首字母缩略词和长形式通常在研究文件中发现,更多的资料来自科学和法律领域的文件。在此文件中使用的许多首字母缩略词是特定于域的,很少在正常文本语料库中找到。由于这一点,基于变压器的NLP模型经常检测缩略词令牌的OOV(词汇),特别是对于非英语语言,它们的性能在提取期间将首字母缩略词与它们的长形式联系起来。此外,像BERT这样的预磨削变压器模型不专注于处理科学和法律文件。随着这些积分是这项工作背后的总体动机,我们提出了一种新颖的框架尚非:缩写式提取的字符感知BERT,其考虑文本中的字符序列,并通过屏蔽语言建模进行了科学和法律域。我们进一步使用了一个增强损失功能的目标,将最大损耗和掩码丢失术语添加到培训人物的标准交叉熵损失。我们进一步利用伪标记和对抗性数据生成来提高框架的普遍性。与各种基线相比,实验结果证明了所提出的框架的优越性。此外,我们表明,所提出的框架更适合基线模型,用于对非英语的零拍摄概括,从而加强了我们方法的有效性。我们的Team BackGprop在法国数据集中获得了最高分,丹麦和越南的最高分,在全球排行榜上的英语合法数据集中获得了第三高,用于SDU AAAI-22的Althym提取(AE)共享任务。
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首字母缩略词是通过在文本中使用短语的初始组件构建的短语单元的缩写单元。自动提取文本中的首字母缩略词可以帮助各种自然语言处理任务,如机器翻译,信息检索和文本汇总。本文讨论了缩写式萃取任务的集合方法,利用两种不同的方法提取缩略语及其相应的长形式。第一种方法利用多语言语境语言模型,并进行微调模型以执行任务。第二种方法依赖于卷积神经网络架构,以提取首字母缩略词并将其附加到先前方法的输出。我们还将官方培训数据集增强,其中包含从几个开放式期刊中提取的其他培训样本,以帮助提高任务性能。我们的数据集分析还突出显示当前任务数据集中的噪声。我们的方法在通过任务发布的测试数据上实现了以下宏观F1分数:丹麦语(0.74),英语 - 法律(0.72),英语 - 科学(0.73),法语(0.63),波斯(0.57),西班牙语(0.65) ,越南语(0.65)。我们公开发布我们的代码和模型。
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多语言语言模型(\ mllms),如mbert,xlm,xlm-r,\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择,使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中,在(i)建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言(ii)创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜(iii)分析单音零点,零拍摄交叉和双语任务(iv)对Monolingual的性能,了解\ mllms〜(v)增强(通常)学习的通用语言模式(如果有的话)有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中,我们审查了现有的文学,涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查,我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。
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We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.
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在法律文本中预先培训的基于变压器的预训练语言模型(PLM)的出现,法律领域中的自然语言处理受益匪浅。有经过欧洲和美国法律文本的PLM,最著名的是Legalbert。但是,随着印度法律文件的NLP申请量的迅速增加以及印度法律文本的区别特征,也有必要在印度法律文本上预先培训LMS。在这项工作中,我们在大量的印度法律文件中介绍了基于变压器的PLM。我们还将这些PLM应用于印度法律文件的几个基准法律NLP任务,即从事实,法院判决的语义细分和法院判决预测中的法律法规识别。我们的实验证明了这项工作中开发的印度特定PLM的实用性。
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自然语言处理领域(NLP)最近看到使用预先接受训练的语言模型来解决几乎任何任务的大量变化。尽管对各种任务的基准数据集显示了很大的改进,但这些模型通常在非标准域中对临床领域的临床域进行次优,其中观察到预训练文件和目标文件之间的巨大差距。在本文中,我们的目标是通过对语言模型的域特定培训结束这种差距,我们调查其对多种下游任务和设置的影响。我们介绍了预先训练的Clin-X(临床XLM-R)语言模型,并展示了Clin-X如何通过两种语言的十个临床概念提取任务的大幅度优于其他预先训练的变压器模型。此外,我们展示了如何通过基于随机分裂和交叉句子上下文的集合来利用我们所提出的任务和语言 - 无人机模型架构进一步改善变压器模型。我们在低资源和转移设置中的研究显​​示,尽管只有250个标记的句子,但在只有250个标记的句子时,缺乏带注释数据的稳定模型表现。我们的结果突出了专业语言模型作为非标准域中的概念提取的Clin-X的重要性,但也表明我们的任务 - 无人机模型架构跨越测试任务和语言是强大的,以便域名或任务特定的适应不需要。 Clin-Xlanguage模型和用于微调和传输模型的源代码在https://github.com/boschresearch/clin\_x/和Huggingface模型集线器上公开使用。
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随着越来越多的可用文本数据,能够自动分析,分类和摘要这些数据的算法的开发已成为必需品。在本研究中,我们提出了一种用于关键字识别的新颖算法,即表示给定文档的关键方面的一个或多字短语的提取,称为基于变压器的神经标记器,用于关键字识别(TNT-KID)。通过将变压器架构适用于手头的特定任务并利用域特定语料库上的预先磨损的语言模型,该模型能够通过提供竞争和强大的方式克服监督和无监督的最先进方法的缺陷在各种不同的数据集中的性能,同时仅需要最佳执行系统所需的手动标记的数据。本研究还提供了彻底的错误分析,具有对模型内部运作的有价值的见解和一种消融研究,测量关键字识别工作流程的特定组分对整体性能的影响。
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Understanding customer feedback is becoming a necessity for companies to identify problems and improve their products and services. Text classification and sentiment analysis can play a major role in analyzing this data by using a variety of machine and deep learning approaches. In this work, different transformer-based models are utilized to explore how efficient these models are when working with a German customer feedback dataset. In addition, these pre-trained models are further analyzed to determine if adapting them to a specific domain using unlabeled data can yield better results than off-the-shelf pre-trained models. To evaluate the models, two downstream tasks from the GermEval 2017 are considered. The experimental results show that transformer-based models can reach significant improvements compared to a fastText baseline and outperform the published scores and previous models. For the subtask Relevance Classification, the best models achieve a micro-averaged $F1$-Score of 96.1 % on the first test set and 95.9 % on the second one, and a score of 85.1 % and 85.3 % for the subtask Polarity Classification.
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我们利用预训练的语言模型来解决两种低资源语言的复杂NER任务:中文和西班牙语。我们使用整个单词掩码(WWM)的技术来提高大型和无监督的语料库的掩盖语言建模目标。我们在微调的BERT层之上进行多个神经网络体系结构,将CRF,Bilstms和线性分类器结合在一起。我们所有的模型都优于基线,而我们的最佳性能模型在盲目测试集的评估排行榜上获得了竞争地位。
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由于低资源语言缺乏培训数据,交叉语言机器阅读理解(XMRC)是挑战。最近的方法仅使用培训数据,以资源丰富的语言,如英语到微调大规模的跨语法预训练的语言模型。由于语言之间的巨大差异,仅由源语言微调的模型可能无法对目标语言表现良好。有趣的是,我们观察到,虽然先前方法预测的前1个结果可能经常无法达到地面真理答案,但是正确的答案通常包含在Top-K预测结果中。基于这种观察,我们开发了一种两级方法来提高模型性能。召回的第一阶段目标:我们设计一个艰难的学习(HL)算法,以最大化顶级预测包含准确答案的可能性。第二阶段专注于精确:开发了答案感知对比学习(AA-CL)机制,以了解准确答案和其他候选者之间的细差异。我们的广泛实验表明,我们的模型在两个交叉语言MRC基准数据集上显着优于一系列强大的基线。
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The widespread of offensive content online, such as hate speech and cyber-bullying, is a global phenomenon. This has sparked interest in the artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) communities, motivating the development of various systems trained to detect potentially harmful content automatically. These systems require annotated datasets to train the machine learning (ML) models. However, with a few notable exceptions, most datasets on this topic have dealt with English and a few other high-resource languages. As a result, the research in offensive language identification has been limited to these languages. This paper addresses this gap by tackling offensive language identification in Sinhala, a low-resource Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 17 million people in Sri Lanka. We introduce the Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset (SOLD) and present multiple experiments on this dataset. SOLD is a manually annotated dataset containing 10,000 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive at both sentence-level and token-level, improving the explainability of the ML models. SOLD is the first large publicly available offensive language dataset compiled for Sinhala. We also introduce SemiSOLD, a larger dataset containing more than 145,000 Sinhala tweets, annotated following a semi-supervised approach.
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In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.
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Translating training data into many languages has emerged as a practical solution for improving cross-lingual transfer. For tasks that involve span-level annotations, such as information extraction or question answering, an additional label projection step is required to map annotated spans onto the translated texts. Recently, a few efforts have utilized a simple mark-then-translate method to jointly perform translation and projection by inserting special markers around the labeled spans in the original sentence. However, as far as we are aware, no empirical analysis has been conducted on how this approach compares to traditional annotation projection based on word alignment. In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study across 42 languages and three tasks (QA, NER, and Event Extraction) to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of both methods, filling an important gap in the literature. Experimental results show that our optimized version of mark-then-translate, which we call EasyProject, is easily applied to many languages and works surprisingly well, outperforming the more complex word alignment-based methods. We analyze several key factors that affect end-task performance, and show EasyProject works well because it can accurately preserve label span boundaries after translation. We will publicly release all our code and data.
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姿态检测的目标是确定以目标朝向目标的文本中表达的视点。这些观点或上下文通常以许多不同的语言表达,这取决于用户和平台,这可以是本地新闻插座,社交媒体平台,新闻论坛等。然而,姿态检测的大多数研究已经限于使用单一语言和几个有限的目标,在交叉舌姿态检测很少有效。此外,标记数据的非英语来源通常稀缺,并具有额外的挑战。最近,大型多语言语言模型在许多非英语任务上大大提高了性能,尤其是具有有限数量的示例。这突出了模型预培训的重要性及其从少数例子中学习的能力。在本文中,我们展示了对日期交叉姿态检测的最全面的研究:我们在6名语言系列中使用12种语言的12种不同的数据集进行实验,每个都有6个低资源评估设置。对于我们的实验,我们构建了模式开发培训,提出了添加一种新颖的标签编码器来简化言语程序。我们进一步提出了基于情绪的姿态数据进行预培训,这在与几个强的基线相比,在低拍摄环境中显示了大量的6%F1绝对的增长。
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跨语言嵌入(CLWE)已被证明在许多跨语性任务中有用。但是,大多数现有的学习Clwe的方法,包括具有上下文嵌入的方法是无知的。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以通过仅利用双语词典的跨语性信号来使上下文嵌入在感觉层面上。我们通过首先提出一种新颖的感知感知的跨熵损失来明确地提出一种新颖的感知跨熵损失来实现我们的框架。通过感知感知的跨熵损失预算的单语Elmo和BERT模型显示出对单词感官歧义任务的显着改善。然后,我们提出了一个感官对齐目标,除了跨语义模型预训练的感知感知跨熵损失以及几种语言对的跨语义模型(英语对德语/西班牙语/日本/中文)。与最佳的基线结果相比,我们的跨语言模型分别在零摄影,情感分类和XNLI任务上达到0.52%,2.09%和1.29%的平均绩效提高。
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多语言预训练的语言模型在跨语言任务上表现出了令人印象深刻的表现。它极大地促进了自然语言处理在低资源语言上的应用。但是,当前的多语言模型仍然有些语言表现不佳。在本文中,我们提出了Cino(中国少数族裔训练的语言模型),这是一种用于中国少数语言的多语言预训练的语言模型。它涵盖了标准的中文,Yue中文和其他六种少数民族语言。为了评估多语言模型在少数族裔语言上的跨语性能力,我们从Wikipedia和新闻网站收集文档,并构建两个文本分类数据集,WCM(Wiki-Chinese-Minority)和CMNEWS(中国最少的新闻)。我们表明,Cino在各种分类任务上的表现明显优于基准。Cino模型和数据集可在http://cino.hfl-rc.com上公开获得。
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We study the performance of monolingual and multilingual language models on the task of question-answering (QA) on three diverse languages: English, Finnish and Japanese. We develop models for the tasks of (1) determining if a question is answerable given the context and (2) identifying the answer texts within the context using IOB tagging. Furthermore, we attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre-trained multilingual encoder (Multilingual BERT) on cross-language zero-shot learning for both the answerability and IOB sequence classifiers.
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The BERT family of neural language models have become highly popular due to their ability to provide sequences of text with rich context-sensitive token encodings which are able to generalise well to many NLP tasks. We introduce gaBERT, a monolingual BERT model for the Irish language. We compare our gaBERT model to multilingual BERT and the monolingual Irish WikiBERT, and we show that gaBERT provides better representations for a downstream parsing task. We also show how different filtering criteria, vocabulary size and the choice of subword tokenisation model affect downstream performance. We compare the results of fine-tuning a gaBERT model with an mBERT model for the task of identifying verbal multiword expressions, and show that the fine-tuned gaBERT model also performs better at this task. We release gaBERT and related code to the community.
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本文介绍了我们参与多语言首字母缩写提取共享任务SDU@AAAI-22的发现。该任务包括从科学和法律领域内6种语言中的文档提取的首字母缩写。为了解决多语言的首字母缩写提取,我们使用了Bilstm-CRF使用多语言XLM-Roberta嵌入。我们在共享任务语料库上鉴定了XLM-Roberta模型,以进一步将XLM-Roberta嵌入到共享的任务域。我们的系统(团队:SMR-NLP)在所有语言中都实现了首字母缩写提取的竞争性能。
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深语模型在NLP域中取得了显着的成功。培养深层语言模型的标准方法是从大型未标记的语料库中雇用无监督的学习。但是,这种大型公司仅适用于广泛采用和高资源语言和域名。本研究提出了第一款深语型号DPRK-BERT为朝鲜语言。我们通过编制朝鲜语言的第一个未标记的语料库和微调预先存在的ROK语言模型来实现这一目标。我们将所提出的模型与现有方法进行比较,并显示两个DPRK数据集的显着改进。我们还提供了这种模型的交叉语言版本,其在两种韩语语言中产生了更好的泛化。最后,我们提供与朝鲜语言相关的各种NLP工具,这些工具将培养未来的研究。
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