We study algorithms for detecting and including glass objects in an optimization-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm in this work. When LiDAR data is the primary exteroceptive sensory input, glass objects are not correctly registered. This occurs as the incident light primarily passes through the glass objects or reflects away from the source, resulting in inaccurate range measurements for glass surfaces. Consequently, the localization and mapping performance is impacted, thereby rendering navigation in such environments unreliable. Optimization-based SLAM solutions, which are also referred to as Graph SLAM, are widely regarded as state of the art. In this paper, we utilize a simple and computationally inexpensive glass detection scheme for detecting glass objects and present the methodology to incorporate the identified objects into the occupancy grid maintained by such an algorithm (Google Cartographer). We develop both local (submap level) and global algorithms for achieving the objective mentioned above and compare the maps produced by our method with those produced by an existing algorithm that utilizes particle filter based SLAM.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Lidar-based SLAM systems perform well in a wide range of circumstances by relying on the geometry of the environment. However, even mature and reliable approaches struggle when the environment contains structureless areas such as long hallways. To allow the use of lidar-based SLAM in such environments, we propose to add reflector markers in specific locations that would otherwise be difficult. We present an algorithm to reliably detect these markers and two approaches to fuse the detected markers with geometry-based scan matching. The performance of the proposed methods is demonstrated on real-world datasets from several industrial environments.
translated by 谷歌翻译
LIDAR(光检测和测距)SLAM(同时定位和映射)作为室内清洁,导航和行业和家庭中许多其他有用应用的基础。从一系列LIDAR扫描,它构建了一个准确的全球一致的环境模型,并估计它内部的机器人位置。 SLAM本质上是计算密集的;在具有有限的加工能力的移动机器人上实现快速可靠的SLAM系统是一个具有挑战性的问题。为了克服这种障碍,在本文中,我们提出了一种普遍,低功耗和资源有效的加速器设计,用于瞄准资源限制的FPGA。由于扫描匹配位于SLAM的核心,所提出的加速器包括可编程逻辑部分上的专用扫描匹配核心,并提供软件接口以便于使用。我们的加速器可以集成到各种SLAM方法,包括基于ROS(机器人操作系统) - 基于ROS(机器人操作系统),并且用户可以切换到不同的方法而不修改和重新合成逻辑部分。我们将加速器集成为三种广泛使用的方法,即扫描匹配,粒子滤波器和基于图形的SLAM。我们使用现实世界数据集评估资源利用率,速度和输出结果质量方面的设计。 Pynq-Z2板上的实验结果表明,我们的设计将扫描匹配和循环闭合检测任务加速高达14.84倍和18.92倍,分别在上述方法中产生4.67倍,4.00倍和4.06倍的整体性能改进。我们的设计能够实现实时性能,同时仅消耗2.4W并保持精度,可与软件对应物乃至最先进的方法相当。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文提出了一种新颖的方法,用于在具有复杂拓扑结构的地下领域的搜索和救援行动中自动合作。作为CTU-Cras-Norlab团队的一部分,拟议的系统在DARPA SubT决赛的虚拟轨道中排名第二。与专门为虚拟轨道开发的获奖解决方案相反,该建议的解决方案也被证明是在现实世界竞争极为严峻和狭窄的环境中飞行的机上实体无人机的强大系统。提出的方法可以使无缝模拟转移的无人机团队完全自主和分散的部署,并证明了其优于不同环境可飞行空间的移动UGV团队的优势。该论文的主要贡献存在于映射和导航管道中。映射方法采用新颖的地图表示形式 - 用于有效的风险意识长距离计划,面向覆盖范围和压缩的拓扑范围的LTVMAP领域,以允许在低频道通信下进行多机器人合作。这些表示形式与新的方法一起在导航中使用,以在一般的3D环境中可见性受限的知情搜索,而对环境结构没有任何假设,同时将深度探索与传感器覆盖的剥削保持平衡。所提出的解决方案还包括一条视觉感知管道,用于在没有专用GPU的情况下在5 Hz处进行四个RGB流中感兴趣的对象的板上检测和定位。除了参与DARPA SubT外,在定性和定量评估的各种环境中,在不同的环境中进行了广泛的实验验证,UAV系统的性能得到了支持。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文介绍了使用腿收割机进行精密收集任务的集成系统。我们的收割机在狭窄的GPS拒绝了森林环境中的自主导航和树抓取了一项挑战性的任务。提出了映射,本地化,规划和控制的策略,并集成到完全自主系统中。任务从使用定制的传感器模块开始使用人员映射感兴趣区域。随后,人类专家选择树木进行收获。然后将传感器模块安装在机器上并用于给定地图内的本地化。规划算法在单路径规划问题中搜索一个方法姿势和路径。我们设计了一个路径,后面的控制器利用腿的收割机的谈判粗糙地形的能力。在达接近姿势时,机器用通用夹具抓住一棵树。此过程重复操作员选择的所有树。我们的系统已经在与树干和自然森林中的测试领域进行了测试。据我们所知,这是第一次在现实环境中运行的全尺寸液压机上显示了这一自主权。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Three-dimensional models provide a volumetric representation of space which is important for a variety of robotic applications including flying robots and robots that are equipped with manipulators. In this paper, we present an open-source framework to generate volumetric 3D environment models. Our mapping approach is based on octrees and uses probabilistic occupancy estimation. It explicitly represents not only occupied space, but also free and unknown areas. Furthermore, we propose an octree map compression method that keeps the 3D models compact. Our framework is available as an open-source C++ library and has already been successfully applied in several robotics projects. We present a series of experimental results carried out with real robots and on publicly available real-world datasets. The results demonstrate that our approach is able to update the representation efficiently and models the data consistently while keeping the memory requirement at a minimum.
translated by 谷歌翻译
当机器人在城市环境中导航时,大量动态物体的出现将使空间结构多样化。因此,在线删除动态对象至关重要。在本文中,我们为高度动态的城市环境介绍了一个新颖的在线拆除框架。该框架由扫描到图的前端和地图对后端模块组成。前端和后端都深入整合了基于可见性的方法和基于地图的方法。该实验在高度动态的模拟方案和现实世界数据集中验证了框架。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在未知和大规模的地下环境中,与一组异质的移动机器人团队进行搜救,需要高精度的本地化和映射。在复杂和感知衰落的地下环境中,这一至关重要的需求面临许多挑战,因为在船上感知系统需要在非警官条件下运作(由于黑暗和灰尘,坚固而泥泞的地形以及自我的存在以及自我的存在,都需要运作。 - 类似和模棱两可的场景)。在灾难响应方案和缺乏有关环境的先前信息的情况下,机器人必须依靠嘈杂的传感器数据并执行同时定位和映射(SLAM)来构建环境的3D地图,并定位自己和潜在的幸存者。为此,本文报告了Team Costar在DARPA Subterranean Challenge的背景下开发的多机器人大满贯系统。我们通过合并一个可适应不同的探针源和激光镜配置的单机器人前端界面来扩展以前的工作,即LAMP,这是一种可伸缩的多机前端,以支持大型大型和内部旋转循环闭合检测检测规模环境和多机器人团队,以及基于渐变的非凸度的稳健后端,配备了异常弹性姿势图优化。我们提供了有关多机器人前端和后端的详细消融研究,并评估美国跨矿山,发电厂和洞穴收集的挑战现实世界中的整体系统性能。我们还发布了我们的多机器人后端数据集(以及相应的地面真相),可以作为大规模地下大满贯的具有挑战性的基准。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文介绍了在线本地化和彩色网格重建(OLCMR)ROS感知体系结构,用于地面探索机器人,旨在在具有挑战性的未知环境中执行强大的同时定位和映射(SLAM),并实时提供相关的彩色3D网格表示。它旨在被远程人类操作员使用在任务或之后或之后轻松地可视化映射的环境,或作为在勘探机器人技术领域进行进一步研究的开发基础。该体系结构主要由精心挑选的基于激光雷达的SLAM算法的开源ROS实现以及使用点云和RGB摄像机图像投影到3D空间中的彩色表面重建过程。在较新的大学手持式LIDAR-VISION参考数据集上评估了整体表演,并在分别在城市和乡村户外环境中分别在代表性的车轮机器人上收集的两个实验轨迹。索引术语:现场机器人,映射,猛击,彩色表面重建
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们评估了八种流行和开源的3D激光雷达和视觉大满贯(同时定位和映射)算法,即壤土,乐高壤土,lio sam,hdl graph,orb slam3,basalt vio和svo2。我们已经设计了室内和室外的实验,以研究以下项目的影响:i)传感器安装位置的影响,ii)地形类型和振动的影响,iii)运动的影响(线性和角速速度的变化)。我们根据相对和绝对姿势误差比较它们的性能。我们还提供了他们所需的计算资源的比较。我们通过我们的多摄像机和多大摄像机室内和室外数据集进行彻底分析和讨论结果,并确定环境案例的最佳性能系统。我们希望我们的发现可以帮助人们根据目标环境选择一个适合其需求的传感器和相应的SLAM算法组合。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文通过讨论参加了为期三年的SubT竞赛的六支球队的不同大满贯策略和成果,报道了地下大满贯的现状。特别是,本文有四个主要目标。首先,我们审查团队采用的算法,架构和系统;特别重点是以激光雷达以激光雷达为中心的SLAM解决方案(几乎所有竞争中所有团队的首选方法),异质的多机器人操作(包括空中机器人和地面机器人)和现实世界的地下操作(从存在需要处理严格的计算约束的晦涩之处)。我们不会回避讨论不同SubT SLAM系统背后的肮脏细节,这些系统通常会从技术论文中省略。其次,我们通过强调当前的SLAM系统的可能性以及我们认为与一些良好的系统工程有关的范围来讨论该领域的成熟度。第三,我们概述了我们认为是基本的开放问题,这些问题可能需要进一步的研究才能突破。最后,我们提供了在SubT挑战和相关工作期间生产的开源SLAM实现和数据集的列表,并构成了研究人员和从业人员的有用资源。
translated by 谷歌翻译
根据一般静态障碍物检测的要求,本文提出了无人接地车辆局部静态环境的紧凑型矢量化表示方法。首先,通过融合LiDAR和IMU的数据,获得了高频姿势信息。然后,通过二维(2D)障碍物点的生成,提出了具有固定尺寸的网格图维护过程。最后,通过多个凸多边形描述了局部静态环境,该多边形实现了基于双阈值的边界简化和凸多边形分割。我们提出的方法已应用于公园的一个实用无人驾驶项目中,典型场景的定性实验结果验证了有效性和鲁棒性。此外,定量评估表明,与传统的基于网格地图的方法相比,使用较少的点信息(减少约60%)来代表局部静态环境。此外,运行时间(15ms)的性能表明,所提出的方法可用于实时局部静态环境感知。可以在https://github.com/ghm0819/cvr_lse上访问相应的代码。
translated by 谷歌翻译
移动机器人应该意识到他们的情况,包括对周围环境的深刻理解,以及对自己的状态的估计,成功地做出智能决策并在真实环境中自动执行任务。 3D场景图是一个新兴的研究领域,建议在包含几何,语义和关系/拓扑维度的联合模型中表示环境。尽管3D场景图已经与SLAM技术相结合,以提供机器人的情境理解,但仍需要进一步的研究才能有效地部署它们在板载移动机器人。为此,我们在本文中介绍了一个小说,实时的在线构建情境图(S-Graph),该图在单个优化图中结合在一起,环境的表示与上述三个维度以及机器人姿势一起。我们的方法利用了从3D激光扫描提取的轨道读数和平面表面,以实时构造和优化三层S图,其中包括(1)机器人跟踪层,其中机器人姿势已注册,(2)衡量标准。语义层具有诸如平面壁和(3)我们的新颖拓扑层之类的特征,从而使用高级特征(例如走廊和房间)来限制平面墙。我们的建议不仅证明了机器人姿势估计的最新结果,而且还以度量的环境模型做出了贡献
translated by 谷歌翻译
在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新型的视觉定位方法,以根据RGB摄像机的可视数据准确估计机器人在3D激光镜头内的六个自由度(6-DOF)姿势。使用基于先进的激光雷达的同时定位和映射(SLAM)算法,可获得3D地图,能够收集精确的稀疏图。将从相机图像中提取的功能与3D地图的点进行了比较,然后解决了几何优化问题,以实现精确的视觉定位。我们的方法允许使用配备昂贵激光雷达的侦察兵机器人一次 - 用于映射环境,并且仅使用RGB摄像头的多个操作机器人 - 执行任务任务,其本地化精度高于常见的基于相机的解决方案。该方法在Skolkovo科学技术研究所(Skoltech)收集的自定义数据集上进行了测试。在评估本地化准确性的过程中,我们设法达到了厘米级的准确性;中间翻译误差高达1.3厘米。仅使用相机实现的确切定位使使用自动移动机器人可以解决需要高度本地化精度的最复杂的任务。
translated by 谷歌翻译
对自主导航和室内应用程序勘探机器人的最新兴趣刺激了对室内同时定位和映射(SLAM)机器人系统的研究。尽管大多数这些大满贯系统使用视觉和激光雷达传感器与探针传感器同时使用,但这些探针传感器会随着时间的流逝而漂移。为了打击这种漂移,视觉大满贯系统部署计算和内存密集型搜索算法来检测“环闭合”,这使得轨迹估计在全球范围内保持一致。为了绕过这些资源(计算和内存)密集算法,我们提出了VIWID,该算法将WiFi和视觉传感器集成在双层系统中。这种双层方法将局部和全局轨迹估计的任务分开,从而使VIWID资源有效,同时实现PAR或更好的性能到最先进的视觉大满贯。我们在四个数据集上展示了VIWID的性能,涵盖了超过1500 m的遍历路径,并分别显示出4.3倍和4倍的计算和记忆消耗量与最先进的视觉和LIDAR SLAM SLAM系统相比,具有PAR SLAM性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
translated by 谷歌翻译
In this paper, we present an evolved version of the Situational Graphs, which jointly models in a single optimizable factor graph, a SLAM graph, as a set of robot keyframes, containing its associated measurements and robot poses, and a 3D scene graph, as a high-level representation of the environment that encodes its different geometric elements with semantic attributes and the relational information between those elements. Our proposed S-Graphs+ is a novel four-layered factor graph that includes: (1) a keyframes layer with robot pose estimates, (2) a walls layer representing wall surfaces, (3) a rooms layer encompassing sets of wall planes, and (4) a floors layer gathering the rooms within a given floor level. The above graph is optimized in real-time to obtain a robust and accurate estimate of the robot's pose and its map, simultaneously constructing and leveraging the high-level information of the environment. To extract such high-level information, we present novel room and floor segmentation algorithms utilizing the mapped wall planes and free-space clusters. We tested S-Graphs+ on multiple datasets including, simulations of distinct indoor environments, on real datasets captured over several construction sites and office environments, and on a real public dataset of indoor office environments. S-Graphs+ outperforms relevant baselines in the majority of the datasets while extending the robot situational awareness by a four-layered scene model. Moreover, we make the algorithm available as a docker file.
translated by 谷歌翻译
The LiDAR and inertial sensors based localization and mapping are of great significance for Unmanned Ground Vehicle related applications. In this work, we have developed an improved LiDAR-inertial localization and mapping system for unmanned ground vehicles, which is appropriate for versatile search and rescue applications. Compared with existing LiDAR-based localization and mapping systems such as LOAM, we have two major contributions: the first is the improvement of the robustness of particle swarm filter-based LiDAR SLAM, while the second is the loop closure methods developed for global optimization to improve the localization accuracy of the whole system. We demonstrate by experiments that the accuracy and robustness of the LiDAR SLAM system are both improved. Finally, we have done systematic experimental tests at the Hong Kong science park as well as other indoor or outdoor real complicated testing circumstances, which demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach. It is demonstrated that our system has high accuracy, robustness, as well as efficiency. Our system is of great importance to the localization and mapping of the unmanned ground vehicle in an unknown environment.
translated by 谷歌翻译
In this work we present a fast occupancy map building approach based on the VDB datastructure. Existing log-odds based occupancy mapping systems are often not able to keep up with the high point densities and framerates of modern sensors. Therefore, we suggest a highly optimized approach based on a modern datastructure coming from a computer graphic background. A multithreaded insertion scheme allows occupancy map building at unprecedented speed. Multiple optimizations allow for a customizable tradeoff between runtime and map quality. We first demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach quantitatively on a set of ablation studies and typical benchmark sets, before we practically demonstrate the system using a legged robot and a UAV.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文介绍了Cerberus机器人系统系统,该系统赢得了DARPA Subterranean挑战最终活动。出席机器人自主权。由于其几何复杂性,降解的感知条件以及缺乏GPS支持,严峻的导航条件和拒绝通信,地下设置使自动操作变得特别要求。为了应对这一挑战,我们开发了Cerberus系统,该系统利用了腿部和飞行机器人的协同作用,再加上可靠的控制,尤其是为了克服危险的地形,多模式和多机器人感知,以在传感器退化,以及在传感器退化的条件下进行映射以及映射通过统一的探索路径计划和本地运动计划,反映机器人特定限制的弹性自主权。 Cerberus基于其探索各种地下环境及其高级指挥和控制的能力,表现出有效的探索,对感兴趣的对象的可靠检测以及准确的映射。在本文中,我们报告了DARPA地下挑战赛的初步奔跑和最终奖项的结果,并讨论了为社区带来利益的教训所面临的亮点和挑战。
translated by 谷歌翻译