Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) prediction is an essential issue in the molecular field. Traditional methods of observing DDIs in medical experiments require plenty of resources and labor. In this paper, we present a computational model dubbed MedKGQA based on Graph Neural Networks to automatically predict the DDIs after reading multiple medical documents in the form of multi-hop machine reading comprehension. We introduced a knowledge fusion system to obtain the complete nature of drugs and proteins and exploited a graph reasoning system to infer the drugs and proteins contained in the documents. Our model significantly improves the performance compared to previous state-of-the-art models on the QANGAROO MedHop dataset, which obtained a 4.5% improvement in terms of DDIs prediction accuracy.
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Multi-hop machine reading comprehension is a challenging task in natural language processing, which requires more reasoning ability across multiple documents. Spectral models based on graph convolutional networks grant inferring abilities and lead to competitive results. However, part of them still faces the challenge of analyzing the reasoning in a human-understandable way. Inspired by the concept of the Grandmother Cells in cognitive neuroscience, a spatial graph attention framework named ClueReader was proposed in this paper, imitating the procedure. This model is designed to assemble the semantic features in multi-level representations and automatically concentrate or alleviate information for reasoning via the attention mechanism. The name ClueReader is a metaphor for the pattern of the model: regard the subjects of queries as the start points of clues, take the reasoning entities as bridge points, consider the latent candidate entities as the grandmother cells, and the clues end up in candidate entities. The proposed model allows us to visualize the reasoning graph, then analyze the importance of edges connecting two entities and the selectivity in the mention and candidate nodes, which can be easier to be comprehended empirically. The official evaluations in the open-domain multi-hop reading dataset WikiHop and the Drug-drug Interactions dataset MedHop prove the validity of our approach and show the probability of the application of the model in the molecular biology domain.
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The development of deep neural networks has improved representation learning in various domains, including textual, graph structural, and relational triple representations. This development opened the door to new relation extraction beyond the traditional text-oriented relation extraction. However, research on the effectiveness of considering multiple heterogeneous domain information simultaneously is still under exploration, and if a model can take an advantage of integrating heterogeneous information, it is expected to exhibit a significant contribution to many problems in the world. This thesis works on Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from the literature as a case study and realizes relation extraction utilizing heterogeneous domain information. First, a deep neural relation extraction model is prepared and its attention mechanism is analyzed. Next, a method to combine the drug molecular structure information and drug description information to the input sentence information is proposed, and the effectiveness of utilizing drug molecular structures and drug descriptions for the relation extraction task is shown. Then, in order to further exploit the heterogeneous information, drug-related items, such as protein entries, medical terms and pathways are collected from multiple existing databases and a new data set in the form of a knowledge graph (KG) is constructed. A link prediction task on the constructed data set is conducted to obtain embedding representations of drugs that contain the heterogeneous domain information. Finally, a method that integrates the input sentence information and the heterogeneous KG information is proposed. The proposed model is trained and evaluated on a widely used data set, and as a result, it is shown that utilizing heterogeneous domain information significantly improves the performance of relation extraction from the literature.
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大多数阅读理解的研究都集中在基于单个文档甚至单一段落的问题上回答问题。我们介绍了一个神经模型,该神经模型集成和理由依赖于文档中和跨多个文档中的信息传播。我们将其作为图表上的推理问题构图。提及实体是该图的节点,而边缘编码不同提及(例如,内部和跨文档的共同参考)之间的关系。图形卷积网络(GCN)应用于这些图形,并经过训练以执行多步电推理。我们的实体-GCN方法是可扩展的,紧凑的,它可以在答案数据集的多文件问题上获得最新的结果,Wikihop(Welbl等,2018)。
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多药物(定义为使用多种药物)是一种标准治疗方法,尤其是对于严重和慢性疾病。但是,将多种药物一起使用可能会导致药物之间的相互作用。药物 - 药物相互作用(DDI)是一种与另一种药物结合时的影响发生变化时发生的活性。 DDI可能会阻塞,增加或减少药物的预期作用,或者在最坏情况下,会产生不利的副作用。虽然准时检测DDI至关重要,但由于持续时间短,并且在临床试验中识别它们是时间的,而且昂贵,并且要考虑许多可能的药物对进行测试。结果,需要计算方法来预测DDI。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的异质图注意模型Han-DDI,以预测药物 - 药物相互作用。我们建立了具有不同生物实体的药物网络。然后,我们开发了一个异质的图形注意网络,以使用药物与其他实体的关系学习DDI。它由一个基于注意力的异质图节点编码器组成,用于获得药物节点表示和用于预测药物相互作用的解码器。此外,我们利用全面的实验来评估我们的模型并将其与最先进的模型进行比较。实验结果表明,我们提出的方法Han-DDI的表现可以显着,准确地预测DDI,即使对于新药也是如此。
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刺激:鉴定药物靶标相互作用(DTIS)是药物重新定位的关键步骤。近年来,大量基因组学和药理学数据的积累已经形成了大众药物和目标相关的异构网络(HNS),这提供了开发基于HN的计算模型的新机遇,以准确地预测DTI。 HN意味着许多有关DTI的有用信息,还包含无关的数据,以及如何使最佳的异构网络仍然是一个挑战。结果:在本文中,我们提出了一种基于异构的图形自动元路径学习的DTI预测方法(Hampdti)。 Hampdti从HN自动学习药物和目标之间的重要元路径,并产生元路径图。对于每个元路径图,从药物分子图和靶蛋白序列中学习的特征用作节点属性,然后设计了有效地考虑节点类型信息(药物或目标)的节点类型特定图卷积网络(NSGCN)学习药物和目标的嵌入。最后,组合来自多个元路径图的嵌入式以预测新的DTI。基准数据集的实验表明,与最先进的DTI预测方法相比,我们提出的Hampdti实现了卓越的性能。更重要的是,Hampdti识别DTI预测的重要元路径,这可以解释药物如何与HNS中的目标连接。
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We present the OPEN GRAPH BENCHMARK (OGB), a diverse set of challenging and realistic benchmark datasets to facilitate scalable, robust, and reproducible graph machine learning (ML) research. OGB datasets are large-scale, encompass multiple important graph ML tasks, and cover a diverse range of domains, ranging from social and information networks to biological networks, molecular graphs, source code ASTs, and knowledge graphs. For each dataset, we provide a unified evaluation protocol using meaningful application-specific data splits and evaluation metrics. In addition to building the datasets, we also perform extensive benchmark experiments for each dataset. Our experiments suggest that OGB datasets present significant challenges of scalability to large-scale graphs and out-of-distribution generalization under realistic data splits, indicating fruitful opportunities for future research. Finally, OGB provides an automated end-to-end graph ML pipeline that simplifies and standardizes the process of graph data loading, experimental setup, and model evaluation. OGB will be regularly updated and welcomes inputs from the community. OGB datasets as well as data loaders, evaluation scripts, baseline code, and leaderboards are publicly available at https://ogb.stanford.edu.
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Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.
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生物医学网络是与疾病网络的蛋白质相互作用的普遍描述符,从蛋白质相互作用,一直到医疗保健系统和科学知识。随着代表学习提供强大的预测和洞察的显着成功,我们目睹了表现形式学习技术的快速扩展,进入了这些网络的建模,分析和学习。在这篇综述中,我们提出了一个观察到生物学和医学中的网络长期原则 - 而在机器学习研究中经常出口 - 可以为代表学习提供概念基础,解释其当前的成功和限制,并告知未来进步。我们综合了一系列算法方法,即在其核心利用图形拓扑到将网络嵌入到紧凑的向量空间中,并捕获表示陈述学习证明有用的方式的广度。深远的影响包括鉴定复杂性状的变异性,单细胞的异心行为及其对健康的影响,协助患者的诊断和治疗以及制定安全有效的药物。
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药物 - 药物相互作用(DDIS)可能会阻碍药物的功能,在最坏的情况下,它们可能导致不良药物反应(ADR)。预测所有DDI是一个具有挑战性且关键的问题。大多数现有的计算模型都集成了来自不同来源的药物中心信息,并利用它们作为机器学习分类器中的功能来预测DDIS。但是,这些模型有很大的失败机会,尤其是对于所有信息都没有可用的新药。本文提出了一个新型的HyperGraph神经网络(HYGNN)模型,仅基于用于DDI预测问题的任何药物的微笑串。为了捕获药物的相似性,我们创建了从微笑字符串中提取的药物的化学子结构中创建的超图。然后,我们开发了由新型的基于注意力的超图边缘编码器组成的HYGNN,以使药物的表示形式和解码器,以预测药物对之间的相互作用。此外,我们进行了广泛的实验,以评估我们的模型并将其与几种最新方法进行比较。实验结果表明,我们提出的HYGNN模型有效地预测了DDI,并以最大的ROC-AUC和PR-AUC分别超过基准,分别为97.9%和98.1%。
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自然语言处理(NLP)是一个人工智能领域,它应用信息技术来处理人类语言,在一定程度上理解并在各种应用中使用它。在过去的几年中,该领域已经迅速发展,现在采用了深层神经网络的现代变体来从大型文本语料库中提取相关模式。这项工作的主要目的是调查NLP在药理学领域的最新使用。正如我们的工作所表明的那样,NLP是药理学高度相关的信息提取和处理方法。它已被广泛使用,从智能搜索到成千上万的医疗文件到在社交媒体中找到对抗性药物相互作用的痕迹。我们将覆盖范围分为五个类别,以调查现代NLP方法论,常见的任务,相关的文本数据,知识库和有用的编程库。我们将这五个类别分为适当的子类别,描述其主要属性和想法,并以表格形式进行总结。最终的调查介绍了该领域的全面概述,对从业者和感兴趣的观察者有用。
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药物发现和发展是一个复杂和昂贵的过程。正在研究机器学习方法,以帮助提高药物发现管道多个阶段的有效性和速度。其中,使用知识图表(kg)的那些在许多任务中具有承诺,包括药物修复,药物毒性预测和靶基因疾病优先级。在药物发现kg中,包括基因,疾病和药物在内的关键因素被认为是实体,而它们之间的关系表示相互作用。但是,为了构建高质量的KG,需要合适的数据。在这篇综述中,我们详细介绍了适用于构建聚焦KGS的药物发现的公开使用来源。我们的目标是帮助引导机器学习和kg从业者对吸毒者发现领域应用新技术,但是谁可能不熟悉相关的数据来源。通过严格的标准选择数据集,根据包含内部包含的主要信息类型,并基于可以提取的信息来进行分类以构建kg。然后,我们对现有的公共药物发现KGS进行了比较分析,并评估了文献中所选择的激励案例研究。此外,我们还提出了众多和与域及其数据集相关的众多挑战和问题,同时突出了关键的未来研究方向。我们希望本综述将激励KGS在药物发现领域的关键和新兴问题中使用。
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Biomedical knowledge graphs (KG) are heterogenous networks consisting of biological entities as nodes and relations between them as edges. These entities and relations are extracted from millions of research papers and unified in a single resource. The goal of biomedical multi-hop question-answering over knowledge graph (KGQA) is to help biologist and scientist to get valuable insights by asking questions in natural language. Relevant answers can be found by first understanding the question and then querying the KG for right set of nodes and relationships to arrive at an answer. To model the question, language models such as RoBERTa and BioBERT are used to understand context from natural language question. One of the challenges in KGQA is missing links in the KG. Knowledge graph embeddings (KGE) help to overcome this problem by encoding nodes and edges in a dense and more efficient way. In this paper, we use a publicly available KG called Hetionet which is an integrative network of biomedical knowledge assembled from 29 different databases of genes, compounds, diseases, and more. We have enriched this KG dataset by creating a multi-hop biomedical question-answering dataset in natural language for testing the biomedical multi-hop question-answering system and this dataset will be made available to the research community. The major contribution of this research is an integrated system that combines language models with KG embeddings to give highly relevant answers to free-form questions asked by biologists in an intuitive interface. Biomedical multi-hop question-answering system is tested on this data and results are highly encouraging.
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Drug repositioning holds great promise because it can reduce the time and cost of new drug development. While drug repositioning can omit various R&D processes, confirming pharmacological effects on biomolecules is essential for application to new diseases. Biomedical explainability in a drug repositioning model can support appropriate insights in subsequent in-depth studies. However, the validity of the XAI methodology is still under debate, and the effectiveness of XAI in drug repositioning prediction applications remains unclear. In this study, we propose GraphIX, an explainable drug repositioning framework using biological networks, and quantitatively evaluate its explainability. GraphIX first learns the network weights and node features using a graph neural network from known drug indication and knowledge graph that consists of three types of nodes (but not given node type information): disease, drug, and protein. Analysis of the post-learning features showed that node types that were not known to the model beforehand are distinguished through the learning process based on the graph structure. From the learned weights and features, GraphIX then predicts the disease-drug association and calculates the contribution values of the nodes located in the neighborhood of the predicted disease and drug. We hypothesized that the neighboring protein node to which the model gave a high contribution is important in understanding the actual pharmacological effects. Quantitative evaluation of the validity of protein nodes' contribution using a real-world database showed that the high contribution proteins shown by GraphIX are reasonable as a mechanism of drug action. GraphIX is a framework for evidence-based drug discovery that can present to users new disease-drug associations and identify the protein important for understanding its pharmacological effects from a large and complex knowledge base.
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文档级关系提取(DRE)旨在识别两个实体之间的关系。实体可以对应于超越句子边界的多个提升。以前很少有研究已经调查了提及集成,这可能是有问题的,因为库鲁弗提到对特定关系没有同样有贡献。此外,事先努力主要关注实体级的推理,而不是捕获实体对之间的全局相互作用。在本文中,我们提出了两种新颖的技术,上下文指导的集成和交互推理(CGM2IR),以改善DRE。而不是简单地应用平均池,而是利用上下文来指导在加权和方式中的经验提升的集成。另外,对实体对图的相互作用推理在实体对图上执行迭代算法,以模拟关系的相互依赖性。我们在三个广泛使用的基准数据集中评估我们的CGM2IR模型,即Docred,CDR和GDA。实验结果表明,我们的模型优于以前的最先进的模型。
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学习有效的蛋白质表示在生物学的各种任务中至关重要,例如预测蛋白质功能或结构。现有的方法通常在大量未标记的氨基酸序列上预先蛋白质语言模型,然后在下游任务中使用一些标记的数据来对模型进行修复。尽管基于序列的方法具有有效性,但尚未探索蛋白质性能预测的已知蛋白质结构的预处理功能,尽管蛋白质结构已知是蛋白质功能的决定因素,但尚未探索。在本文中,我们建议根据其3D结构预处理蛋白质。我们首先提出一个简单而有效的编码器,以学习蛋白质的几何特征。我们通过利用多视图对比学习和不同的自我预测任务来预先蛋白质图编码器。对功能预测和折叠分类任务的实验结果表明,我们提出的预处理方法表现优于或与最新的基于最新的序列方法相提并论,同时使用较少的数据。我们的实施可在https://github.com/deepgraphlearning/gearnet上获得。
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自动问题应答(QA)系统的目的是以时间有效的方式向用户查询提供答案。通常在数据库(或知识库)或通常被称为语料库的文件集合中找到答案。在过去的几十年里,收购知识的扩散,因此生物医学领域的新科学文章一直是指数增长。因此,即使对于领域专家,也难以跟踪域中的所有信息。随着商业搜索引擎的改进,用户可以在某些情况下键入其查询并获得最相关的一小组文档,以及在某些情况下从文档中的相关片段。但是,手动查找所需信息或答案可能仍然令人疑惑和耗时。这需要开发高效的QA系统,该系统旨在为用户提供精确和精确的答案提供了生物医学领域的自然语言问题。在本文中,我们介绍了用于开发普通域QA系统的基本方法,然后彻底调查生物医学QA系统的不同方面,包括使用结构化数据库和文本集合的基准数据集和几种提出的方​​法。我们还探讨了当前系统的局限性,并探索潜在的途径以获得进一步的进步。
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图表可以表示实体之间的关系信息,图形结构广泛用于许多智能任务,例如搜索,推荐和问题应答。然而,实际上大多数图形结构数据都遭受了不完整性,因此链路预测成为一个重要的研究问题。虽然提出了许多模型来用于链路预测,但以下两个问题仍然仍然较少:(1)大多数方法在不利用相关链路中使用丰富的信息,大多数方法都独立模型,并且(2)现有型号主要基于关联设计学习并没有考虑推理。通过这些问题,在本文中,我们提出了图表协作推理(GCR),它可以使用邻居与逻辑推理视角的关系中的关系推理。我们提供了一种简单的方法来将图形结构转换为逻辑表达式,以便链路预测任务可以转换为神经逻辑推理问题。我们应用逻辑受限的神经模块根据逻辑表达式构建网络架构,并使用反向传播以有效地学习模型参数,这在统一架构中桥接可分辨率的学习和象征性推理。为了展示我们工作的有效性,我们对图形相关任务进行实验,例如基于常用的基准数据集的链路预测和推荐,我们的图表合作推理方法实现了最先进的性能。
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生物医学文献中的自动关系提取(RE)对于研究和现实世界中的许多下游文本挖掘应用至关重要。但是,用于生物医学的大多数现有基准测试数据集仅关注句子级别的单一类型(例如蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用)的关系,从而极大地限制了生物医学中RE系统的开发。在这项工作中,我们首先审查了常用的名称实体识别(NER)和RE数据集。然后,我们提出了Biored,这是一种具有多种实体类型(例如,基因/蛋白质,疾病,化学)和关系对(例如,基因 - 疾病;化学化学化学化学)的首个生物医学RE语料库,在文档水平上,在一组600个PubMed摘要中。此外,我们将每个关系标记为描述一种新颖的发现或先前已知的背景知识,使自动化算法能够区分新颖和背景信息。我们通过基准在NER和RE任务上对几种现有的最新方法(包括基于BERT的模型)进行基准测试来评估Biored的实用性。我们的结果表明,尽管现有方法可以在NER任务上达到高性能(F-评分为89.3%),但重新任务的改进空间很大,尤其是在提取新颖的关系时(F-评分为47.7%)。我们的实验还表明,如此丰富的数据集可以成功地促进生物医学更准确,高效和健壮的RE系统的开发。 Biored数据集和注释指南可在https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/lu/biored/中免费获得。
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事实证明,信息提取方法可有效从结构化或非结构化数据中提取三重。以(头部实体,关系,尾部实体)形式组织这样的三元组的组织称为知识图(kgs)。当前的大多数知识图都是不完整的。为了在下游任务中使用kgs,希望预测kgs中缺少链接。最近,通过将实体和关系嵌入到低维的矢量空间中,旨在根据先前访问的三元组来预测三元组,从而对KGS表示不同的方法。根据如何独立或依赖对三元组进行处理,我们将知识图完成的任务分为传统和图形神经网络表示学习,并更详细地讨论它们。在传统的方法中,每个三重三倍将独立处理,并在基于GNN的方法中进行处理,三倍也考虑了他们的当地社区。查看全文
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