有效的视觉在延迟预算下的精度最大化。这些作品一次评估脱机准确性，一次是一张图像。但是，诸如自动驾驶之类的实时视觉应用在流媒体设置中运行，在这些设置中，地面真相在推理开始和终点之间会发生变化。这会导致明显的准确性下降。因此，最近提出的一项旨在最大程度地提高流媒体设置准确性的工作。在本文中，我们建议在每个环境环境中最大化流的准确性。我们认为场景难度会影响初始（离线）精度差异，而场景中的障碍物位移会影响后续的准确性降解。我们的方法章鱼使用这些方案属性来选择在测试时最大化流量准确性的配置。我们的方法将跟踪性能（S-MOTA）提高了7.4％，而常规静态方法则提高了。此外，使用我们的方法提高性能，而不是离线准确性的进步，而不是代替而不是进步。

The 1$^{\text{st}}$ Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023 focused on maritime computer vision for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), and organized several subchallenges in this domain: (i) UAV-based Maritime Object Detection, (ii) UAV-based Maritime Object Tracking, (iii) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Segmentation and (iv) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Detection. The subchallenges were based on the SeaDronesSee and MODS benchmarks. This report summarizes the main findings of the individual subchallenges and introduces a new benchmark, called SeaDronesSee Object Detection v2, which extends the previous benchmark by including more classes and footage. We provide statistical and qualitative analyses, and assess trends in the best-performing methodologies of over 130 submissions. The methods are summarized in the appendix. The datasets, evaluation code and the leaderboard are publicly available at https://seadronessee.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/macvi.

Figure 1: We introduce datasets for 3D tracking and motion forecasting with rich maps for autonomous driving. Our 3D tracking dataset contains sequences of LiDAR measurements, 360 • RGB video, front-facing stereo (middle-right), and 6-dof localization. All sequences are aligned with maps containing lane center lines (magenta), driveable region (orange), and ground height. Sequences are annotated with 3D cuboid tracks (green). A wider map view is shown in the bottom-right.

Computer vision applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous driving (AD) have gravitated towards deep neural network architectures in recent years. While performance seems to be improving on benchmark datasets, many real-world challenges are yet to be adequately considered in research. This paper conducted an extensive literature review on the applications of computer vision in ITS and AD, and discusses challenges related to data, models, and complex urban environments. The data challenges are associated with the collection and labeling of training data and its relevance to real world conditions, bias inherent in datasets, the high volume of data needed to be processed, and privacy concerns. Deep learning (DL) models are commonly too complex for real-time processing on embedded hardware, lack explainability and generalizability, and are hard to test in real-world settings. Complex urban traffic environments have irregular lighting and occlusions, and surveillance cameras can be mounted at a variety of angles, gather dirt, shake in the wind, while the traffic conditions are highly heterogeneous, with violation of rules and complex interactions in crowded scenarios. Some representative applications that suffer from these problems are traffic flow estimation, congestion detection, autonomous driving perception, vehicle interaction, and edge computing for practical deployment. The possible ways of dealing with the challenges are also explored while prioritizing practical deployment.

随着已安装的摄像机的数量，需要处理和分析这些摄像机捕获的所有图像所需的计算资源。视频分析使新用例（例如智能城市）或自动驾驶等开放。与此同时，它敦促服务提供商安装额外的计算资源以应对需求，而严格的延迟要求推动到网络末尾的计算，形成了地理分布式和异构的计算位置集，共享和资源受限。这种景观（共享和分布式位置）迫使我们设计可以在所有可用位置之间优化和分发工作的新技术，并且理想情况下，使得计算要求在安装的相机的数量方面增长。在本文中，我们展示了FOMO（专注于移动物体）。该方法通过预处理场景，过滤空区输出并将来自多个摄像机的感兴趣区域组成为用于预先训练的对象检测模型的输入的单个图像来有效地优化多摄像机部署。结果表明，整体系统性能可以提高8倍，而精度可提高40％作为方法的副产物，所有这些都是使用储物预训练模型，没有额外的训练或微调。

自主驾驶的感知模型需要在低潜伏期内快速推断。尽管现有作品忽略了处理后不可避免的环境变化，但流媒体感知将延迟和准确性共同评估为视频在线感知的单个度量标准，从而指导先前的工作以搜索准确性和速度之间的权衡。在本文中，我们探讨了该指标上实时模型的性能，并赋予模型预测未来的能力，从而显着改善了流媒体感知的结果。具体来说，我们构建了一个具有两个有效模块的简单框架。一个是双流感知模块（DFP）。它分别由捕获运动趋势和基本检测特征并行的动态流和静态流动。趋势意识损失（TAL）是另一个模块，它以其移动速度适应每个对象的体重。实际上，我们考虑了多个速度驾驶场景，并进一步提出了含量不足的流媒体AP（VSAP）以共同评估准确性。在这种现实的环境中，我们设计了一种有效的混合速度训练策略，以指导检测器感知任何速度。我们的简单方法与强大的基线相比，在Argoverse-HD数据集上实现了最先进的性能，并将SAP和VSAP分别提高了4.7％和8.2％，从而验证了其有效性。

对人类对象相互作用的理解在第一人称愿景（FPV）中至关重要。遵循相机佩戴者操纵的对象的视觉跟踪算法可以提供有效的信息，以有效地建模此类相互作用。在过去的几年中，计算机视觉社区已大大提高了各种目标对象和场景的跟踪算法的性能。尽管以前有几次尝试在FPV域中利用跟踪器，但仍缺少对最先进跟踪器的性能的有条理分析。这项研究差距提出了一个问题，即应使用当前的解决方案``现成''还是应进行更多特定领域的研究。本文旨在为此类问题提供答案。我们介绍了FPV中单个对象跟踪的首次系统研究。我们的研究广泛分析了42个算法的性能，包括通用对象跟踪器和基线FPV特定跟踪器。分析是通过关注FPV设置的不同方面，引入新的绩效指标以及与FPV特定任务有关的。这项研究是通过引入Trek-150（由150个密集注释的视频序列组成的新型基准数据集）来实现的。我们的结果表明，FPV中的对象跟踪对当前的视觉跟踪器构成了新的挑战。我们强调了导致这种行为的因素，并指出了可能的研究方向。尽管遇到了困难，但我们证明了跟踪器为需要短期对象跟踪的FPV下游任务带来好处。我们预计，随着新的和FPV特定的方法学会得到研究，通用对象跟踪将在FPV中受欢迎。

Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.

Robust detection and tracking of objects is crucial for the deployment of autonomous vehicle technology. Image based benchmark datasets have driven development in computer vision tasks such as object detection, tracking and segmentation of agents in the environment. Most autonomous vehicles, however, carry a combination of cameras and range sensors such as lidar and radar. As machine learning based methods for detection and tracking become more prevalent, there is a need to train and evaluate such methods on datasets containing range sensor data along with images. In this work we present nuTonomy scenes (nuScenes), the first dataset to carry the full autonomous vehicle sensor suite: 6 cameras, 5 radars and 1 lidar, all with full 360 degree field of view. nuScenes comprises 1000 scenes, each 20s long and fully annotated with 3D bounding boxes for 23 classes and 8 attributes. It has 7x as many annotations and 100x as many images as the pioneering KITTI dataset. We define novel 3D detection and tracking metrics. We also provide careful dataset analysis as well as baselines for lidar and image based detection and tracking. Data, development kit and more information are available online 1 .

我们的运输世界正在迅速转变，自治水平不断提高。但是，为了获得全自动车辆的许可以供广泛的公众使用，有必要确保整个系统的安全性，这仍然是一个挑战。这尤其适用于基于AI的感知系统，这些系统必须处理各种环境条件和道路使用者，与此同时，应强调地检测所有相关的对象（即不应发生检测失误）。然而，有限的培训和验证数据可以证明无故障操作几乎无法实现，因为感知系统可能会暴露于公共道路上的新事物或未知的物体或条件。因此，需要针对基于AI的感知系统的新安全方法。因此，我们在本文中提出了一种新型的层次监视方法，能够从主要感知系统验证对象列表，可以可靠地检测检测失误，同时具有非常低的错误警报率。

已经提出了高效和自适应计算机视觉系统以使计算机视觉任务，例如图像分类和对象检测，针对嵌入或移动设备进行了优化。这些解决方案最近的起源，专注于通过设计具有近似旋钮的自适应系统来优化模型（深神经网络，DNN）或系统。尽管最近的几项努力，但我们表明现有解决方案遭受了两个主要缺点。首先，系统不考虑模型的能量消耗，同时在制定要运行的模型的决定时。其次，由于其他共同居民工作负载，评估不考虑设备上的争用的实际情况。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种高效和自适应的视频对象检测系统，这是联合优化的精度，能量效率和延迟。底层Virtuoso是一个多分支执行内核，它能够在精度 - 能量 - 延迟轴上的不同运行点处运行，以及轻量级运行时调度程序，以选择最佳的执行分支以满足用户要求。要与Virtuoso相当比较，我们基准于15件最先进的或广泛使用的协议，包括更快的R-CNN（FRCNN），YOLO V3，SSD，培训台，SELSA，MEGA，REPP，FastAdapt和我们的内部FRCNN +，YOLO +，SSD +和高效+（我们的变体具有增强的手机效率）的自适应变体。通过这种全面的基准，Virtuoso对所有上述协议显示出优势，在NVIDIA Jetson Mobile GPU上的每一项效率水平上引领精度边界。具体而言，Virtuoso的准确性为63.9％，比一些流行的物体检测模型高于10％，51.1％，yolo为49.5％。

Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction and planning. As sensors and hardware get improved, there is trending popularity to devise a system that can perform a wide diversity of tasks to fulfill higher-level intelligence. Contemporary approaches resort to either deploying standalone models for individual tasks, or designing a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. These might suffer from accumulative error or negative transfer effect. Instead, we argue that a favorable algorithm framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e. planning of the self-driving-car. Oriented at this goal, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction. We analyze each module and prioritize the tasks hierarchically, such that all these tasks contribute to planning (the goal). To this end, we introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), the first comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query design to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven to surpass previous state-of-the-arts by a large margin in all aspects. The full suite of codebase and models would be available to facilitate future research in the community.

Event-based vision has been rapidly growing in recent years justified by the unique characteristics it presents such as its high temporal resolutions (~1us), high dynamic range (>120dB), and output latency of only a few microseconds. This work further explores a hybrid, multi-modal, approach for object detection and tracking that leverages state-of-the-art frame-based detectors complemented by hand-crafted event-based methods to improve the overall tracking performance with minimal computational overhead. The methods presented include event-based bounding box (BB) refinement that improves the precision of the resulting BBs, as well as a continuous event-based object detection method, to recover missed detections and generate inter-frame detections that enable a high-temporal-resolution tracking output. The advantages of these methods are quantitatively verified by an ablation study using the higher order tracking accuracy (HOTA) metric. Results show significant performance gains resembled by an improvement in the HOTA from 56.6%, using only frames, to 64.1% and 64.9%, for the event and edge-based mask configurations combined with the two methods proposed, at the baseline framerate of 24Hz. Likewise, incorporating these methods with the same configurations has improved HOTA from 52.5% to 63.1%, and from 51.3% to 60.2% at the high-temporal-resolution tracking rate of 384Hz. Finally, a validation experiment is conducted to analyze the real-world single-object tracking performance using high-speed LiDAR. Empirical evidence shows that our approaches provide significant advantages compared to using frame-based object detectors at the baseline framerate of 24Hz and higher tracking rates of up to 500Hz.

研究表明，自治车辆（AVS）在由人类驱动因素组成的交通环境中保守，不适应当地条件和社会文化规范。众所周知，如果存在理解人类驱动程序的行为，则可以设计社会意识的AVS。我们提出了一种利用机器学习来预测人类驱动程序的行为的方法。这类似于人类如何隐含地解释道路上司机的行为，只能观察其车辆的轨迹。我们使用图形理论工具从轨迹和机器学习中提取驾驶员行为特征，以在流量和驾驶员行为中获得车辆的提取轨迹之间的计算映射。与此域中的现有方法相比，我们证明我们的方法是强大的，一般的，并且可扩展到广泛的应用程序，如自主导航。我们评估我们在美国，印度，中国和新加坡捕获的现实世界交通数据集以及模拟中的方法。

在由车辆安装的仪表板摄像机捕获的视频中检测危险交通代理（仪表板）对于促进在复杂环境中的安全导航至关重要。与事故相关的视频只是驾驶视频大数据的一小部分，并且瞬态前的事故流程具有高度动态和复杂性。此外，风险和非危险交通代理的外观可能相似。这些使驾驶视频中的风险对象本地化特别具有挑战性。为此，本文提出了一个注意力引导的多式功能融合网络（AM-NET），以将仪表板视频的危险交通代理本地化。两个封闭式复发单元（GRU）网络使用对象边界框和从连续视频帧中提取的光流功能来捕获时空提示，以区分危险交通代理。加上GRUS的注意力模块学会了与事故相关的交通代理。融合了两个功能流，AM-NET预测了视频中交通代理的风险评分。在支持这项研究的过程中，本文还引入了一个名为“风险对象本地化”（ROL）的基准数据集。该数据集包含带有事故，对象和场景级属性的空间，时间和分类注释。拟议的AM-NET在ROL数据集上实现了85.73％的AUC的有希望的性能。同时，AM-NET在DOTA数据集上优于视频异常检测的当前最新视频异常检测。一项彻底的消融研究进一步揭示了AM-NET通过评估其不同组成部分的贡献的优点。

Tracking has traditionally been the art of following interest points through space and time. This changed with the rise of powerful deep networks. Nowadays, tracking is dominated by pipelines that perform object detection followed by temporal association, also known as tracking-by-detection. We present a simultaneous detection and tracking algorithm that is simpler, faster, and more accurate than the state of the art. Our tracker, CenterTrack, applies a detection model to a pair of images and detections from the prior frame. Given this minimal input, CenterTrack localizes objects and predicts their associations with the previous frame. That's it. CenterTrack is simple, online (no peeking into the future), and real-time. It achieves 67.8% MOTA on the MOT17 challenge at 22 FPS and 89.4% MOTA on the KITTI tracking benchmark at 15 FPS, setting a new state of the art on both datasets. CenterTrack is easily extended to monocular 3D tracking by regressing additional 3D attributes. Using monocular video input, it achieves 28.3% AMOTA@0.2 on the newly released nuScenes 3D tracking benchmark, substantially outperforming the monocular baseline on this benchmark while running at 28 FPS.

在未来几十年中，自动驾驶将普遍存在。闲置在交叉点上提高自动驾驶的安全性，并通过改善交叉点的交通吞吐量来提高效率。在闲置时，路边基础设施通过卸载从车辆到路边基础设施的知觉和计划，在交叉路口远程驾驶自动驾驶汽车。为了实现这一目标，iDriving必须能够以全帧速率以较少100毫秒的尾声处理大量的传感器数据，而无需牺牲准确性。我们描述了算法和优化，使其能够使用准确且轻巧的感知组件实现此目标，该组件是从重叠传感器中得出的复合视图的原因，以及一个共同计划多个车辆的轨迹的计划者。在我们的评估中，闲置始终确保车辆的安全通过，而自动驾驶只能有27％的时间。与其他方法相比，闲置的等待时间还要低5倍，因为它可以实现无流量的交叉点。

Determining accurate bird's eye view (BEV) positions of objects and tracks in a scene is vital for various perception tasks including object interactions mapping, scenario extraction etc., however, the level of supervision required to accomplish that is extremely challenging to procure. We propose a light-weight, weakly supervised method to estimate 3D position of objects by jointly learning to regress the 2D object detections and scene's depth prediction in a single feed-forward pass of a network. Our proposed method extends a center-point based single-shot object detector \cite{zhou2019objects}, and introduces a novel object representation where each object is modeled as a BEV point spatio-temporally, without the need of any 3D or BEV annotations for training and LiDAR data at query time. The approach leverages readily available 2D object supervision along with LiDAR point clouds (used only during training) to jointly train a single network, that learns to predict 2D object detection alongside the whole scene's depth, to spatio-temporally model object tracks as points in BEV. The proposed method is computationally over $\sim$10x efficient compared to recent SOTA approaches [1, 38] while achieving comparable accuracies on KITTI tracking benchmark.

预测环境的未来占用状态对于实现自动驾驶汽车的明智决定很重要。占用预测中的常见挑战包括消失的动态对象和模糊的预测，尤其是对于长期预测范围。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个双独沟的神经网络体系结构，以预测占用状态的时空演化。一个插脚致力于预测移动的自我车辆将如何观察到静态环境。另一个插脚预测环境中的动态对象将如何移动。在现实Waymo开放数据集上进行的实验表明，两个插脚的融合输出能够保留动态对象并减少预测中比基线模型更长的预测时间范围。

视频分析系统批判性地依赖于摄像机，捕获高质量的视频帧，以实现高分辨率的精度。虽然现代视频摄像机经常暴露数十个可配置的参数设置，但是可以通过最终用户设置的，但今天监控摄像机的部署通常使用固定的一组参数设置，因为最终用户缺少能够重新配置这些参数的技能或理解。在本文中，我们首先表明，在典型的监视摄像机部署中，环境条件变化可能会显着影响人员检测，面部检测和面部识别等分析单元的准确性，以及如何通过动态调整相机设置来减轻这种不利影响。然后我们提出了Camtuner，这是一个可以轻松应用于现有视频分析管道（VAP）的框架，以实现复杂相机设置的自动和动态调整，以改变环境条件，并自主优化VAP中分析单元（AU）的准确性。 Camtuner基于Sarsa加固学习（RL），它包含两种新型组件：轻量级分析质量估算器和虚拟相机。 Camtuner在一个具有轴监控摄像头的系统中实现，几个VAP（具有各种AUS），在机场入口处加工了日常客户视频。我们的评估表明Camtuner可以快速适应更改环境。我们将Camtuner与使用静态相机设置的两种替代方法进行比较，或者每小时手动更改摄像机设置的草兵方法（基于人类对质量）。我们观察到，对于面部检测和人检测AU，与两种方法中最好的相比，Camtuner分别可以获得高达13.8％和9.2％的更高的准确性（两个AUS的8％的平均提高）。