bump狩猎与样本空间中的发现有意义的数据子集,称为颠簸。这些传统上被认为是基础密度函数图中的模态或凹区域。我们根据概率密度的曲率功能定义抽象的凸起构建体。然后,我们探讨了涉及衍生物最高到二阶的几种替代特征。特别是,在多元案例中提出了适当的善良和加斯金斯原始凹凸凹凸的实施。此外,我们将探索性数据分析概念(如平均曲率和拉普拉斯人)在应用域中产生良好结果。我们的方法可以通过插件内核密度估计器来解决曲率功能的近似。我们提供了理论上的结果,以确保在Hausdorff距离内的凸界边界的渐近一致性,并具有负担得起的收敛速度。我们还提出了渐近有效且一致的置信区域边界曲率凸起。该理论通过NBA,MLB和NFL的数据集的体育分析中的几种用例来说明。我们得出的结论是,不同的曲率实例有效地结合了以产生洞察力的可视化。
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本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps(Le)的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS(PCR-LE)的主要成分回归的统计性质,这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps(Le)的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =(y_1,\ ldots,y_n)$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下,PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率(其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /(2s + d) )} $)和健美的测试($ n ^ { - 4s /(4s + d)$)。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}:即,我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况,并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计($ n ^ { - 2s /(2s + m)$)和测试($ n ^ { - 4s /(4s + m)$)收敛率。有趣的是,这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说,对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易,统计上讲,而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。
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We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.
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Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.
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我们调查识别来自域中的采样点的域的边界。我们向边界引入正常矢量的新估计,指向边界的距离,以及对边界条内的点位于边界的测试。可以有效地计算估算器,并且比文献中存在的估计更准确。我们为估算者提供严格的错误估计。此外,我们使用检测到的边界点来解决Point云上PDE的边值问题。我们在点云上证明了LAPLACH和EIKONG方程的错误估计。最后,我们提供了一系列数值实验,说明了我们的边界估计器,在点云上的PDE应用程序的性能,以及在图像数据集上测试。
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我们研究通过应用具有多个初始化的梯度上升方法来源的估计器的统计特性。我们派生了该估算器的目标的人口数量,并研究了从渐近正常性和自举方法构成的置信区间(CIS)的性质。特别是,我们通过有限数量的随机初始化来分析覆盖范围。我们还通过反转可能性比率测试,得分测试和WALD测试来调查CI,我们表明所得到的CIS可能非常不同。即使MLE是棘手的,我们也提出了一种两个样本测试程序。此外,我们在随机初始化下分析了EM算法的性能,并通过有限数量的初始化导出了CI的覆盖范围。
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三角形流量,也称为kn \“{o}的Rosenblatt测量耦合,包括用于生成建模和密度估计的归一化流模型的重要构建块,包括诸如实值的非体积保存变换模型的流行自回归流模型(真实的NVP)。我们提出了三角形流量统计模型的统计保证和样本复杂性界限。特别是,我们建立了KN的统计一致性和kullback-leibler估算器的rospblatt的kullback-leibler估计的有限样本会聚率使用实证过程理论的工具测量耦合。我们的结果突出了三角形流动下播放功能类的各向异性几何形状,优化坐标排序,并导致雅各比比流动的统计保证。我们对合成数据进行数值实验,以说明我们理论发现的实际意义。
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套索是一种高维回归的方法,当时,当协变量$ p $的订单数量或大于观测值$ n $时,通常使用它。由于两个基本原因,经典的渐近态性理论不适用于该模型:$(1)$正规风险是非平滑的; $(2)$估算器$ \ wideHat {\ boldsymbol {\ theta}} $与true参数vector $ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$无法忽略。结果,标准的扰动论点是渐近正态性的传统基础。另一方面,套索估计器可以精确地以$ n $和$ p $大,$ n/p $的订单为一。这种表征首先是在使用I.I.D的高斯设计的情况下获得的。协变量:在这里,我们将其推广到具有非偏差协方差结构的高斯相关设计。这是根据更简单的``固定设计''模型表示的。我们在两个模型中各种数量的分布之间的距离上建立了非反应界限,它们在合适的稀疏类别中均匀地固定在信号上$ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$。作为应用程序,我们研究了借助拉索的分布,并表明需要校正程度对于计算有效的置信区间是必要的。
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Network data are ubiquitous in modern machine learning, with tasks of interest including node classification, node clustering and link prediction. A frequent approach begins by learning an Euclidean embedding of the network, to which algorithms developed for vector-valued data are applied. For large networks, embeddings are learned using stochastic gradient methods where the sub-sampling scheme can be freely chosen. Despite the strong empirical performance of such methods, they are not well understood theoretically. Our work encapsulates representation methods using a subsampling approach, such as node2vec, into a single unifying framework. We prove, under the assumption that the graph is exchangeable, that the distribution of the learned embedding vectors asymptotically decouples. Moreover, we characterize the asymptotic distribution and provided rates of convergence, in terms of the latent parameters, which includes the choice of loss function and the embedding dimension. This provides a theoretical foundation to understand what the embedding vectors represent and how well these methods perform on downstream tasks. Notably, we observe that typically used loss functions may lead to shortcomings, such as a lack of Fisher consistency.
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Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.
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对于高维和非参数统计模型,速率最优估计器平衡平方偏差和方差是一种常见的现象。虽然这种平衡被广泛观察到,但很少知道是否存在可以避免偏差和方差之间的权衡的方法。我们提出了一般的策略,以获得对任何估计方差的下限,偏差小于预先限定的界限。这表明偏差差异折衷的程度是不可避免的,并且允许量化不服从其的方法的性能损失。该方法基于许多抽象的下限,用于涉及关于不同概率措施的预期变化以及诸如Kullback-Leibler或Chi-Sque-diversence的信息措施的变化。其中一些不平等依赖于信息矩阵的新概念。在该物品的第二部分中,将抽象的下限应用于几种统计模型,包括高斯白噪声模型,边界估计问题,高斯序列模型和高维线性回归模型。对于这些特定的统计应用,发生不同类型的偏差差异发生,其实力变化很大。对于高斯白噪声模型中集成平方偏置和集成方差之间的权衡,我们将较低界限的一般策略与减少技术相结合。这允许我们将原始问题与估计的估计器中的偏差折衷联动,以更简单的统计模型中具有额外的对称性属性。在高斯序列模型中,发生偏差差异的不同相位转换。虽然偏差和方差之间存在非平凡的相互作用,但是平方偏差的速率和方差不必平衡以实现最小估计速率。
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我们将最初在多维扩展和降低多元数据的降低领域发展为功能设置。我们专注于经典缩放和ISOMAP - 在这些领域中起重要作用的原型方法 - 并在功能数据分析的背景下展示它们的使用。在此过程中,我们强调了环境公制扮演的关键作用。
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We consider the problem of estimating the optimal transport map between a (fixed) source distribution $P$ and an unknown target distribution $Q$, based on samples from $Q$. The estimation of such optimal transport maps has become increasingly relevant in modern statistical applications, such as generative modeling. At present, estimation rates are only known in a few settings (e.g. when $P$ and $Q$ have densities bounded above and below and when the transport map lies in a H\"older class), which are often not reflected in practice. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for bounded densities and H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.
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了解随机梯度下降(SGD)的隐式偏见是深度学习的关键挑战之一,尤其是对于过度透明的模型,损失功能的局部最小化$ l $可以形成多种多样的模型。从直觉上讲,SGD $ \ eta $的学习率很小,SGD跟踪梯度下降(GD),直到它接近这种歧管为止,梯度噪声阻止了进一步的收敛。在这样的政权中,Blanc等人。 (2020)证明,带有标签噪声的SGD局部降低了常规术语,损失的清晰度,$ \ mathrm {tr} [\ nabla^2 l] $。当前的论文通过调整Katzenberger(1991)的想法提供了一个总体框架。它原则上允许使用随机微分方程(SDE)描述参数的限制动力学的SGD围绕此歧管的正规化效应(即“隐式偏见”)的正则化效应,这是由损失共同确定的功能和噪声协方差。这产生了一些新的结果:(1)与Blanc等人的局部分析相比,对$ \ eta^{ - 2} $ steps有效的隐性偏差进行了全局分析。 (2020)仅适用于$ \ eta^{ - 1.6} $ steps和(2)允许任意噪声协方差。作为一个应用程序,我们以任意大的初始化显示,标签噪声SGD始终可以逃脱内核制度,并且仅需要$ o(\ kappa \ ln d)$样本用于学习$ \ kappa $ -sparse $ -sparse yroverparame parametrized linearized Linear Modal in $ \ Mathbb {r}^d $(Woodworth等,2020),而GD在内核制度中初始化的GD需要$ \ omega(d)$样本。该上限是最小值的最佳,并改善了先前的$ \ tilde {o}(\ kappa^2)$上限(Haochen等,2020)。
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我们研究了趋势过滤的多元版本,称为Kronecker趋势过滤或KTF,因为设计点以$ D $维度形成格子。 KTF是单变量趋势过滤的自然延伸(Steidl等,2006; Kim等人,2009; Tibshirani,2014),并通过最大限度地减少惩罚最小二乘问题,其罚款术语总和绝对(高阶)沿每个坐标方向估计参数的差异。相应的惩罚运算符可以编写单次趋势过滤惩罚运营商的Kronecker产品,因此名称Kronecker趋势过滤。等效,可以在$ \ ell_1 $ -penalized基础回归问题上查看KTF,其中基本功能是下降阶段函数的张量产品,是一个分段多项式(离散样条)基础,基于单变量趋势过滤。本文是Sadhanala等人的统一和延伸结果。 (2016,2017)。我们开发了一套完整的理论结果,描述了$ k \ grone 0 $和$ d \ geq 1 $的$ k ^ {\ mathrm {th}} $ over kronecker趋势过滤的行为。这揭示了许多有趣的现象,包括KTF在估计异构平滑的功能时KTF的优势,并且在$ d = 2(k + 1)$的相位过渡,一个边界过去(在高维对 - 光滑侧)线性泡沫不能完全保持一致。我们还利用Tibshirani(2020)的离散花键来利用最近的结果,特别是离散的花键插值结果,使我们能够将KTF估计扩展到恒定时间内的任何偏离晶格位置(与晶格数量的大小无关)。
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我们分析了一个随机近似算法的决策依赖性问题,其中算法沿迭代序列演变的数据分布。此类问题的主要示例出现在表演预测及其多人游戏扩展中。我们表明,在温和的假设下,算法的平均迭代和溶液之间的偏差在渐近正常上,协方差很好地解除了梯度噪声和分布移位的影响。此外,在H \'Ajek和Le Cam的工作中,我们表明该算法的渐近性能是本地最小的最佳选择。
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近似消息传递(AMP)是解决高维统计问题的有效迭代范式。但是,当迭代次数超过$ o \ big(\ frac {\ log n} {\ log log \ log \ log n} \时big)$(带有$ n $问题维度)。为了解决这一不足,本文开发了一个非吸附框架,用于理解峰值矩阵估计中的AMP。基于AMP更新的新分解和可控的残差项,我们布置了一个分析配方,以表征在存在独立初始化的情况下AMP的有限样本行为,该过程被进一步概括以进行光谱初始化。作为提出的分析配方的两个具体后果:(i)求解$ \ mathbb {z} _2 $同步时,我们预测了频谱初始化AMP的行为,最高为$ o \ big(\ frac {n} {\ mathrm {\ mathrm { poly} \ log n} \ big)$迭代,表明该算法成功而无需随后的细化阶段(如最近由\ citet {celentano2021local}推测); (ii)我们表征了稀疏PCA中AMP的非反应性行为(在尖刺的Wigner模型中),以广泛的信噪比。
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我们考虑了一个通用的非线性模型,其中信号是未知(可能增加的,可能增加的特征数量)的有限混合物,该特征是由由真实非线性参数参数化的连续字典发出的。在连续或离散设置中使用高斯(可能相关)噪声观察信号。我们提出了一种网格优化方法,即一种不使用参数空间上任何离散化方案的方法来估计特征的非线性参数和混合物的线性参数。我们使用有关离网方法的几何形状的最新结果,在真实的基础非线性参数上给出最小的分离,以便可以构建插值证书函数。还使用尾部界限,用于高斯过程的上流,我们将预测误差限制为高概率。假设可以构建证书函数,我们的预测误差绑定到日志 - 因线性回归模型中LASSO预测器所达到的速率类似。我们还建立了收敛速率,以高概率量化线性和非线性参数的估计质量。
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本文通过引入几何深度学习(GDL)框架来构建通用馈电型型模型与可区分的流形几何形状兼容的通用馈电型模型,从而解决了对非欧国人数据进行处理的需求。我们表明,我们的GDL模型可以在受控最大直径的紧凑型组上均匀地近似任何连续目标函数。我们在近似GDL模型的深度上获得了最大直径和上限的曲率依赖性下限。相反,我们发现任何两个非分类紧凑型歧管之间始终都有连续的函数,任何“局部定义”的GDL模型都不能均匀地近似。我们的最后一个主要结果确定了数据依赖性条件,确保实施我们近似的GDL模型破坏了“维度的诅咒”。我们发现,任何“现实世界”(即有限)数据集始终满足我们的状况,相反,如果目标函数平滑,则任何数据集都满足我们的要求。作为应用,我们确认了以下GDL模型的通用近似功能:Ganea等。 (2018)的双波利馈电网络,实施Krishnan等人的体系结构。 (2015年)的深卡尔曼 - 滤波器和深度玛克斯分类器。我们构建了:Meyer等人的SPD-Matrix回归剂的通用扩展/变体。 (2011)和Fletcher(2003)的Procrustean回归剂。在欧几里得的环境中,我们的结果暗示了Kidger和Lyons(2020)的近似定理和Yarotsky和Zhevnerchuk(2019)无估计近似率的数据依赖性版本的定量版本。
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Consider $n$ points independently sampled from a density $p$ of class $\mathcal{C}^2$ on a smooth compact $d$-dimensional sub-manifold $\mathcal{M}$ of $\mathbb{R}^m$, and consider the generator of a random walk visiting these points according to a transition kernel $K$. We study the almost sure uniform convergence of this operator to the diffusive Laplace-Beltrami operator when $n$ tends to infinity. This work extends known results of the past 15 years. In particular, our result does not require the kernel $K$ to be continuous, which covers the cases of walks exploring $k$NN-random and geometric graphs, and convergence rates are given. The distance between the random walk generator and the limiting operator is separated into several terms: a statistical term, related to the law of large numbers, is treated with concentration tools and an approximation term that we control with tools from differential geometry. The convergence of $k$NN Laplacians is detailed.
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