光谱聚类在从业者和理论家中都很受欢迎。尽管对光谱聚类的性能保证有充分的了解，但最近的研究集中于在群集中执行``公平''，要求它们在分类敏感的节点属性方面必须``平衡''人口中的种族分布）。在本文中，我们考虑了一个设置，其中敏感属性间接表现在辅助\ textit {表示图}中，而不是直接观察到。该图指定了可以相对于敏感属性互相表示的节点对，除了通常的\ textit {相似性图}外，还可以观察到。我们的目标是在相似性图中找到簇，同时尊重由表示图编码的新个人公平性约束。我们为此任务开发了不均衡和归一化光谱聚类的变体，并在代表图诱导的种植分区模型下分析其性能。该模型同时使用节点的群集成员身份和表示图的结构来生成随机相似性图。据我们所知，这些是在个人级别的公平限制下受约束光谱聚类的第一个一致性结果。数值结果证实了我们的理论发现。

There are synergies of research interests and industrial efforts in modeling fairness and correcting algorithmic bias in machine learning. In this paper, we present a scalable algorithm for spectral clustering (SC) with group fairness constraints. Group fairness is also known as statistical parity where in each cluster, each protected group is represented with the same proportion as in the entirety. While FairSC algorithm (Kleindessner et al., 2019) is able to find the fairer clustering, it is compromised by high costs due to the kernels of computing nullspaces and the square roots of dense matrices explicitly. We present a new formulation of underlying spectral computation by incorporating nullspace projection and Hotelling's deflation such that the resulting algorithm, called s-FairSC, only involves the sparse matrix-vector products and is able to fully exploit the sparsity of the fair SC model. The experimental results on the modified stochastic block model demonstrate that s-FairSC is comparable with FairSC in recovering fair clustering. Meanwhile, it is sped up by a factor of 12 for moderate model sizes. s-FairSC is further demonstrated to be scalable in the sense that the computational costs of s-FairSC only increase marginally compared to the SC without fairness constraints.

Graph clustering is a fundamental problem in unsupervised learning, with numerous applications in computer science and in analysing real-world data. In many real-world applications, we find that the clusters have a significant high-level structure. This is often overlooked in the design and analysis of graph clustering algorithms which make strong simplifying assumptions about the structure of the graph. This thesis addresses the natural question of whether the structure of clusters can be learned efficiently and describes four new algorithmic results for learning such structure in graphs and hypergraphs. All of the presented theoretical results are extensively evaluated on both synthetic and real-word datasets of different domains, including image classification and segmentation, migration networks, co-authorship networks, and natural language processing. These experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed algorithms are practical, effective, and immediately applicable for learning the structure of clusters in real-world data.

光谱聚类是网络中广泛使用的社区检测方法之一。然而，大型网络为其中的特征值分解带来了计算挑战。在本文中，我们研究了从统计角度使用随机草图算法的光谱聚类，在那里我们通常假设网络数据是从随机块模型生成的，这些模型不一定是完整等级的。为此，我们首先使用最近开发的草图算法来获得两个随机谱聚类算法，即基于随机投影和基于随机采样的光谱聚类。然后，我们在群体邻接矩阵的近似误差，错误分类误差和链路概率矩阵的估计误差方面研究得到的算法的理论界限。事实证明，在温和条件下，随机谱聚类算法导致与原始光谱聚类算法相同的理论界。我们还将结果扩展到校正的程度校正的随机块模型。数值实验支持我们的理论发现并显示随机化方法的效率。一个名为rclusct的新R包是开发的，并提供给公众。

社区检测和正交组同步是科学和工程中各种重要应用的基本问题。在这项工作中，我们考虑了社区检测和正交组同步的联合问题，旨在恢复社区并同时执行同步。为此，我们提出了一种简单的算法，该算法由频谱分解步骤组成，然后是彼此枢转的QR分解（CPQR）。所提出的算法与数据点数线性有效且缩放。我们还利用最近开发的“休闲一淘汰”技术来建立近乎最佳保证，以确切地恢复集群成员资格，并稳定地恢复正交变换。数值实验证明了我们算法的效率和功效，并确认了我们的理论表征。

我们在一般随机块模型下研究现实网络中的社区层次结构，其中连接概率在二叉树中构造。在这种模型中，标准递归双分区算法基于非通知图拉普拉斯的Fiedler向量将网络分成两个社区，并重复分割，直到停止规则指示不进一步的社区结构。我们在广泛的模型参数下证明了这种方法的强大一致性，它包括稀疏网络，节点度为$ O（\ log n）$。此外，与大多数现有工作不同，我们的理论涵盖了多尺度网络，其中连接概率可能因数量级而异，这包括一类实际相关但技术上挑战处理的重要阶段。最后，我们展示了我们对综合性数据和实际示例算法的表现。

当节点具有人口统计属性时，概率图形模型中社区结构的推理可能不会与公平约束一致。某些人口统计学可能在某些检测到的社区中过度代表，在其他人中欠代表。本文定义了一个新的$ \ ell_1 $ -regulared伪似然方法，用于公平图形模型选择。特别是，我们假设真正的基础图表​​中存在一些社区或聚类结构，我们寻求从数据中学习稀疏的无向图形及其社区，使得人口统计团体在社区内相当代表。我们的优化方法使用公平的人口统计奇偶校验定义，但框架很容易扩展到其他公平的定义。我们建立了分别，连续和二进制数据的高斯图形模型和Ising模型的提出方法的统计一致性，证明了我们的方法可以以高概率恢复图形及其公平社区。

In recent years, spectral clustering has become one of the most popular modern clustering algorithms. It is simple to implement, can be solved efficiently by standard linear algebra software, and very often outperforms traditional clustering algorithms such as the k-means algorithm. On the first glance spectral clustering appears slightly mysterious, and it is not obvious to see why it works at all and what it really does. The goal of this tutorial is to give some intuition on those questions. We describe different graph Laplacians and their basic properties, present the most common spectral clustering algorithms, and derive those algorithms from scratch by several different approaches. Advantages and disadvantages of the different spectral clustering algorithms are discussed.

我们提出了对学度校正随机块模型（DCSBM）的合适性测试。该测试基于调整后的卡方统计量，用于测量$ n $多项式分布的组之间的平等性，该分布具有$ d_1，\ dots，d_n $观测值。在网络模型的背景下，多项式的数量（$ n $）的数量比观测值数量（$ d_i $）快得多，与节点$ i $的度相对应，因此设置偏离了经典的渐近学。我们表明，只要$ \ {d_i \} $的谐波平均值生长到无穷大，就可以使统计量在NULL下分配。顺序应用时，该测试也可以用于确定社区数量。该测试在邻接矩阵的压缩版本上进行操作，因此在学位上有条件，因此对大型稀疏网络具有高度可扩展性。我们结合了一个新颖的想法，即在测试$ K $社区时根据$（k+1）$ - 社区分配来压缩行。这种方法在不牺牲计算效率的情况下增加了顺序应用中的力量，我们证明了它在恢复社区数量方面的一致性。由于测试统计量不依赖于特定的替代方案，因此其效用超出了顺序测试，可用于同时测试DCSBM家族以外的各种替代方案。特别是，我们证明该测试与具有社区结构的潜在可变性网络模型的一般家庭一致。

由于其复杂结构和顶点对应，在各种应用中遇到了网络价值的数据并在学习中提出挑战。这些问题的典型示例包括蛋白质结构和社交网络的分类或分组。已经提出了各种方法，从图形内核到图形神经网络，从而在图形分类问题中取得了一些成功。然而，大多数方法都有有限的理论典范化，其超越分类的适用性仍未开发。在这项工作中，我们提出了用于群集多个图形的方法，而没有顶点对应，这是由最近关于估计与图形的无限顶点限制对应的石墨函数的文献的启发。我们提出了一种基于排序和平滑的石墨估计的新颖曲线距离。使用所提出的图形距离，我们呈现了两个聚类算法，并表明他们实现了最先进的结果。我们在图形度上的Lipschitz假设下的两个算法下的统计一致性。我们进一步研究了建议的距离的适用性，用于图形两样测试问题。

This article explores and analyzes the unsupervised clustering of large partially observed graphs. We propose a scalable and provable randomized framework for clustering graphs generated from the stochastic block model. The clustering is first applied to a sub-matrix of the graph's adjacency matrix associated with a reduced graph sketch constructed using random sampling. Then, the clusters of the full graph are inferred based on the clusters extracted from the sketch using a correlation-based retrieval step. Uniform random node sampling is shown to improve the computational complexity over clustering of the full graph when the cluster sizes are balanced. A new random degree-based node sampling algorithm is presented which significantly improves upon the performance of the clustering algorithm even when clusters are unbalanced. This framework improves the phase transitions for matrix-decomposition-based clustering with regard to computational complexity and minimum cluster size, which are shown to be nearly dimension-free in the low inter-cluster connectivity regime. A third sampling technique is shown to improve balance by randomly sampling nodes based on spatial distribution. We provide analysis and numerical results using a convex clustering algorithm based on matrix completion.

Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.

随机奇异值分解（RSVD）是用于计算大型数据矩阵截断的SVD的一类计算算法。给定A $ n \ times n $对称矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $，原型RSVD算法输出通过计算$ \ mathbf {m mathbf {m} $的$ k $引导singular vectors的近似m}^{g} \ mathbf {g} $;这里$ g \ geq 1 $是一个整数，$ \ mathbf {g} \ in \ mathbb {r}^{n \ times k} $是一个随机的高斯素描矩阵。在本文中，我们研究了一般的“信号加上噪声”框架下的RSVD的统计特性，即，观察到的矩阵$ \ hat {\ mathbf {m}} $被认为是某种真实但未知的加法扰动信号矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $。我们首先得出$ \ ell_2 $（频谱规范）和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ infty} $（最大行行列$ \ ell_2 $ norm）$ \ hat {\ hat {\ Mathbf {M}} $和信号矩阵$ \ Mathbf {M} $的真实单数向量。这些上限取决于信噪比（SNR）和功率迭代$ g $的数量。观察到一个相变现象，其中较小的SNR需要较大的$ g $值以保证$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ fo \ infty} $ distances的收敛。我们还表明，每当噪声矩阵满足一定的痕量生长条件时，这些相变发生的$ g $的阈值都会很清晰。最后，我们得出了近似奇异向量的行波和近似矩阵的进入波动的正常近似。我们通过将RSVD的几乎最佳性能保证在应用于三个统计推断问题的情况下，即社区检测，矩阵完成和主要的组件分析，并使用缺失的数据来说明我们的理论结果。

The stochastic block model (SBM) is a random graph model with planted clusters. It is widely employed as a canonical model to study clustering and community detection, and provides generally a fertile ground to study the statistical and computational tradeoffs that arise in network and data sciences.This note surveys the recent developments that establish the fundamental limits for community detection in the SBM, both with respect to information-theoretic and computational thresholds, and for various recovery requirements such as exact, partial and weak recovery (a.k.a., detection). The main results discussed are the phase transitions for exact recovery at the Chernoff-Hellinger threshold, the phase transition for weak recovery at the Kesten-Stigum threshold, the optimal distortion-SNR tradeoff for partial recovery, the learning of the SBM parameters and the gap between information-theoretic and computational thresholds.The note also covers some of the algorithms developed in the quest of achieving the limits, in particular two-round algorithms via graph-splitting, semi-definite programming, linearized belief propagation, classical and nonbacktracking spectral methods. A few open problems are also discussed.

这项工作研究了经典的光谱群集算法，该算法嵌入了某些图$ g =（v_g，e_g）$的顶点，使用$ g $的某些矩阵的$ k $ eigenVectors纳入$ \ m athbb {r}^k $k $ - 分区$ v_g $ to $ k $簇。我们的第一个结果是对光谱聚类的性能进行更严格的分析，并解释了为什么它在某些条件下的作用比文献中研究的弱点要弱得多。对于第二个结果，我们表明，通过应用少于$ k $的特征向量来构建嵌入，光谱群集能够在许多实际情况下产生更好的输出；该结果是光谱聚类中的第一个结果。除了其概念性和理论意义外，我们工作的实际影响还通过对合成和现实世界数据集的经验分析证明，其中光谱聚类会产生可比或更好的结果，而较少$ k $ k $ eigenVectors。

网络可能具有弱信号和严重程度的异质性，并且可能在一次出现时非常稀疏，但在另一个发生中非常致密。得分（Jin，2015）是最近网络社区检测的方法。它适应严重的程度异质性，并适应不同水平的稀疏性，但它对具有弱信号的网络的性能尚不清楚。在本文中，我们认为，在广泛的网络设置中，我们允许弱信号，严重程度异质性和广泛的网络稀疏性，得分实现了完善的聚类，并且在汉明集群中具有所谓的“指数率”错误。证据对网络邻接矩阵的领先特征向量进行了最新的进出方程。理论分析向我们保证，在弱信号设置中，得分继续运行，但它不排除分数可以进一步提高的可能性，以在实际应用中具有更好的性能，特别是对于具有弱信号的网络。作为纸张的第二份贡献，我们提出得分+作为改进的分数版本。我们调查了8个网络数据集的得分+，发现它优于几种代表性的方法。特别是，对于具有相对强烈的信号的6个数据集，得分+具有与得分相似的性能，但对于2个数据集（Simmons，Caltech）具有可能弱信号，得分+的误差率较低。得分+提出了几个变化以得分。我们使用理论和数值研究的混合物仔细解释每个变化的基本原理。

We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M . Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen?We show that one can perfectly recover most low-rank matrices from what appears to be an incomplete set of entries. We prove that if the number m of sampled entries obeys m ≥ C n 1.2 r log n for some positive numerical constant C, then with very high probability, most n × n matrices of rank r can be perfectly recovered by solving a simple convex optimization program. This program finds the matrix with minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The condition above assumes that the rank is not too large. However, if one replaces the 1.2 exponent with 1.25, then the result holds for all values of the rank. Similar results hold for arbitrary rectangular matrices as well. Our results are connected with the recent literature on compressed sensing, and show that objects other than signals and images can be perfectly reconstructed from very limited information.

In this work we study statistical properties of graph-based algorithms for multi-manifold clustering (MMC). In MMC the goal is to retrieve the multi-manifold structure underlying a given Euclidean data set when this one is assumed to be obtained by sampling a distribution on a union of manifolds $\mathcal{M} = \mathcal{M}_1 \cup\dots \cup \mathcal{M}_N$ that may intersect with each other and that may have different dimensions. We investigate sufficient conditions that similarity graphs on data sets must satisfy in order for their corresponding graph Laplacians to capture the right geometric information to solve the MMC problem. Precisely, we provide high probability error bounds for the spectral approximation of a tensorized Laplacian on $\mathcal{M}$ with a suitable graph Laplacian built from the observations; the recovered tensorized Laplacian contains all geometric information of all the individual underlying manifolds. We provide an example of a family of similarity graphs, which we call annular proximity graphs with angle constraints, satisfying these sufficient conditions. We contrast our family of graphs with other constructions in the literature based on the alignment of tangent planes. Extensive numerical experiments expand the insights that our theory provides on the MMC problem.

Kernel matrices, as well as weighted graphs represented by them, are ubiquitous objects in machine learning, statistics and other related fields. The main drawback of using kernel methods (learning and inference using kernel matrices) is efficiency -- given $n$ input points, most kernel-based algorithms need to materialize the full $n \times n$ kernel matrix before performing any subsequent computation, thus incurring $\Omega(n^2)$ runtime. Breaking this quadratic barrier for various problems has therefore, been a subject of extensive research efforts. We break the quadratic barrier and obtain $\textit{subquadratic}$ time algorithms for several fundamental linear-algebraic and graph processing primitives, including approximating the top eigenvalue and eigenvector, spectral sparsification, solving linear systems, local clustering, low-rank approximation, arboricity estimation and counting weighted triangles. We build on the recent Kernel Density Estimation framework, which (after preprocessing in time subquadratic in $n$) can return estimates of row/column sums of the kernel matrix. In particular, we develop efficient reductions from $\textit{weighted vertex}$ and $\textit{weighted edge sampling}$ on kernel graphs, $\textit{simulating random walks}$ on kernel graphs, and $\textit{importance sampling}$ on matrices to Kernel Density Estimation and show that we can generate samples from these distributions in $\textit{sublinear}$ (in the support of the distribution) time. Our reductions are the central ingredient in each of our applications and we believe they may be of independent interest. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms on low-rank approximation (LRA) and spectral sparsification, where we observe a $\textbf{9x}$ decrease in the number of kernel evaluations over baselines for LRA and a $\textbf{41x}$ reduction in the graph size for spectral sparsification.

随机块模型（SBM）是一个随机图模型，其连接不同的顶点组不同。它被广泛用作研究聚类和社区检测的规范模型，并提供了肥沃的基础来研究组合统计和更普遍的数据科学中出现的信息理论和计算权衡。该专着调查了最近在SBM中建立社区检测的基本限制的最新发展，无论是在信息理论和计算方案方面，以及各种恢复要求，例如精确，部分和弱恢复。讨论的主要结果是在Chernoff-Hellinger阈值中进行精确恢复的相转换，Kesten-Stigum阈值弱恢复的相变，最佳的SNR - 单位信息折衷的部分恢复以及信息理论和信息理论之间的差距计算阈值。该专着给出了在寻求限制时开发的主要算法的原则推导，特别是通过绘制绘制，半定义编程，（线性化）信念传播，经典/非背带频谱和图形供电。还讨论了其他块模型的扩展，例如几何模型和一些开放问题。