We consider neural networks with a single hidden layer and non-decreasing positively homogeneous activation functions like the rectified linear units. By letting the number of hidden units grow unbounded and using classical non-Euclidean regularization tools on the output weights, they lead to a convex optimization problem and we provide a detailed theoretical analysis of their generalization performance, with a study of both the approximation and the estimation errors. We show in particular that they are adaptive to unknown underlying linear structures, such as the dependence on the projection of the input variables onto a low-dimensional subspace. Moreover, when using sparsity-inducing norms on the input weights, we show that high-dimensional non-linear variable selection may be achieved, without any strong assumption regarding the data and with a total number of variables potentially exponential in the number of observations. However, solving this convex optimization problem in infinite dimensions is only possible if the non-convex subproblem of addition of a new unit can be solved efficiently. We provide a simple geometric interpretation for our choice of activation functions and describe simple conditions for convex relaxations of the finite-dimensional non-convex subproblem to achieve the same generalization error bounds, even when constant-factor approximations cannot be found. We were not able to find strong enough convex relaxations to obtain provably polynomial-time algorithms and leave open the existence or non-existence of such tractable algorithms with non-exponential sample complexities.
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我们考虑通过复制内核希尔伯特空间的相关协方差操作员对概率分布进行分析。我们表明,冯·诺伊曼(Von Neumann)的熵和这些操作员的相对熵与香农熵和相对熵的通常概念密切相关,并具有许多特性。它们与来自概率分布的各种口径的有效估计算法结合在一起。我们还考虑了产品空间,并表明对于张量产品内核,我们可以定义互信息和联合熵的概念,然后可以完美地表征独立性,但只能部分条件独立。我们最终展示了这些新的相对熵概念如何导致对数分区函数的新上限,这些函数可以与变异推理方法中的凸优化一起使用,从而提供了新的概率推理方法家族。
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许多监督的学习问题涉及高维数据,例如图像,文本或图形。为了能够有效地利用数据,它通常有用的是在手头的问题中利用某些几何前瞻,例如与换算,置换子组或稳定性的不变性。通过考虑球体上这些功能的球形谐波分解,我们研究了目标功能提出了这种不变性和稳定性特性的学习问题的样本复杂性。我们提供内核方法的非参数率的收敛速度,并且在与相应的非不变内核相比,在该组上使用不变内核时,通过等于组的大小的因子的提高。当样本大小足够大时,这些改进是有效的,其渐近行为取决于该组的光谱特性。最后,这些增益扩展到不变性组之外,还涵盖小变形的几何稳定性,这里被建模为排列的子集(不一定是子组)。
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Neural networks trained to minimize the logistic (a.k.a. cross-entropy) loss with gradient-based methods are observed to perform well in many supervised classification tasks. Towards understanding this phenomenon, we analyze the training and generalization behavior of infinitely wide two-layer neural networks with homogeneous activations. We show that the limits of the gradient flow on exponentially tailed losses can be fully characterized as a max-margin classifier in a certain non-Hilbertian space of functions. In presence of hidden low-dimensional structures, the resulting margin is independent of the ambiant dimension, which leads to strong generalization bounds. In contrast, training only the output layer implicitly solves a kernel support vector machine, which a priori does not enjoy such an adaptivity. Our analysis of training is non-quantitative in terms of running time but we prove computational guarantees in simplified settings by showing equivalences with online mirror descent. Finally, numerical experiments suggest that our analysis describes well the practical behavior of two-layer neural networks with ReLU activations and confirm the statistical benefits of this implicit bias.
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比较概率分布是许多机器学习算法的关键。最大平均差异(MMD)和最佳运输距离(OT)是在过去几年吸引丰富的关注的概率措施之间的两类距离。本文建立了一些条件,可以通过MMD规范控制Wassersein距离。我们的作品受到压缩统计学习(CSL)理论的推动,资源有效的大规模学习的一般框架,其中训练数据总结在单个向量(称为草图)中,该训练数据捕获与所考虑的学习任务相关的信息。在CSL中的现有结果启发,我们介绍了H \“较旧的较低限制的等距属性(H \”较旧的LRIP)并表明这家属性具有有趣的保证对压缩统计学习。基于MMD与Wassersein距离之间的关系,我们通过引入和研究学习任务的Wassersein可读性的概念来提供压缩统计学习的保证,即概率分布之间的某些特定于特定的特定度量,可以由Wassersein界定距离。
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We consider the problem of estimating the optimal transport map between a (fixed) source distribution $P$ and an unknown target distribution $Q$, based on samples from $Q$. The estimation of such optimal transport maps has become increasingly relevant in modern statistical applications, such as generative modeling. At present, estimation rates are only known in a few settings (e.g. when $P$ and $Q$ have densities bounded above and below and when the transport map lies in a H\"older class), which are often not reflected in practice. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for bounded densities and H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.
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Consider the multivariate nonparametric regression model. It is shown that estimators based on sparsely connected deep neural networks with ReLU activation function and properly chosen network architecture achieve the minimax rates of convergence (up to log nfactors) under a general composition assumption on the regression function. The framework includes many well-studied structural constraints such as (generalized) additive models. While there is a lot of flexibility in the network architecture, the tuning parameter is the sparsity of the network. Specifically, we consider large networks with number of potential network parameters exceeding the sample size. The analysis gives some insights into why multilayer feedforward neural networks perform well in practice. Interestingly, for ReLU activation function the depth (number of layers) of the neural network architectures plays an important role and our theory suggests that for nonparametric regression, scaling the network depth with the sample size is natural. It is also shown that under the composition assumption wavelet estimators can only achieve suboptimal rates.
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We study a natural extension of classical empirical risk minimization, where the hypothesis space is a random subspace of a given space. In particular, we consider possibly data dependent subspaces spanned by a random subset of the data, recovering as a special case Nystrom approaches for kernel methods. Considering random subspaces naturally leads to computational savings, but the question is whether the corresponding learning accuracy is degraded. These statistical-computational tradeoffs have been recently explored for the least squares loss and self-concordant loss functions, such as the logistic loss. Here, we work to extend these results to convex Lipschitz loss functions, that might not be smooth, such as the hinge loss used in support vector machines. This unified analysis requires developing new proofs, that use different technical tools, such as sub-gaussian inputs, to achieve fast rates. Our main results show the existence of different settings, depending on how hard the learning problem is, for which computational efficiency can be improved with no loss in performance.
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尽管有许多有吸引力的财产,但内核方法受到维度的诅咒受到严重影响。例如,在$ \ mathbb {r} ^ d $的内部产品内核的情况下,再现内核希尔伯特空间(RKHS)规范对于依赖于小方向子集(RIDGE函数)的功能往往非常大。相应地,使用内核方法难以学习这样的功能。这种观察结果有动力研究内核方法的概括,由此rkhs规范 - 它等同于加权$ \ ell_2 $ norm - 被加权函数$ \ ell_p $ norm替换,我们将其称为$ \ mathcal {f} _p $ norm。不幸的是,这些方法的陶油是不清楚的。内核技巧不可用,最大限度地减少这些规范要求解决无限维凸面问题。我们将随机特征近似于这些规范,表明,对于$ p> 1 $,近似于原始学习问题所需的随机功能的数量是由样本大小的多项式的上限。因此,使用$ \ mathcal {f} _p $ norms在这些情况下是易行的。我们介绍了一种基于双重均匀浓度的证明技术,这可以对超分子化模型的研究更广泛。对于$ p = 1 $,我们对随机功能的保证近似分解。我们证明了使用$ \ mathcal {f} _1 $ norm的学习是在随机减少的$ \ mathsf {np} $ - 基于噪音的半个空间问题的问题。
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这项调查的目的是介绍对深神经网络的近似特性的解释性回顾。具体而言,我们旨在了解深神经网络如何以及为什么要优于其他经典线性和非线性近似方法。这项调查包括三章。在第1章中,我们回顾了深层网络及其组成非线性结构的关键思想和概念。我们通过在解决回归和分类问题时将其作为优化问题来形式化神经网络问题。我们简要讨论用于解决优化问题的随机梯度下降算法以及用于解决优化问题的后传播公式,并解决了与神经网络性能相关的一些问题,包括选择激活功能,成本功能,过度适应问题和正则化。在第2章中,我们将重点转移到神经网络的近似理论上。我们首先介绍多项式近似中的密度概念,尤其是研究实现连续函数的Stone-WeierStrass定理。然后,在线性近似的框架内,我们回顾了馈电网络的密度和收敛速率的一些经典结果,然后在近似Sobolev函数中进行有关深网络复杂性的最新发展。在第3章中,利用非线性近似理论,我们进一步详细介绍了深度和近似网络与其他经典非线性近似方法相比的近似优势。
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我们为特殊神经网络架构,称为运营商复发性神经网络的理论分析,用于近似非线性函数,其输入是线性运算符。这些功能通常在解决方案算法中出现用于逆边值问题的问题。传统的神经网络将输入数据视为向量,因此它们没有有效地捕获与对应于这种逆问题中的数据的线性运算符相关联的乘法结构。因此,我们介绍一个类似标准的神经网络架构的新系列,但是输入数据在向量上乘法作用。由较小的算子出现在边界控制中的紧凑型操作员和波动方程的反边值问题分析,我们在网络中的选择权重矩阵中促进结构和稀疏性。在描述此架构后,我们研究其表示属性以及其近似属性。我们还表明,可以引入明确的正则化,其可以从所述逆问题的数学分析导出,并导致概括属性上的某些保证。我们观察到重量矩阵的稀疏性改善了概括估计。最后,我们讨论如何将运营商复发网络视为深度学习模拟,以确定诸如用于从边界测量的声波方程中重建所未知的WAVESTED的边界控制的算法算法。
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隐式和明确的生成建模的几种作品经验观察到特征学习鉴别器在模型的样本质量方面优于固定内核鉴别器。我们在使用函数类$ \ mathcal {f} _2 $和$ \ mathcal {f} _1 $分别在使用函数类$ \ mathcal {f} _2 $分别提供分离结果。 。特别地,我们构造了通过固定内核$(\ Mathcal {F} _2)$积分概率度量(IPM)和高维度的超积分(\ Mathcal {F} _2)和高维度差异(SD)的超领域的分布对。但是可以是由他们的特征学习($ \ mathcal {f} _1 $)对应物歧视。为了进一步研究分离,我们提供$ \ mathcal {f} _1 $和$ \ mathcal {f} _2 $ IMM之间的链接。我们的工作表明,固定内核鉴别者的表现比其特征学习对应者更糟糕,因为它们的相应度量较弱。
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In this paper we develop a theoretical analysis of the performance of sampling-based fitted value iteration (FVI) to solve infinite state-space, discounted-reward Markovian decision processes (MDPs) under the assumption that a generative model of the environment is available. Our main results come in the form of finite-time bounds on the performance of two versions of sampling-based FVI. The convergence rate results obtained allow us to show that both versions of FVI are well behaving in the sense that by using a sufficiently large number of samples for a large class of MDPs, arbitrary good performance can be achieved with high probability. An important feature of our proof technique is that it permits the study of weighted L p -norm performance bounds. As a result, our technique applies to a large class of function-approximation methods (e.g., neural networks, adaptive regression trees, kernel machines, locally weighted learning), and our bounds scale well with the effective horizon of the MDP. The bounds show a dependence on the stochastic stability properties of the MDP: they scale with the discounted-average concentrability of the future-state distributions. They also depend on a new measure of the approximation power of the function space, the inherent Bellman residual, which reflects how well the function space is "aligned" with the dynamics and rewards of the MDP. The conditions of the main result, as well as the concepts introduced in the analysis, are extensively discussed and compared to previous theoretical results. Numerical experiments are used to substantiate the theoretical findings.
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在本说明中,我们研究了如何使用单个隐藏层和RELU激活的神经网络插值数据,该数据是从径向对称分布中的,目标标签1处的目标标签1和单位球外部0,如果单位球内没有标签。通过重量衰减正则化和无限神经元的无限数据限制,我们证明存在独特的径向对称最小化器,其重量衰减正常器和Lipschitz常数分别为$ d $和$ \ sqrt {d} $。我们此外表明,如果标签$ 1 $强加于半径$ \ varepsilon $,而不仅仅是源头,则重量衰减正规剂会在$ d $中成倍增长。相比之下,具有两个隐藏层的神经网络可以近似目标函数,而不会遇到维度的诅咒。
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形状约束,例如非负,单调性,凸度或超模型性,在机器学习和统计的各种应用中都起着关键作用。但是,将此方面的信息以艰苦的方式(例如,在间隔的所有点)纳入预测模型,这是一个众所周知的具有挑战性的问题。我们提出了一个统一和模块化的凸优化框架,依赖于二阶锥(SOC)拧紧,以编码属于矢量值重现的载体内核Hilbert Spaces(VRKHSS)的模型对函数衍生物的硬仿射SDP约束。所提出的方法的模块化性质允许同时处理多个形状约束,并将无限数量的约束限制为有限的许多。我们证明了所提出的方案的收敛及其自适应变体的收敛性,利用VRKHSS的几何特性。由于基于覆盖的拧紧构造,该方法特别适合具有小到中等输入维度的任务。该方法的效率在形状优化,机器人技术和计量经济学的背景下进行了说明。
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非线性自适应控制理论中的一个关键假设是系统的不确定性可以在一组已知基本函数的线性跨度中表示。虽然该假设导致有效的算法,但它将应用限制为非常特定的系统类别。我们介绍一种新的非参数自适应算法,其在参数上学习无限尺寸密度,以取消再现内核希尔伯特空间中的未知干扰。令人惊讶的是,所产生的控制输入承认,尽管其底层无限尺寸结构,但是尽管它的潜在无限尺寸结构实现了其实施的分析表达。虽然这种自适应输入具有丰富和富有敏感性的 - 例如,传统的线性参数化 - 其计算复杂性随时间线性增长,使其比其参数对应力相对较高。利用随机傅里叶特征的理论,我们提供了一种有效的随机实现,该实现恢复了经典参数方法的复杂性,同时可透明地保留非参数输入的表征性。特别地,我们的显式范围仅取决于系统的基础参数,允许我们所提出的算法有效地缩放到高维系统。作为该方法的说明,我们展示了随机近似算法学习由牛顿重力交互的十点批量组成的60维系统的预测模型的能力。
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我们考虑了香农相对熵的扩展,称为F-Diverence。通常与这些差异相关的三个经典计算问题:(a)从矩,(b)计算归一化积分的估计,以及(c)概率模型中的变异推断。这些问题是通过凸双重性相互关联的,对于所有这些问题,在整个数据科学中都有许多应用程序,我们旨在实现可在计算上可触及的近似算法,以保留原始问题的性质,例如潜在的凸度或单调性。为了实现这一目标,我们得出了一系列凸松弛序列,用于计算与给定特征向量相关的非中心协方差矩阵这些差异:从典型的最佳最佳下限开始,我们考虑基于基于'的额外弛豫。现在可以在多项式时间内作为半决赛程序进行计算,以及基于量子信息理论的频谱信息差异的进一步计算更有效的放松。对于上述所有任务,除了提出新的放松外,我们还基于增强的Lagrangian和一阶方法得出可拖动算法,并且我们介绍了有关Boolean Hypercube上多元三角多项式和功能的插图。
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本文通过引入几何深度学习(GDL)框架来构建通用馈电型型模型与可区分的流形几何形状兼容的通用馈电型模型,从而解决了对非欧国人数据进行处理的需求。我们表明,我们的GDL模型可以在受控最大直径的紧凑型组上均匀地近似任何连续目标函数。我们在近似GDL模型的深度上获得了最大直径和上限的曲率依赖性下限。相反,我们发现任何两个非分类紧凑型歧管之间始终都有连续的函数,任何“局部定义”的GDL模型都不能均匀地近似。我们的最后一个主要结果确定了数据依赖性条件,确保实施我们近似的GDL模型破坏了“维度的诅咒”。我们发现,任何“现实世界”(即有限)数据集始终满足我们的状况,相反,如果目标函数平滑,则任何数据集都满足我们的要求。作为应用,我们确认了以下GDL模型的通用近似功能:Ganea等。 (2018)的双波利馈电网络,实施Krishnan等人的体系结构。 (2015年)的深卡尔曼 - 滤波器和深度玛克斯分类器。我们构建了:Meyer等人的SPD-Matrix回归剂的通用扩展/变体。 (2011)和Fletcher(2003)的Procrustean回归剂。在欧几里得的环境中,我们的结果暗示了Kidger和Lyons(2020)的近似定理和Yarotsky和Zhevnerchuk(2019)无估计近似率的数据依赖性版本的定量版本。
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在本文中,我们研究了与具有多种激活函数的浅神经网络相对应的变异空间的近似特性。我们介绍了两个主要工具,用于估计这些空间的度量熵,近似率和$ n $宽度。首先,我们介绍了平滑参数化词典的概念,并在非线性近似速率,度量熵和$ n $ widths上给出了上限。上限取决于参数化的平滑度。该结果适用于与浅神经网络相对应的脊功能的字典,并且在许多情况下它们的现有结果改善了。接下来,我们提供了一种方法,用于下限度量熵和$ n $ widths的变化空间,其中包含某些类别的山脊功能。该结果给出了$ l^2 $ approximation速率,度量熵和$ n $ widths的变化空间的急剧下限具有界变化的乙状结激活函数。
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我们在对数损失下引入条件密度估计的过程,我们调用SMP(样本Minmax预测器)。该估算器最大限度地减少了统计学习的新一般过度风险。在标准示例中,此绑定量表为$ d / n $,$ d $ d $模型维度和$ n $ sample大小,并在模型拼写条目下批判性仍然有效。作为一个不当(超出型号)的程序,SMP在模型内估算器(如最大似然估计)的内部估算器上,其风险过高的风险降低。相比,与顺序问题的方法相比,我们的界限删除了SubOltimal $ \ log n $因子,可以处理无限的类。对于高斯线性模型,SMP的预测和风险受到协变量的杠杆分数,几乎匹配了在没有条件的线性模型的噪声方差或近似误差的条件下匹配的最佳风险。对于Logistic回归,SMP提供了一种非贝叶斯方法来校准依赖于虚拟样本的概率预测,并且可以通过解决两个逻辑回归来计算。它达到了$ O的非渐近风险((d + b ^ 2r ^ 2)/ n)$,其中$ r $绑定了特征的规范和比较参数的$ B $。相比之下,在模型内估计器内没有比$ \ min达到更好的速率({b r} / {\ sqrt {n}},{d e ^ {br} / {n})$。这为贝叶斯方法提供了更实用的替代方法,这需要近似的后部采样,从而部分地解决了Foster等人提出的问题。 (2018)。
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