Local feature detection is a key ingredient of many image processing and computer vision applications, such as visual odometry and localization. Most existing algorithms focus on feature detection from a sharp image. They would thus have degraded performance once the image is blurred, which could happen easily under low-lighting conditions. To address this issue, we propose a simple yet both efficient and effective keypoint detection method that is able to accurately localize the salient keypoints in a blurred image. Our method takes advantages of a novel multi-layer perceptron (MLP) based architecture that significantly improve the detection repeatability for a blurred image. The network is also light-weight and able to run in real-time, which enables its deployment for time-constrained applications. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our detector is able to improve the detection repeatability with blurred images, while keeping comparable performance as existing state-of-the-art detectors for sharp images.

尽管提取了通过手工制作和基于学习的描述符实现的本地特征的进步，但它们仍然受到不符合非刚性转换的不变性的限制。在本文中，我们提出了一种计算来自静止图像的特征的新方法，该特征对于非刚性变形稳健，以避免匹配可变形表面和物体的问题。我们的变形感知当地描述符，命名优惠，利用极性采样和空间变压器翘曲，以提供旋转，尺度和图像变形的不变性。我们通过将等距非刚性变形应用于模拟环境中的对象作为指导来提供高度辨别的本地特征来培训模型架构端到端。该实验表明，我们的方法优于静止图像中的实际和现实合成可变形对象的不同数据集中的最先进的手工制作，基于学习的图像和RGB-D描述符。描述符的源代码和培训模型在https://www.verlab.dcc.ufmg.br/descriptors/neUrips2021上公开可用。

This paper presents a self-supervised framework for training interest point detectors and descriptors suitable for a large number of multiple-view geometry problems in computer vision. As opposed to patch-based neural networks, our fully-convolutional model operates on full-sized images and jointly computes pixel-level interest point locations and associated descriptors in one forward pass. We introduce Homographic Adaptation, a multi-scale, multihomography approach for boosting interest point detection repeatability and performing cross-domain adaptation (e.g., synthetic-to-real). Our model, when trained on the MS-COCO generic image dataset using Homographic Adaptation, is able to repeatedly detect a much richer set of interest points than the initial pre-adapted deep model and any other traditional corner detector. The final system gives rise to state-of-the-art homography estimation results on HPatches when compared to LIFT, SIFT and ORB.

兴趣点检测是计算机视觉和图像处理中最根本，最关键的问题之一。在本文中，我们对图像特征信息（IFI）提取技术进行了全面综述，以进行利益点检测。为了系统地介绍现有的兴趣点检测方法如何从输入图像中提取IFI，我们提出了IFI提取技术的分类学检测。根据该分类法，我们讨论了不同类型的IFI提取技术以进行兴趣点检测。此外，我们确定了与现有的IFI提取技术有关的主要未解决的问题，以及以前尚未讨论过的任何兴趣点检测方法。提供了现有的流行数据集和评估标准，并评估和讨论了18种最先进方法的性能。此外，还详细阐述了有关IFI提取技术的未来研究方向。

We introduce a lightweight network to improve descriptors of keypoints within the same image. The network takes the original descriptors and the geometric properties of keypoints as the input, and uses an MLP-based self-boosting stage and a Transformer-based cross-boosting stage to enhance the descriptors. The enhanced descriptors can be either real-valued or binary ones. We use the proposed network to boost both hand-crafted (ORB, SIFT) and the state-of-the-art learning-based descriptors (SuperPoint, ALIKE) and evaluate them on image matching, visual localization, and structure-from-motion tasks. The results show that our method significantly improves the performance of each task, particularly in challenging cases such as large illumination changes or repetitive patterns. Our method requires only 3.2ms on desktop GPU and 27ms on embedded GPU to process 2000 features, which is fast enough to be applied to a practical system.

现有方法以非可分子点检测关键点，因此它们不能直接通过背部传播优化关键点的位置。为解决此问题，我们呈现了一个可差异的关键点检测模块，其输出精确的子像素键点。然后提出了再分断损耗直接优化这些子像素键点，并且呈现了分散峰值损耗以获得准确的关键点正则化。我们还以子像素方式提取描述符，并通过稳定的神经输注误差丢失训练。此外，轻量化网络被设计用于关键点检测和描述符提取，其可以在商业GPU上以每秒95帧运行为95帧。在同性记估计，相机姿态估计和视觉（重新）定位任务中，所提出的方法通过最先进的方法实现了相同的性能，而大大减少了推理时间。

Sparse local feature extraction is usually believed to be of important significance in typical vision tasks such as simultaneous localization and mapping, image matching and 3D reconstruction. At present, it still has some deficiencies needing further improvement, mainly including the discrimination power of extracted local descriptors, the localization accuracy of detected keypoints, and the efficiency of local feature learning. This paper focuses on promoting the currently popular sparse local feature learning with camera pose supervision. Therefore, it pertinently proposes a Shared Coupling-bridge scheme with four light-weight yet effective improvements for weakly-supervised local feature (SCFeat) learning. It mainly contains: i) the \emph{Feature-Fusion-ResUNet Backbone} (F2R-Backbone) for local descriptors learning, ii) a shared coupling-bridge normalization to improve the decoupling training of description network and detection network, iii) an improved detection network with peakiness measurement to detect keypoints and iv) the fundamental matrix error as a reward factor to further optimize feature detection training. Extensive experiments prove that our SCFeat improvement is effective. It could often obtain a state-of-the-art performance on classic image matching and visual localization. In terms of 3D reconstruction, it could still achieve competitive results. For sharing and communication, our source codes are available at https://github.com/sunjiayuanro/SCFeat.git.

小天体的任务在很大程度上依赖于光学特征跟踪，以表征和相对导航。尽管深度学习导致了功能检测和描述方面的巨大进步，但由于大规模，带注释的数据集的可用性有限，因此培训和验证了空间应用程序的数据驱动模型具有挑战性。本文介绍了Astrovision，这是一个大规模数据集，由115,970个密集注释的，真实的图像组成，这些图像是过去和正在进行的任务中捕获的16个不同物体的真实图像。我们利用Astrovision开发一组标准化基准，并对手工和数据驱动的功能检测和描述方法进行详尽的评估。接下来，我们采用Astrovision对最先进的，深刻的功能检测和描述网络进行端到端培训，并在多个基准测试中表现出改善的性能。将公开使用完整的基准管道和数据集，以促进用于空间应用程序的计算机视觉算法的发展。

This paper introduces SuperGlue, a neural network that matches two sets of local features by jointly finding correspondences and rejecting non-matchable points. Assignments are estimated by solving a differentiable optimal transport problem, whose costs are predicted by a graph neural network. We introduce a flexible context aggregation mechanism based on attention, enabling SuperGlue to reason about the underlying 3D scene and feature assignments jointly. Compared to traditional, hand-designed heuristics, our technique learns priors over geometric transformations and regularities of the 3D world through end-to-end training from image pairs. SuperGlue outperforms other learned approaches and achieves state-of-the-art results on the task of pose estimation in challenging real-world indoor and outdoor environments. The proposed method performs matching in real-time on a modern GPU and can be readily integrated into modern SfM or SLAM systems. The code and trained weights are publicly available at github.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork.

夜间摄影通常由于昏暗的环境和长期使用而遭受弱光和模糊问题。尽管现有的光增强和脱毛方法可以单独解决每个问题，但一系列此类方法不能和谐地适应可见性和纹理的共同降解。训练端到端网络也是不可行的，因为没有配对数据可以表征低光和模糊的共存。我们通过引入新的数据合成管道来解决该问题，该管道对现实的低光模糊降解进行建模。使用管道，我们介绍了第一个用于关节低光增强和去皮的大型数据集。数据集，LOL-BLUR，包含12,000个低Blur/正常出现的对，在不同的情况下具有不同的黑暗和运动模糊。我们进一步提出了一个名为LEDNET的有效网络，以执行关节弱光增强和脱毛。我们的网络是独一无二的，因为它是专门设计的，目的是考虑两个相互连接的任务之间的协同作用。拟议的数据集和网络都为这项具有挑战性的联合任务奠定了基础。广泛的实验证明了我们方法对合成和现实数据集的有效性。

We present a novel method for local image feature matching. Instead of performing image feature detection, description, and matching sequentially, we propose to first establish pixel-wise dense matches at a coarse level and later refine the good matches at a fine level. In contrast to dense methods that use a cost volume to search correspondences, we use self and cross attention layers in Transformer to obtain feature descriptors that are conditioned on both images. The global receptive field provided by Transformer enables our method to produce dense matches in low-texture areas, where feature detectors usually struggle to produce repeatable interest points. The experiments on indoor and outdoor datasets show that LoFTR outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. LoFTR also ranks first on two public benchmarks of visual localization among the published methods. Code is available at our project page: https://zju3dv.github.io/loftr/.

We introduce a novel Deep Network architecture that implements the full feature point handling pipeline, that is, detection, orientation estimation, and feature description. While previous works have successfully tackled each one of these problems individually, we show how to learn to do all three in a unified manner while preserving end-to-end differentiability. We then demonstrate that our Deep pipeline outperforms state-of-the-art methods on a number of benchmark datasets, without the need of retraining.

弱监督学习可以帮助本地特征方法来克服以密集标记的对应关系获取大规模数据集的障碍。然而，由于弱监管无法区分检测和描述步骤造成的损失，因此直接在联合描述 - 然后检测管道内进行弱监督的学习，其性能受到限制。在本文中，我们提出了一种针对弱监督当地特征学习量身定制的解耦描述的管道。在我们的管道内，检测步骤与描述步骤分离并推迟直到学习判别和鲁棒描述符。此外，我们介绍了一条线到窗口搜索策略，以明确地使用相机姿势信息以获得更好的描述符学习。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法，即POSFEAT（相机姿势监督特征），以前完全和弱监督的方法优异，在各种下游任务上实现了最先进的性能。

可学习的关键点探测器和描述符开始超过经典的手工制作的特征提取方法。关于视觉表示的自我监督学习的最新研究推动了基于深网的可学习模型的不断增长。通过利用传统的数据增强和本性转换，这些网络学会在不利条件下检测到拐角，例如极端照明变化。但是，它们的概括功能仅限于通过经典方法或合成生成的数据检测到的类似角的特征。在本文中，我们提出了对应网络（Corrnet），该网络学会了检测可重复的关键点并通过在空间约束下通过无监督的对比度学习提取歧视性描述。我们的实验表明，Corrnet不仅能够检测到诸如角落之类的低级特征，还可以通过我们提议的关节引导的潜在空间反向传播来代表一对输入图像中存在相似对象的高级特征。我们的方法在视点变化下获得了竞争结果，并在照明变化下实现了最先进的性能。

人类的姿势估计旨在弄清不同场景中所有人的关键。尽管结果有希望，但目前的方法仍然面临一些挑战。现有的自上而下的方法单独处理一个人，而没有不同的人与所在的场景之间的相互作用。因此，当发生严重闭塞时，人类检测的表现会降低。另一方面，现有的自下而上方法同时考虑所有人，并捕获整个图像的全局知识。但是，由于尺度变化，它们的准确性不如自上而下的方法。为了解决这些问题，我们通过整合自上而下和自下而上的管道来探索不同接受场的视觉线索并实现其互补性，提出了一种新颖的双皮线整合变压器（DPIT）。具体而言，DPIT由两个分支组成，自下而上的分支介绍了整个图像以捕获全局视觉信息，而自上而下的分支则从单人类边界框中提取本地视觉的特征表示。然后，从自下而上和自上而下的分支中提取的特征表示形式被馈入变压器编码器，以交互融合全局和本地知识。此外，我们定义了关键点查询，以探索全景和单人类姿势视觉线索，以实现两个管道的相互互补性。据我们所知，这是将自下而上和自上而下管道与变压器与人类姿势估计的变压器相结合的最早作品之一。关于可可和MPII数据集的广泛实验表明，我们的DPIT与最先进的方法相当。

作为智能机器人的一项基本任务，Visual Slam在过去几十年中取得了长足的进步。但是，在高度弱质地的环境下，强大的大满贯仍然非常具有挑战性。在本文中，我们提出了一个名为RWT-Slam的新型视觉大满贯系统，以解决这个问题。我们修改LOFTR网络，该网络能够在低纹理的场景下产生密集的点匹配以生成特征描述符。为了将新功能集成到流行的Orb-Slam框架中，我们开发了功能面具，以滤除不可靠的功能并采用KNN策略来增强匹配的鲁棒性。我们还对新的描述符进行了视觉词汇，以有效地循环结束。在TUM和Openloris等各种公共数据集以及我们自己的数据中测试了由此产生的RWT-SLAM。结果显示在高度弱质地的环境下表现非常有希望。

点云注册是许多应用程序（例如本地化，映射，跟踪和重建）的基本任务。成功的注册依赖于提取鲁棒和歧视性的几何特征。现有的基于学习的方法需要高计算能力来同时处理大量原始点。尽管这些方法取得了令人信服的结果，但由于高计算成本，它们很难在现实情况下应用。在本文中，我们介绍了一个框架，该框架使用图形注意网络有效地从经济上提取密集的特征，以进行点云匹配和注册（DFGAT）。 DFGAT的检测器负责在大型原始数据集中找到高度可靠的关键点。 DFGAT的描述符将这些关键点与邻居相结合，以提取不变的密度特征，以准备匹配。图形注意力网络使用了丰富点云之间关系的注意机制。最后，我们将其视为最佳运输问题，并使用Sinkhorn算法找到正匹配和负面匹配。我们对KITTI数据集进行了彻底的测试，并评估了该方法的有效性。结果表明，与其他最先进的方法相比，使用有效紧凑的关键点选择和描述可以实现最佳性能匹配指标，并达到99.88％注册的最高成功率。

在许多计算机视觉管道中，在图像之间建立一组稀疏的关键点相关性是一项基本任务。通常，这转化为一个计算昂贵的最近邻居搜索，必须将一个图像的每个键盘描述符与其他图像的所有描述符进行比较。为了降低匹配阶段的计算成本，我们提出了一个能够检测到每个图像处的互补关键集的深度提取网络。由于仅需要在不同图像上比较同一组中的描述符，因此匹配相计算复杂度随集合数量而降低。我们训练我们的网络以预测关键点并共同计算相应的描述符。特别是，为了学习互补的关键点集，我们引入了一种新颖的无监督损失，对不同集合之间的交叉点进行了惩罚。此外，我们提出了一种基于描述符的新型加权方案，旨在惩罚使用非歧视性描述符的关键点的检测。通过广泛的实验，我们表明，我们的功能提取网络仅在合成的扭曲图像和完全无监督的方式进行训练，以降低匹配的复杂性，在3D重建和重新定位任务上取得了竞争成果。

In this paper, we propose an end-to-end framework that jointly learns keypoint detection, descriptor representation and cross-frame matching for the task of image-based 3D localization. Prior art has tackled each of these components individually, purportedly aiming to alleviate difficulties in effectively train a holistic network. We design a self-supervised image warping correspondence loss for both feature detection and matching, a weakly-supervised epipolar constraints loss on relative camera pose learning, and a directional matching scheme that detects key-point features in a source image and performs coarse-to-fine correspondence search on the target image. We leverage this framework to enforce cycle consistency in our matching module. In addition, we propose a new loss to robustly handle both definite inlier/outlier matches and less-certain matches. The integration of these learning mechanisms enables end-to-end training of a single network performing all three localization components. Bench-marking our approach on public data-sets, exemplifies how such an end-to-end framework is able to yield more accurate localization that out-performs both traditional methods as well as state-of-the-art weakly supervised methods.

关键点检测和描述是计算机视觉系统中常用的构建块，特别是用于机器人和自主驾驶。然而，大多数迄今为止的技术都集中在标准相机上，几乎没有考虑到Fisheye相机，这些摄像机通常用于城市驾驶和自动停车处。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于鱼眼图像的新型培训和评估管道。我们利用SuperPoint作为我们的基线，这是一个自我监督的Keypoint检测器和描述符，该探测器和描述符已经实现了最先进的同位估计。我们介绍了一种Fisheye适应管道，以便在未造成的Fisheye图像上培训。我们通过在牛津机Robotcar数据集上引入用于检测可重复性和描述符的鱼眼基于评估方法来评估HPAPTES基准测试的性能。