为策略镜血压LAN的概括（2021），所提出的算法可以容纳一般类凸常规的常规阶级，以及在使用中的规则器的认识到的广泛的Bregman分歧。我们展示了我们的算法在整个学习速率范围内，以无维的方式在全球解决方案的整个学习速率范围内融合到全球解决方案，即使常规器缺乏强大的凸起和平滑度。此外，在不精确的策略评估和不完美的政策更新方面，该线性收敛特征是可透明的。提供数值实验以证实GPMD的适用性和吸引力性能。

我们建议和分析一个强化学习原理，该原理仅在测试功能的用户定义空间沿使用它们的有效性来近似钟声方程。我们专注于使用功能近似的无模型离线RL应用程序，我们利用这一原理来得出置信区间以进行非政策评估，并在规定的策略类别中优化了对策略的优化。我们证明了关于我们的政策优化程序的甲骨文不平等，就任意比较策略的价值和不确定性之间的权衡而言。测试功能空间的不同选择使我们能够解决共同框架中的不同问题。我们表征了使用我们的程序从政策转移到政策数据的效率的丧失，并建立了与过去工作中研究的浓缩性系数的连接。我们深入研究了具有线性函数近似的方法的实施，即使贝尔曼关闭不结束，也可以通过多项式时间实现提供理论保证。

We study the problem of estimating the fixed point of a contractive operator defined on a separable Banach space. Focusing on a stochastic query model that provides noisy evaluations of the operator, we analyze a variance-reduced stochastic approximation scheme, and establish non-asymptotic bounds for both the operator defect and the estimation error, measured in an arbitrary semi-norm. In contrast to worst-case guarantees, our bounds are instance-dependent, and achieve the local asymptotic minimax risk non-asymptotically. For linear operators, contractivity can be relaxed to multi-step contractivity, so that the theory can be applied to problems like average reward policy evaluation problem in reinforcement learning. We illustrate the theory via applications to stochastic shortest path problems, two-player zero-sum Markov games, as well as policy evaluation and $Q$-learning for tabular Markov decision processes.

This paper studies systematic exploration for reinforcement learning with rich observations and function approximation. We introduce a new model called contextual decision processes, that unifies and generalizes most prior settings. Our first contribution is a complexity measure, the Bellman rank , that we show enables tractable learning of near-optimal behavior in these processes and is naturally small for many well-studied reinforcement learning settings. Our second contribution is a new reinforcement learning algorithm that engages in systematic exploration to learn contextual decision processes with low Bellman rank. Our algorithm provably learns near-optimal behavior with a number of samples that is polynomial in all relevant parameters but independent of the number of unique observations. The approach uses Bellman error minimization with optimistic exploration and provides new insights into efficient exploration for reinforcement learning with function approximation.

在本文中，我们在表格设置中建立了违法演员批评算法的全球最优性和收敛速度，而不使用密度比来校正行为政策的状态分布与目标政策之间的差异。我们的工作超出了现有的工作原理，最佳的策略梯度方法中的现有工作中使用确切的策略渐变来更新策略参数时，我们使用近似和随机更新步骤。我们的更新步骤不是渐变更新，因为我们不使用密度比以纠正状态分布，这与从业者做得好。我们的更新是近似的，因为我们使用学习的评论家而不是真正的价值函数。我们的更新是随机的，因为在每个步骤中，更新仅为当前状态操作对完成。此外，我们在分析中删除了现有作品的几个限制性假设。我们的工作中的核心是基于其均匀收缩性能的时源性Markov链中的通用随机近似算法的有限样本分析。

We propose a new policy gradient method, named homotopic policy mirror descent (HPMD), for solving discounted, infinite horizon MDPs with finite state and action spaces. HPMD performs a mirror descent type policy update with an additional diminishing regularization term, and possesses several computational properties that seem to be new in the literature. We first establish the global linear convergence of HPMD instantiated with Kullback-Leibler divergence, for both the optimality gap, and a weighted distance to the set of optimal policies. Then local superlinear convergence is obtained for both quantities without any assumption. With local acceleration and diminishing regularization, we establish the first result among policy gradient methods on certifying and characterizing the limiting policy, by showing, with a non-asymptotic characterization, that the last-iterate policy converges to the unique optimal policy with the maximal entropy. We then extend all the aforementioned results to HPMD instantiated with a broad class of decomposable Bregman divergences, demonstrating the generality of the these computational properties. As a by product, we discover the finite-time exact convergence for some commonly used Bregman divergences, implying the continuing convergence of HPMD to the limiting policy even if the current policy is already optimal. Finally, we develop a stochastic version of HPMD and establish similar convergence properties. By exploiting the local acceleration, we show that for small optimality gap, a better than $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\left|\mathcal{S}\right| \left|\mathcal{A}\right| / \epsilon^2)$ sample complexity holds with high probability, when assuming a generative model for policy evaluation.

We study the convergence of several natural policy gradient (NPG) methods in infinite-horizon discounted Markov decision processes with regular policy parametrizations. For a variety of NPGs and reward functions we show that the trajectories in state-action space are solutions of gradient flows with respect to Hessian geometries, based on which we obtain global convergence guarantees and convergence rates. In particular, we show linear convergence for unregularized and regularized NPG flows with the metrics proposed by Kakade and Morimura and co-authors by observing that these arise from the Hessian geometries of conditional entropy and entropy respectively. Further, we obtain sublinear convergence rates for Hessian geometries arising from other convex functions like log-barriers. Finally, we interpret the discrete-time NPG methods with regularized rewards as inexact Newton methods if the NPG is defined with respect to the Hessian geometry of the regularizer. This yields local quadratic convergence rates of these methods for step size equal to the penalization strength.

计算NASH平衡策略是多方面强化学习中的一个核心问题，在理论和实践中都受到广泛关注。但是，到目前为止，可证明的保证金仅限于完全竞争性或合作的场景，或者在大多数实际应用中实现难以满足的强大假设。在这项工作中，我们通过调查Infinite-Horizo​​n \ Emph {对抗性团队Markov Games}，这是一场自然而充分动机的游戏，其中一组相同兴奋的玩家 - 在没有任何明确的情况下，这是一个自然而有动机的游戏，这是一场自然而有动机的游戏，而偏离了先前的结果。协调或交流 - 正在与对抗者竞争。这种设置允许对零和马尔可夫潜在游戏进行统一处理，并作为模拟更现实的战略互动的一步，这些互动具有竞争性和合作利益。我们的主要贡献是第一种计算固定$ \ epsilon $ - Approximate Nash Equilibria在对抗性团队马尔可夫游戏中具有计算复杂性的算法，在游戏的所有自然参数中都是多项式的，以及$ 1/\ epsilon $。拟议的算法特别自然和实用，它基于为团队中的每个球员执行独立的政策梯度步骤，并与对手侧面的最佳反应同时；反过来，通过解决精心构造的线性程序来获得对手的政策。我们的分析利用非标准技术来建立具有非convex约束的非线性程序的KKT最佳条件，从而导致对诱导的Lagrange乘数的自然解释。在此过程中，我们大大扩展了冯·斯坦格尔（Von Stengel）和科勒（GEB`97）引起的对抗（正常形式）团队游戏中最佳政策的重要特征。