本文主要研究范围传感机器人在置信度富的地图(CRM)中的定位和映射,这是一种持续信仰的密集环境表示,然后扩展到信息理论探索以减少姿势不确定性。大多数关于主动同时定位和映射(SLAM)和探索的作品始终假设已知的机器人姿势或利用不准确的信息指标来近似姿势不确定性,从而导致不知名的环境中的勘探性能和效率不平衡。这激发了我们以可测量的姿势不确定性扩展富含信心的互信息(CRMI)。具体而言,我们为CRMS提出了一种基于Rao-Blackwellized粒子过滤器的定位和映射方案(RBPF-CLAM),然后我们开发了一种新的封闭形式的加权方法来提高本地化精度而不扫描匹配。我们通过更准确的近似值进一步计算了使用加权颗粒的不确定的CRMI(UCRMI)。仿真和实验评估显示了在非结构化和密闭场景中提出的方法的定位准确性和探索性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
This paper concerns realizing highly efficient information-theoretic robot exploration with desired performance in complex scenes. We build a continuous lightweight inference model to predict the mutual information (MI) and the associated prediction confidence of the robot's candidate actions which have not been evaluated explicitly. This allows the decision-making stage in robot exploration to run with a logarithmic complexity approximately, this will also benefit online exploration in large unstructured, and cluttered places that need more spatial samples to assess and decide. We also develop an objective function to balance the local optimal action with the highest MI value and the global choice with high prediction variance. Extensive numerical and dataset simulations show the desired efficiency of our proposed method without losing exploration performance in different environments. We also provide our open-source implementation codes released on GitHub for the robot community.
translated by 谷歌翻译
This article presents a novel review of Active SLAM (A-SLAM) research conducted in the last decade. We discuss the formulation, application, and methodology applied in A-SLAM for trajectory generation and control action selection using information theory based approaches. Our extensive qualitative and quantitative analysis highlights the approaches, scenarios, configurations, types of robots, sensor types, dataset usage, and path planning approaches of A-SLAM research. We conclude by presenting the limitations and proposing future research possibilities. We believe that this survey will be helpful to researchers in understanding the various methods and techniques applied to A-SLAM formulation.
translated by 谷歌翻译
主动同时定位和映射(SLAM)是规划和控制机器人运动以构建周围环境中最准确,最完整的模型的问题。自从三十多年前出现了积极感知的第一项基础工作以来,该领域在不同科学社区中受到了越来越多的关注。这带来了许多不同的方法和表述,并回顾了当前趋势,对于新的和经验丰富的研究人员来说都是非常有价值的。在这项工作中,我们在主动大满贯中调查了最先进的工作,并深入研究了仍然需要注意的公开挑战以满足现代应用程序的需求。为了实现现实世界的部署。在提供了历史观点之后,我们提出了一个统一的问题制定并审查经典解决方案方案,该方案将问题分解为三个阶段,以识别,选择和执行潜在的导航措施。然后,我们分析替代方法,包括基于深入强化学习的信念空间规划和现代技术,以及审查有关多机器人协调的相关工作。该手稿以讨论新的研究方向的讨论,解决可再现的研究,主动的空间感知和实际应用,以及其他主题。
translated by 谷歌翻译
由于廉价的传感和边缘计算解决方案,最近在非结构化和未知环境中对机器人勘探的需求最近已经成长。为了更接近完全自主权,机器人需要实时处理测量流,呼吁有效的探索策略。基于信息的探测技术,例如Cauchy-Schwarz二次互信息(CSQMI)和快速Shannon互信(FSMI),已成功实现了具有范围测量的主动二进制占用映射。然而,正如我们设想使用语义有意义的对象指定的复杂任务的机器人,因此必须在测量,地图表示和探索目标中捕获语义类别。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种利用范围类别测量的贝叶斯多级映射算法,以及用于多级地图和测量的Shannon互联信息的封闭形式的下限。该界限允许快速评估许多潜在机器人轨迹,用于自主勘探和映射。此外,我们通过基于OctREE数据结构的语义标签,开发3-D环境的压缩表示,每个体素维护对象类的分类分布。所提出的3-D表示有助于使用范围类别观察光线的跑步长度编码(RLE)在语义Octomap和测量之间快速计算Shannon互信息。我们比较我们对基于前沿和FSMI探索的方法,并在各种模拟和现实世界实验中应用它。
translated by 谷歌翻译
具有多模式传感(AIPPMS)的自适应信息路径计划(AIPPMS)考虑了配备多个传感器的代理商的问题,每个传感器具有不同的感应精度和能量成本。代理商的目标是探索环境并在未知的,部分可观察到的环境中受到其资源约束的信息。先前的工作集中在不太一般的适应性信息路径计划(AIPP)问题上,该问题仅考虑了代理人运动对收到的观察结果的影响。 AIPPMS问题通过要求代理的原因共同出现感应和移动的影响,同时平衡资源约束与信息目标,从而增加了额外的复杂性。我们将AIPPMS问题作为一种信念马尔可夫决策过程,并具有高斯流程信念,并使用在线计划中使用顺序的贝叶斯优化方法来解决它。我们的方法始终优于以前的AIPPMS解决方案,这几乎将几乎每个实验中获得的平均奖励增加了一倍,同时还将根平方的错误在环境信念中减少了50%。我们完全开放我们的实施方式,以帮助进一步开发和比较。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Reliability is a key factor for realizing safety guarantee of full autonomous robot systems. In this paper, we focus on reliability in mobile robot localization. Monte Carlo localization (MCL) is widely used for mobile robot localization. However, it is still difficult to guarantee its safety because there are no methods determining reliability for MCL estimate. This paper presents a novel localization framework that enables robust localization, reliability estimation, and quick re-localization, simultaneously. The presented method can be implemented using similar estimation manner to that of MCL. The method can increase localization robustness to environment changes by estimating known and unknown obstacles while performing localization; however, localization failure of course occurs by unanticipated errors. The method also includes a reliability estimation function that enables us to know whether localization has failed. Additionally, the method can seamlessly integrate a global localization method via importance sampling. Consequently, quick re-localization from failures can be realized while mitigating noisy influence of global localization. Through three types of experiments, we show that reliable MCL that performs robust localization, self-failure detection, and quick failure recovery can be realized.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们为全向机器人提供了一种积极的视觉血液。目标是生成允许这样的机器人同时定向机器人的控制命令并将未知环境映射到最大化的信息量和消耗尽可能低的信息。利用机器人的独立翻译和旋转控制,我们引入了一种用于活动V-SLAM的多层方法。顶层决定提供信息丰富的目标位置,并为它们产生高度信息的路径。第二个和第三层积极地重新计划并执行路径,利用连续更新的地图和本地特征信息。此外,我们介绍了两个实用程序配方,以解释视野和机器人位置的障碍物。通过严格的模拟,真正的机器人实验和与最先进的方法的比较,我们证明我们的方法通过较小的整体地图熵实现了类似的覆盖结果。这是可以获得的,同时保持横向距离比其他方法短至39%,而不增加车轮的总旋转量。代码和实现详细信息作为开源提供。
translated by 谷歌翻译
This paper proposes a new 3D gas distribution mapping technique based on the local message passing of Gaussian belief propagation that is capable of resolving in real time, concentration estimates in 3D space whilst accounting for the obstacle information within the scenario, the first of its kind in the literature. The gas mapping problem is formulated as a 3D factor graph of Gaussian potentials, the connections of which are conditioned on local occupancy values. The Gaussian belief propagation framework is introduced as the solver and a new hybrid message scheduler is introduced to increase the rate of convergence. The factor graph problem is then redesigned as a dynamically expanding inference task, coupling the information of consecutive gas measurements with local spatial structure obtained by the robot. The proposed algorithm is compared to the state of the art methods in 2D and 3D simulations and is found to resolve distribution maps orders of magnitude quicker than typical direct solvers. The proposed framework is then deployed for the first time onboard a ground robot in a 3D mapping and exploration task. The system is shown to be able to resolve multiple sensor inputs and output high resolution 3D gas distribution maps in a GPS denied cluttered scenario in real time. This online inference of complicated plume structures provides a new layer of contextual information over its 2D counterparts and enables autonomous systems to take advantage of real time estimates to inform potential next best sampling locations.
translated by 谷歌翻译
信息性规划试图指导机器人的一系列动作,以收集最大信息的数据以映射大环境或学习动态系统。信息规划中的现有工作主要侧重于提出新规划者,并将其应用于各种机器人应用,如环境监测,自主勘探和系统识别。信息规划人员优化了概率模型给出的目标,例如,高斯过程回归。在实践中,该模型可以很容易受到无处不在的传感异常值的影响,导致误导目标。直接的解决方案是使用搁板的异常值检测器过滤出传感数据流中的异常值。但是,信息性样本也根据定义稀缺,因此它们可能被错误地筛选出来。在本文中,我们提出了一种方法来使机器人能够重新访问除了优化信息规划目标之外对异常值进行采样的位置。通过这样做,机器人可以在异常值附近收集更多样本,并更新异常值检测器以减少误报的数量。这是通过在蒙特卡罗树搜索的帕累托变体上设计一个新目标来实现的。我们证明所提出的框架可以实现比仅应用异常值探测器更好的性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
准确的本地化是大多数机器人任务的关键要求。现有工作的主体集中在被动定位上,其中假定了机器人的动作,从而从对抽样信息性观察的影响中抽象出来。尽管最近的工作表明学习动作的好处是消除机器人的姿势,但这些方法仅限于颗粒状的离散动作,直接取决于全球地图的大小。我们提出了主动粒子滤网网络(APFN),这种方法仅依赖于本地信息来进行可能的评估以及决策。为此,我们将可区分的粒子过滤器与加固学习剂进行了介绍,该材料会参与地图中最相关的部分。最终的方法继承了粒子过滤器的计算益处,并且可以直接在连续的动作空间中起作用,同时保持完全可区分,从而端到端优化以及对输入模式的不可知。我们通过在现实世界3D扫描公寓建造的影像现实主义室内环境中进行广泛的实验来证明我们的方法的好处。视频和代码可在http://apfn.cs.uni-freiburg.de上找到。
translated by 谷歌翻译
决策和计划最复杂的任务之一是收集信息。当状态具有高维度,并且无法用参数分布表达其信念时,此任务就会变得更加复杂。尽管国家是高维的,但在许多问题中,其中只有一小部分可能涉及过渡状态和产生观察结果。我们利用这一事实来计算信息理论的预期奖励,共同信息(MI),在国家的较低维度子集中,以提高效率和不牺牲准确性。以前的工作中使用了类似的方法,但专门用于高斯分布,我们在这里将其扩展为一般分布。此外,我们将降低维度降低用于将新状态扩展到上一个的情况下,又不牺牲准确性。然后,我们继续开发以连续的蒙特卡洛(SMC)方式工作的MI估计器,并避免重建未来信念的表面。最后,我们展示了如何将这项工作应用于信息丰富的计划优化问题。然后在模拟主动大满贯问题的模拟中评估这项工作,其中证明了准确性和时序的提高。
translated by 谷歌翻译
惯性辅助系统需要连续的运动激发,以表征测量偏差,这些偏差将使本地化框架需要准确的集成。本文建议使用信息性的路径计划来找到最佳的轨迹,以最大程度地减少IMU偏见的不确定性和一种自适应痕迹方法,以指导规划师朝着有助于收敛的轨迹迈进。关键贡献是一种基于高斯工艺(GP)的新型回归方法,以从RRT*计划算法的变体之间实现连续性和可区分性。我们采用应用于GP内核函数的线性操作员不仅推断连续位置轨迹,还推断速度和加速度。线性函数的使用实现了IMU测量给出的速度和加速度约束,以施加在位置GP模型上。模拟和现实世界实验的结果表明,IMU偏差收敛的计划有助于最大程度地减少状态估计框架中的本地化错误。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在这项工作中,我们研究了在不确定性下的在线决策问题,我们将其制定为在信仰空间的规划中。在高维状态(例如,整个轨迹)上维护信仰(即,整个轨迹)不仅被证明可以显着提高准确性,而且还允许在主动SLAM和信息收集的任务所需的情况下规划信息理论目标。尽管如此,根据这种“平滑”范式的规划持有高计算复杂性,这使得在线解决方案具有挑战性。因此,我们建议以下想法:在规划之前,在初始信念上执行独立状态可变重新排序过程,并“推进”所有预测的环路关闭变量。由于初始可变顺序确定将受到传入更新影响的它们的哪个子集,因此这种重新排序允许我们最小化受影响变量的总数,并在规划期间降低候选评估的计算复杂性。我们称之为Pivot:预测增量变量订购策略。应用此策略也可以提高国家推理效率;如果我们在规划会议后维持枢轴令,那么我们应该同样降低循环闭合的成本,当实际发生时。为了展示其有效性,我们将枢轴应用于一个现实的主动Slam仿真中,在那里我们设法显着减少了规划和推理会话的计算时间。该方法适用于一般分布,并不能准确地损失。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The LiDAR and inertial sensors based localization and mapping are of great significance for Unmanned Ground Vehicle related applications. In this work, we have developed an improved LiDAR-inertial localization and mapping system for unmanned ground vehicles, which is appropriate for versatile search and rescue applications. Compared with existing LiDAR-based localization and mapping systems such as LOAM, we have two major contributions: the first is the improvement of the robustness of particle swarm filter-based LiDAR SLAM, while the second is the loop closure methods developed for global optimization to improve the localization accuracy of the whole system. We demonstrate by experiments that the accuracy and robustness of the LiDAR SLAM system are both improved. Finally, we have done systematic experimental tests at the Hong Kong science park as well as other indoor or outdoor real complicated testing circumstances, which demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. It is demonstrated that our system has high accuracy, robustness, as well as efficiency. Our system is of great importance to the localization and mapping of the unmanned ground vehicle in an unknown environment.
translated by 谷歌翻译
大多数现实世界情景的环境,如商场和超市始终变化。预构建的地图,不会占这些变化的内容容易过时。因此,有必要具有环境的最新模型,以促进机器人的长期运行。为此,本文呈现了一般终身同时定位和映射(SLAM)框架。我们的框架使用多个会话映射表示,并利用一个有效的地图更新策略,包括地图建筑,姿势图形细化和稀疏化。为了减轻内存使用情况的无限性增加,我们提出了一种基于Chow-Liu最大相互信息生成树的地图修剪方法。在真正的超市环境中,通过一个月的机器人部署全面验证了拟议的SLAM框架。此外,我们释放了从室内和户外变化环境中收集的数据集,希望加速在社区中的终身猛烈的Slam研究。我们的数据集可在https://github.com/sanduan168/lifelong-slam-dataset中获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文提出了同时定位和地图辅助环境识别方法(SLAMER)方法。移动机器人通常具有环境图,并且可以将环境信息分配给地图。如果本地化成功,则可以预测移动机器人的重要信息,例如,由于可以知道它们的相对姿势。但是,当本地化不起作用时,该预测失败了。必须考虑使用地图信息的姿势估计的不确定性来鲁棒。此外,机器人具有外部传感器,可以使用传感器识别环境信息。这种在线认可当然包含不确定性。但是,它必须与MAP信息融合以进行强大的环境识别,因为随着时间的流逝,该地图还包含不确定性。 Slamer可以同时应对这些不确定性,并实现准确的本地化和环境识别。在本文中,我们在两种情况下演示了基于激光雷达的Slamer的实施。在第一种情况下,我们使用Semantickitti数据集,并表明Slamer比传统方法更能实现准确的估计。在第二种情况下,我们使用室内移动机器人,并表明无法衡量的环境对象(例如打开门和任何入口行都无法识别)。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们专注于在线学习主动视觉在未知室内环境中的对象的搜索(AVS)的最优策略问题。我们建议POMP++,规划战略,介绍了经典的部分可观察蒙特卡洛规划(POMCP)框架之上的新制剂,允许免费培训,在线政策在未知的环境中学习。我们提出了一个新的信仰振兴战略,允许使用POMCP与动态扩展状态空间来解决在线生成平面地图的。我们评估我们在两个公共标准数据集的方法,AVD由是从真正的3D场景渲染扫描真正的机器人平台和人居ObjectNav收购,用>10%,比国家的the-改善达到最佳的成功率技术方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
In this paper, a complete framework for Autonomous Self Driving is implemented. LIDAR, Camera and IMU sensors are used together. The entire data communication is managed using Robot Operating System which provides a robust platform for implementation of Robotics Projects. Jetson Nano is used to provide powerful on-board processing capabilities. Sensor fusion is performed on the data received from the different sensors to improve the accuracy of the decision making and inferences that we derive from the data. This data is then used to create a localized map of the environment. In this step, the position of the vehicle is obtained with respect to the Mapping done using the sensor data.The different SLAM techniques used for this purpose are Hector Mapping and GMapping which are widely used mapping techniques in ROS. Apart from SLAM that primarily uses LIDAR data, Visual Odometry is implemented using a Monocular Camera. The sensor fused data is then used by Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization for car localization. Using the localized map developed, Path Planning techniques like "TEB planner" and "Dynamic Window Approach" are implemented for autonomous navigation of the vehicle. The last step in the Project is the implantation of Control which is the final decision making block in the pipeline that gives speed and steering data for the navigation that is compatible with Ackermann Kinematics. The implementation of such a control block under a ROS framework using the three sensors, viz, LIDAR, Camera and IMU is a novel approach that is undertaken in this project.
translated by 谷歌翻译